Two Port Network

 Concept of Complex Frequency

 Terminal pairs or Ports
 Network Functions
 Immittance Functions for Circuit Elements
 Immittance functions for some simple networks
 Concept of Complex Frequency
 The solution of linear differential equations for the networks is of the form-
x(t) = K 𝑒 𝑠𝑛 𝑡 where x(t) may be a voltage v(t) or a current i(t).
 Generally x(t) is a function of time and 𝑠𝑛 is a complex number which may be expressed as-
𝑠𝑛 = σ𝑛 + 𝑗ω𝑛 …….(i)
 ω𝑛 is the imaginary part of 𝑠𝑛 and is called angular frequency (radian frequency). It is uses the
time domain equations in the form of cos ω𝑛 t or sin ω𝑛 t. The dimension of the radian frequency is
radian per second. The radian frequency may be expressed as-
2П
ω𝑛 = 2П𝑓𝑛 = where 𝑓𝑛 is the frequency in hertz (Hz) and T is the time period in seconds.
𝑇
 The dimension of σ𝑛 can be determined as σ𝑛 appears as an exponential factor as
1 𝑉
V = 𝑉𝑜 𝑒 σ𝑛 𝑡 or σ𝑛 = 𝑙𝑛
𝑡 𝑉𝑜
Since the usual unit of the natural algorithm is neper, so dimension of σ𝑛 is neper per second.
 The complex sum 𝑠𝑛 = σ𝑛 + 𝑗ω𝑛 is defined as complex frequency. The real part of the complex
frequency is neper frequency corresponds to exponential decay or increase and the imaginary part
of the complex frequency is the radian frequency corresponds to oscillations.
 Terminal pairs or Ports
 The pair of terminals used for providing excitation or taking response in the network is called port.
 Figure (a) shows the representation of one-port network. The pair of terminals is connected to an
energy source which is driving force for the network, so the pair of terminals is known as driving
point of the network.

 Figure (b) shows the representation of two-port network. The port 1-1’ is assumed to be connected
to the driving force (input) and port 2-2’ is connected to the load (output).

 Figure © shows representation of N-port network for general case.

 Network Functions
(A) Driving point functions
 The transform impedance at a port is defined as ratio of voltage transform to current transform.
V(s)
Z(s) =
𝐼(𝑠)
 Similarly the transform admittance at a port is defined as ratio of current transform to voltage
transform.
I(s) 1
Y(s) = =
𝑉(𝑠) 𝑍(𝑠)
 The transform impedance and transform admittance must be related to the source port 1-1’ or
output port 2-2’ in figure (a) and (b). The impedance (or admittance) found at a port is called
driving point impedance (or admittance).
 The impedance (or admittance) found at port 1-1’ is called input driving point impedance (or admittance).
 The impedance (or admittance) found at port 2-2’ is called output driving point impedance (or admittance).
 Because of the similarity in terms impedance and admittance, these two quantity are assigned one
name immittance.
Network Functions cont.
(B) Transfer functions
 The transfer function is used to describe networks which have at least two ports. The transfer
function relates the transform of a quantity at one port to the transform of another quantity at
another port. Thus transfer functions have following possible forms:
(i) The ratio of one voltage to another current or one current to another voltage: Z(s) or Y(s)
(ii) The ratio of one voltage to another voltage i.e. voltage transfer function G(s)
(iii) The ratio of one current to another current i.e. current transfer function α(s)

 It is conventional to define transfer function as the ratio of an output quantity to an input quantity.
In two port networks the output quantities are V2(s) and I2(s) and the input quantities are V1(s) and
I1(s) . Using this scheme there are four basic transfer functions for two port networks and these are
given as:
Network Functions cont.
𝑉2 (𝑠)
(1) Transfer impedance function Z21(s) =
𝐼1 (𝑠)
𝐼2 (𝑠)
(2) Transfer admittance function Y21(s) =
𝑉1 (𝑠)
𝑉2 (𝑠)
(3) Voltage transfer function G21(s) =
𝑉1 (𝑠)
𝑖2 (𝑠)
(4) Current transfer function α21(s) =
𝐼1 (𝑠)
 The ratio of input quantity to an output quantity is called inverse transfer function.
𝑉1 (𝑠)
(1) Inverse transfer impedance function Z12(s) =
𝐼2 (𝑠)
𝐼1 (𝑠)
(2) Inverse transfer admittance function Y12(s) =
𝑉2 (𝑠)
𝑉1 (𝑠)
(3) Inverse voltage transfer function G12(s) =
𝑉2 (𝑠)
𝑖1 (𝑠)
(4) Inverse current transfer function α12(s) =
𝐼2 (𝑠)
 Immittance Functions for Circuit Elements
 The immittance functions for circuit elements can be written as:

Elements Impedance function Z(s) Admittance function

Y(s)
Resistance (R); in Ω R 1
=G
𝑅
Inductance (L); in H sL 1
𝑠𝐿
Capacitance (C); in F 1 sC
𝑠𝐶

 The immittance function for series and parallel circuits can be determined as:
(i) For series circuits Z(s) = 𝑍1 (s) + 𝑍2 (s) + 𝑍3 (s) + ….
(ii) For parallel circuits Y(s) = 𝑌1 (s) + 𝑦2 (s) + 𝑌3 (s) +
Immittance functions for some simple networks
Network Impedance Function Z(s) Admittance function Y(s)
R + sL 1
𝑅 + 𝑠𝐿
𝑠𝑅𝐶 + 1 𝑠𝐶
𝑠𝐶 𝑠𝑅𝐶 + 1
𝑠 2 𝐿𝐶 + 1 𝑠𝐶
𝑠𝐶 𝑠 2 𝐿𝐶 + 1
𝑠𝑅𝐶 + 𝑠 2 𝐿𝐶 + 1 𝑠𝐶
𝑠𝐶 𝑠𝑅𝐶 + 𝑠 2 𝐿𝐶 + 1
𝑠𝑅𝐿 𝑠𝐿 + 𝑅
𝑠𝐿 + 𝑅 𝑠𝑅𝐿

𝑅 𝑠𝑅𝐶 + 1
𝑠𝑅𝐶 + 1 𝑅

𝑠𝐿 𝑠 2 𝐿𝐶 + 1
𝑠 2 𝐿𝐶 + 1 𝑠𝐿

𝑠𝑅𝐿 𝑠 2 𝑅𝐿𝐶 + 𝑠𝐿 + 𝑅
𝑠 2 𝑅𝐿𝐶 + 𝑠𝐿 + 𝑅 𝑠𝑅𝐿
Ex.1 Obtain the driving point impedance function Z(s) and admittance function Y(s) for the given networks.
 The impedance for 3 Ω and 1 H series branch is Z1(s) = 3 + s
 The impedance for 4 Ω branch is Z2(s) = 4
 The branch Z1(s) is in parallel with Z2(s) branch so
3+𝑠 .4 4𝑠+12
Z3(s) = Z1(s) // Z2(s) = =
3+𝑠+4 𝑠+7
 Z3(s) is in series with 5 Ω so total impedance
4𝑠+12 9𝑠+47 𝑠 + 47 9
Z(s) = 5 + Z3(s) = 5 + = =9
𝑠+7 𝑠+7 𝑠+7
𝑠+7
Y(s) =
9𝑠+47
 The three branches are in parallel to each other
1
Y1(s) = 1/5 = 0.2 Y2(s) =
3+𝑠
1 𝑠 0.5 𝑠
Y3(s) = = =
2+2 𝑠 2𝑠+2 𝑠+1
1 0.5 𝑠 1.6+3.3 𝑠+0.7 𝑠 2
 Y(s) = Y1(s) + Y2(s) + Y3(s) = 0.2 + + =
3+𝑠 𝑠+1 3+4𝑠+𝑠 2
3+4 𝑠+ 𝑠 2
 Z(s) =
1.6+3.3 𝑠+0.7 𝑠 2
Ex.2 Find the voltage transfer function of the networks shown below.

𝑉2 (𝑠) 1 1
𝑠𝐶
(a) G21(s) = = 1 =
𝑉1 (𝑠) 𝑅+ 𝑠𝐶 𝑠𝑅𝐶+1

𝑉2 (𝑠) 𝑅+ 1 𝑠𝐶 𝑠𝑅𝐶+1
(b) G21(s) = = =
𝑉1 (𝑠) 𝑅+ 1 𝑠𝐶 + 𝑠𝐿 𝑠 2 𝐿𝐶+𝑠𝑅𝐶+1

𝑉2 (𝑠) 𝑅+𝑠𝐿 𝑠𝐶(𝑅+𝑠𝐿)

(c) G21(s) = = =
𝑉1 (𝑠) 𝑅+𝑠𝐿+1 𝑠𝐶 𝑠 2 𝐿𝐶+𝑠𝑅𝐶+1
 Calculation of Network Functions for Ladder Networks
 If each immittance of the network shown in figure represents
one element, the network is known as ladder network.
 The series are characterized by their impedances and
shunt (parallel) arms by their admittances.
 To find the driving point impedance at port 1-1’ will be given as :

 This equation is known as continued fraction.

Ex.3 Determine the driving point impedance (Z11) for the network shown below.

 Converting immittances in s-domain  Z1 = s+1, Y2 = s, Z3 = s+1, Y4= s, Z5= s+1,

Z1 = s ; Y2 = s ; Z3 = s ; Y4 = s Y6 = s
 Z11
 So

 Reducing equation by starting at the last term

 Poles and Zeros of Network Functions
 As all network functions T(s) are the rational functions of ‘s’ and may be expressed as the ratio of
two polynomials N(s) the numerator polynomial and D(s) the denominator polynomial as:
𝑁(𝑠) 𝑎𝑛 𝑠 𝑛 + 𝑎𝑛−1 𝑠 𝑛−1 + 𝑎𝑛−2 𝑠 𝑛−2 + ………… + 𝑎1 𝑠 1 + 𝑎0
T(s) = =
𝐷(𝑠) 𝑏𝑚 𝑠 𝑚 + 𝑏𝑚−1 𝑠 𝑚−1 + 𝑏𝑚−2 𝑠 𝑚−2 + ………… + 𝑏1 𝑠 1 + 𝑏0

𝑠 𝑛 + 𝑐𝑛−1 𝑠 𝑛−1 + 𝑐𝑛−2 𝑠 𝑛−2 + ………… + 𝑐1 𝑠 1 +𝑐0 𝑎𝑛

=K where K = is a positive constant.
𝑠 𝑚 + 𝑑𝑚−1 𝑠 𝑚−1 + 𝑑𝑚−2 𝑠 𝑚−2 + ………… + 𝑑1 𝑠 1 +𝑑0 𝑏𝑚

 The polynomial N(s) = 0 has ‘n’ roots and they are called zeros of the network function T(s).
 The polynomial D(s) = 0 has ‘m’ roots and they are called poles of the network function T(s).
 The equation can be written in terms of roots as:
(𝑠−𝑧1 )(𝑠−𝑧2 )…………..(𝑠−𝑧𝑛 )
T(s) = K
(𝑠−𝑝1 )(𝑠−𝑝2 )…………(𝑠−𝑝𝑚 )
where zi are the zeros of T(s) and pi are the poles of T(s).
 In the complex s-plane a pole is denoted by a small cross (x) and a zero by a small circle (o).
Ex.4 Obtain pole-zero plot for given functions.
(2𝑠+4)(𝑠+4)
(a) T(s) =
𝑠(𝑠+1)(𝑠+3)
 The poles are at s = 0, s = -1 and s = -3
 The zeros are at s = -2, s = -4 [ and s = ∞]
(b) f(t) = 𝑒 −α𝑡
1
 Taking Laplace transformation F(s) =
(𝑠+α)
 The pole is at s = - α
(c) f(t) = cos ωt
𝑠
 Taking Laplace transformation F(s) =
𝑠 2 + ω2
 It has a pair of conjugate poles at s = =/- j ω and zero at s = 0.
(d) f(t) = 𝑒 −α𝑡 cos ωt
(𝑠+α)
 Taking Laplace transformation F(s) =
(𝑠+α)2 +ω2
 It has a pair of conjugate poles at s = - α +/- j ω and zero at s = - α.
 Properties of Driving Point Immittance functions
𝑁(𝑠)
1. The coefficients in the polynomial numerator N(s) and denominator D(s) of T(s) = must be
𝐷(𝑠)

real and positive.

2. Poles and zeros must be conjugate if imaginary or complex.

3. The real part of all poles and zeros must be negative or zero, if real part is zero, then that pole or
zero must be simple i.e. all the roots of N(s) = 0 and D(s) = 0 lies in the left half of s-plane and
simple roots may lie on the imaginary or jω axis.

4. The polynomials N(s) and D(s) may not have missing terms between those of the highest and
lowest degrees, unless all even or all odd terms are missing.

5. The highest degree of N(s) and D(s) may differ by either zero or one only.

6. The lowest degree of N(s) and D(s) may differ by either zero or one only.
Ex.5 Check whether given functions are suitable in representing the driving point immittance
function or nor.

4 𝑠 4 + 𝑠 2 −3𝑠+1
(i) Z(s) =
𝑠 3 + 2 𝑠 2 +2𝑠+40

 No, one coefficient is missing and one is negative.

15( 𝑠 3 +2𝑠 2 + 3𝑠+4)

(ii) Y(s) =
𝑠4+ 8 𝑠3+ 6 𝑠2

 No, The lowest degree of N(s) and D(s) differ by two.

𝑠 2 + 𝑠+2
(iii) Z(s) =
2 𝑠 2 +𝑠+1

 Yes, all conditions are satisfied.

 Properties of Transfer functions
𝑁(𝑠)
1. The coefficients in the polynomial numerator N(s) and denominator D(s) of T(s) = 𝐷(𝑠) must be real and those of

D(s) must be positive.

2. Poles and zeros must be conjugate if imaginary or complex.

3. The real part of all poles must be negative or zero, if real part is zero, then that pole must be simple. This includes
the origin.

4. The polynomial D(s) may not have missing terms between those of the highest and lowest degrees, unless all even
or all odd terms are missing.

5. The polynomial N(s) may have terms missing, and some of the coefficients may be negative.

6. The degree of N(s)) may be as small as zero independent of the degree of D(s).

7. (a) For voltage gain G(s) and current gain α(s) : The maximum degree of N(s) is equal to degree of D(s).

(b) For impedance Z(s) and admittance Y(s) : The maximum degree of N(s) is equal to degree of D(s) plus one.
Ex.6 Check whether given functions are suitable in representing the transfer function or nor.

3𝑠+2
(i) G21(s) =
5 𝑠 3 + 4 𝑠 2 +1

 No, coefficient is missing in polynomial D(s).

2𝑠 2 +5𝑠+1
(ii) α21(s) =
𝑠+7

 No, The degree of N(s) is greater then D(s)

1
(iii) Z21(s) =
𝑠 3 +2𝑠

 Yes, all conditions are satisfied.

2𝑠 2 +5
(iv) G21(s) =
3 𝑠 2 +9 𝑠 +1
 Yes, all conditions are satisfied.
 Time-Domain Response from Pole-Zero Plot
 The time-domain response can be obtained from the pole-zero plot of a network function. Consider a
network function given by:

𝑁(𝑠) (𝑠−𝑧1 )(𝑠−𝑧2 )…………..(𝑠−𝑧𝑛 )

H(s) = =K
𝐷(𝑠) (𝑠−𝑝1 )(𝑠−𝑝2 )…………(𝑠−𝑝𝑚 )

 Assume that poles and zeros are distinct. Using partial fraction expansion H(s) can be written as:

𝐾 𝐾 𝐾
H(s) = 𝑠−𝑝1 + 𝑠−𝑝2 + ………+ 𝑠−𝑝𝑚
𝑚

1 2

 A particular coefficient Ki can be found as: Ki = [(s-pi)H(s)]s = pi ; i = 1, 2,……., m.

(𝑝 −𝑧 )(𝑝 −𝑧 )…………..(𝑝 −𝑧 ) 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑎𝑙𝑙 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑑𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑠 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝑎𝑙𝑙 𝑧𝑒𝑟𝑜𝑠 𝑡𝑜 𝑝𝑖
Ki = K (𝑝 𝑖−𝑝1 )(𝑝𝑖 −𝑝2 )…………(𝑝 −𝑝
𝑖 𝑛
)
= K 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑎𝑙𝑙 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑑𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑠 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝑜𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑟 𝑟𝑒𝑚𝑎𝑖𝑛𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑝𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑠 𝑡𝑜 𝑝𝑖
𝑖 1 𝑖 2 𝑖 𝑚

 The time-domain response can be obtained by taking inverse Laplace transformation:

𝐾 𝐾 𝐾
h(t) = £−1 [H(s) = £−1 [ 𝑠−𝑝1 + 𝑠−𝑝2 + ………+ 𝑠−𝑝𝑚
𝑚
]
1 2
Ex.5 The pole zero plot of function H(s) is given below. Find h(t) using the pole-zero diagram.
 For the pole p2 = - 3 – j3
(𝑝2−𝑧1 )(𝑝2−𝑧2 ) (−3−𝑗3−0)(−3−𝑗3+1) 1−𝑗5
K2 = = =
(𝑝2−𝑝1 )(𝑝2−𝑝3 ) (−3−𝑗3+4)(−3−𝑗3+3−𝑗3) 6+𝑗2
1−𝑗5 6−𝑗2 1
= . = (-1-j8)
6+𝑗2 6−𝑗2 10
 For the pole p3 = - 3 + j3
Since the poles p2 and p3 are complex conjugates so K3 is the
conjugate of K
12
.
K3 = K2* = (-1+ j8)
10
𝐾1 𝐾2 𝐾3
 So the function H(s) = + +
𝑠+4 𝑠+3+𝑗3 𝑠+3−𝑗3
1.2 1 1 1 1
It has two zeros at s = 0, s = -4 and three poles at s = -4, s = -3-j3, = + (-1- j8) + (-1+ j8)
𝑠+4 10 𝑠+3+𝑗3 10 𝑠+3−𝑗3
s = -3 + j3
𝑠(𝑠+1) 
H(s) = Taking inverse Laplace transformation
(𝑠+4)(𝑠+3+𝑗3)(𝑠+3−𝑗3)
 Expressing the function in partial fraction 1 1
𝐾1 𝐾2 𝐾3 h(t) = 1.2 𝑒 −4𝑡 + (-1- j8) 𝑒 (−3−𝑗3)𝑡 + (-1+ j8) 𝑒 (−3+𝑗3)𝑡
10 10
H(s) = + +
𝑠+4 𝑠+3+𝑗3 𝑠+3−𝑗3
−1 𝑗8
 For the pole p1 = - 4 = 1.2 𝑒 −4𝑡 + 𝑒 −3𝑡 [ (𝑒 𝑗3𝑡 + 𝑒 −𝑗3𝑡 ) + (𝑒 𝑗3𝑡 + 𝑒 −𝑗3𝑡 ) ]
10 10
K1 = K 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑡𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑎𝑙𝑙 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑑𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑠 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝑎𝑙𝑙 𝑧𝑒𝑟𝑜𝑠 𝑡𝑜 𝑝1
𝑜𝑓 𝑎𝑙𝑙 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑑𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑠 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝑜𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑟 𝑟𝑒𝑚𝑎𝑖𝑛𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑝𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑠 𝑡𝑜 𝑝1 −1 8
(𝑝1−𝑧1 )(𝑝1−𝑧2 ) (−4−0)(−4+1) 12 = 1.2 𝑒 −4𝑡 + 𝑒 −3𝑡 [ (2cos3t) - (2sin3t) ]
= = = = 1.2 10 10
(𝑝1−𝑝2 )(𝑝1−𝑝3 ) (−4+3+𝑗3)(−4+3−𝑗3) (−1)2 +(3)2
1
= 1.2 𝑒 −4𝑡 − 𝑒 −3𝑡 [cos3t + 8 sin3t ]
5