ECO-FRIENDLY AUTOMATED TROLLEY FOR

MATERIAL HANDLING APPLICATIONS

A Project Report
Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the
Requirements for the Degree of

MASTER OF ENGINEERING
(Mechanical)
(Specialization: Type Your Specialization Here)

by

TYPE YOUR NAME HERE

EXAMINATION ROLL NO.: ------
REGISTRATION NO.: ----- of YEAR

Under the guidance of

Prof. Name of your Supervisor

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

BENGAL ENGINEERING AND SCIENCE UNIVERSITY, SHIBPUR
HOWRAH- 711103, WEST BENGAL
MONTH - YEAR

i
 DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
BENGAL ENGINEERING AND SCIENCE UNIVERSITY, SHIBPUR
HOWRAH- 711103

FORWARDING

I/We hereby forward the term paper report entitled “Type Title of Your Term
Paper Report Here” submitted by Type your Name Here (Roll No.------) under
my/our guidance and supervision in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the

degree of ‘Master of Engineering’ in Mechanical Engineering (Type your

Specialization here) in the Department of Mechanical Engineering, Bengal

Engineering and Science University, Shibpur.

Dated: ..................................................
(Type Supervisor’s Name)
Designation
Department of Mechanical Engineering
Bengal Engineering and Science University, Shibpur
Howrah -711103, West Bengal

COUNTERSIGNED BY:

……………………………… …………………………………
(Dr. D. Datta) (Dr. A.K. Das)
Professor & Head Dean, Faculty of Engineering and Technology
Department of Mechanical Engineering Bengal Engg. and Science University, Shibpur
Bengal Engg. and Science University, Shibpur

ii
 DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
BENGAL ENGINEERING AND SCIENCE UNIVERSITY, SHIBPUR
HOWRAH- 711103

CERTIFICATE OF APPROVAL

The foregoing report is hereby approved as a creditable study of Engineering subject carried out
and presented in a satisfactory manner to warrant its acceptance as a prerequisite for the Degree
of ‘Master of Engineering’ in Mechanical Engineering (Type your Specialization here) in
the Department of Mechanical Engineering, Bengal Engineering and Science University, Shibpur
for which it has been submitted. It is understood that by this approval the undersigned do not
necessarily endorse or approve any statement made, opinion expressed or conclusion drawn
therein but approve the report only for the purpose for which it is submitted.

Board of Thesis Examiners:

1.…………………………………….

2.…………………………………….

3.…………………………………….

iii
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

Type your acknowledgement here not exceeding two paragraphs. Acknowledgement including
your name and information etc. should not exceed one page.

Dated: …………………………
Bengal Engineering and Science University, Shibpur (Your Name)
Howrah: 711103 Examination Roll No. ------------

iv
 CONTENTS
Topics Page No.
CHAPTER 1
1. Introduction
1.1 Sub Heading
1.1.1 Sub Sub Heading
[Link] Sub Sub Sub Heading
[Link] …………
[Link] …………
[Link] …………
1.1.2 Sub Sub Heading
[Link] …………
[Link] …………
1.2
1.2.1
1.2.2
1.3

CHAPTER 2
2. Literature Review
2.1
2.1.1
2.1.2
2.1.3
2.2
2.3
2.4

CHAPTER 3
3.
3.1
3.2

v
 3.3

CHAPTER 4
4.
4.1
4.2
4.3
4.4
4.4.1
4.4.2
4.4.3
4.5
4.5.1
4.5.2
4.6
4.6.1
4.6.2
4.7
CHAPTER 5
5. Results And Discussion (if any)
5.1
5.2
REFERENCES

vi
 LIST OF FIGURES

Figure No. Figure Caption Page No.

Fig. 1.1 You should type exactly the same Figure caption as it …
appears in the report. Figure numbering must be done as
shown. Fig. 1.1 is the first figure of Chapter 1.
Fig. 1.2 … …
… … …
… … …
Fig. 4.3 … …

vii
 LIST OF TABLES

Table No. Table Caption Page No.

Table 1.1 You should type exactly the same Table caption as it appears …
in the report. Table numbering must be done as shown. Table
1.1 is the first table of Chapter 1.
Table 1.2 … …
… … …
… … …
Table 4.3 … …

viii
ABSTRACT

You should type your abstract here, may be in two paragraphs but not exceeding one page.

ix
 CHAPTER 1
Introduction

1.1 Composite Materials

Fibre-reinforced composite materials consist of fibre of high strength bonded to a matrix with
distinct interfaces between them and retain their physical and chemical identities, yet they
produce a combination of properties that cannot be achieved with either of the constituent acting
alone.
The general characteristics of composite materials are:-
 High Strength-Weight ratio, High Modulus-Weight ratio, High Fatigue-Weight ratio.
 Property depends strongly on the direction of measurement, i.e. Tensile Strength, Co-
efficient of thermal expansion, Thermal conductivity, Impact strength etc.
 Due to heterogeneity in nature, a composite material may exhibit gradual deterioration
(high energy absorption) in properties and usually would not fail in a catastrophic
manner.
 Low coefficient of thermal expansion leads to better dimensional stability.
 High internal vibration damping capacity.
 High resistance to corrosion.

Main Constituents Functions

 Fibre Principal load carrying member.
 Matrix It keeps fibres in the desired orientation, acts as a load transfer-
ing medium and protects fibres from environmental danger.
 Coupling Agent Improves fibre-matrix interfacial strength through both physical
and chemical bonds.
Protects fibre surface from environment.
 Filler Material Reduce cost, increase stiffness, reduce mould shrinkage and
produce smooth surface.

1
1.1.1 Fibres
Fibres are the principal load-carrying members because a great majority of materials are strong
and stiffer in the fibrous form than as bulk form. The fibres are very effective and active
reinforcement materials. A high fibre aspect ratio (length: diameter) permits very effective
transfer of load through matrix materials to the fibres, thus taking advantage of their excellent
properties. They occupy the largest volume fraction in a composite laminate. Proper selection of
type, amount and orientation of the fibres is very important, since it influence the following
characteristics of a composite laminate.
 Tensile strength
 Compressive strength
 Fatigue strength
 Specific gravity
 Thermal conductivity
 Electrical conductivity
 Vibration damping capacity
 Surface finish
 Cost of production
Tensile stress-strain diagrams for all the reinforcing fibres in the use are linear up to the
point of failure. They also exhibit very low strains to failure and the failure takes place in a
brittle fracture mode. Absence of yielding dose not reduces the load carrying capacity of the
fibres. A number of commercially available fibres are listed below.

[Link] Glass Fibres

Glass fibres are the most common of all reinforcing fibres for polymeric matrix composites, it is
amorphous and isotropic in nature. The principal advantages of glass fibres are relatively low
cost, high tensile strength, high chemical resistance and excellent insulating properties. The
disadvantages are low tensile modulus, relatively high specific gravity, sensitive to abration with
handling, relatively low fatigue resistance and high hardness which causes

Table 1.1: Comparison of Different Types of Glass Fibres

2
 Glass Fiber SiO2 Al2O3 CaO MgO B2O3 Na2O Remarks

E Glass 54.5 14.5 17 4.5 8.5 0.5 Low cost.

S Glass 64 26 0.01 10 0.01 0.27 High tensile strength, Costly.
S-2 Glass - - - - - - Used for aircraft, Missile
casting.
C Glass - - - - - - High corrosion resistance to
acid.

excessive wear on molding die and cutting tools. As reported by Agarwall and Broutman [1989],
glass fibres are basically classified into three categories as given above.

[Link] Carbon Fibres

Carbon Fibres contain a blend of amorphous carbon and graphitic carbon. The high tensile
modulus results from the graphitic form, in which carbon atoms are arranged in
crystallographically parallel planes of regular hexagons. The planes are hold together by weak
Van der Waals type bonds (distance 3.4 A o) with strong covalent bond exist between the carbon
atoms in a plane (distance 1.42 A o). This results in highly anisotropic physical and mechanical
properties for the fibres.

3
 Figure 1.1 Tensile Stress-Strain Diagram for Various Reinforcing Fibres

1.2 Section In Times Roman 14 Font Bold Title Case

4
 CHAPTER 2
Literature Review

In the literature review the citation of the previous works related to topic of the thesis work
that has been presently undertaken is to be written as follows:
Name(s) of the author(s), year of publication.
As for example,
Majumdar et al, [2004] theoretically studied the steady-state and dynamic characteristics
including whirl instability of water-lubricated journal bearings having three axial grooves. They
obtained the steady state characteristics in terms of load carrying capacity, attitude angle, volume
rate of flow and fluid friction. The dynamic behaviour in terms of stiffness and damping
coefficients of film and stability of the rotor bearing system was obtained. According to the
results, the load carrying capacity was slightly more when constant pressures were assumed in
the grooves. They found that smaller groove angle gives not only a higher load capacity but also
improves the stability. Stability also improves when constant pressure is assumed in the groove
for small values of eccentricity ratio. Roy et al, [2005] studied the steady state stability
characteristics of single axial groove located at the top and bottom of the bearing surface and
found that both load capacity and stability improve for smaller groove angle and smaller groove
length are used for the bearing feeding from the top.

The stability characteristics of a rigid rotor supported on water lubricated journal bearings
under unidirectional constant load, unidirectional periodic load and variable load was carried out
by Pai et al, [2008]. They found that the journal locus for the constant and periodic load on the
bearing is within the clearance circle. They also observed that the locus of the journal with a
constant load have smaller excursions of the journal centre, when compared with a periodic load
superimposed on the system. The trajectory for the variable rotating load was found to be
complex, but the journal locus was within the clearance circle. This indicates that the bearing
system can operate without any problem.

5
 Pai et al, [2008] performed non-linear transient analysis of a rigid rotor supported on
water journal bearing having four-axial and six-axial grooves under unidirectional constant load,
unidirectional periodic load and variable rotating load. They observed that the locus of the
journal centre with a constant load will have smaller excursion of the journal centre when
compared with a periodic load superimposed on the system and the trajectory for the variable
rotating load was complex but within the clearance circle. This results matches with their
previous work. Here they also observed that bearings with 12 0 groove angle will operate with
better stability than with 24 0 or 360 groove angles. Moreover they observed that for a
unidirectional constant load, the journal locus for the four axial groove and 12 0 groove angle
bearing ends in a limit circle.

The steady state and dynamic characteristics including whirl instability of oil journal
bearings with single axial groove located at the top of the bearing and then at some angular
interval from the top from which oil is supplied at constant pressure are obtained theoretically by
Roy et al, [2009]. They observed that when the feeding is at 12 0 location the load capacity is
maximum, flow rate increases at a much higher rate at high eccentricity ratio in comparison to
other locations. At the same location the friction variable is higher at lower eccentricity ratio. As
the flow rate shows an increase in magnitude with eccentricity and speed at 120 groove location it
would seem to provide removal of heat slightly higher rate at higher eccentricity ratio. As they
moved from 00 to 850 feeding location the flow rate was found to be decreasing with the increase
in angle of location of groove. As location of groove approaches 85 0 friction variable was found
to be increasing. They also observed that all the non-dimensional stiffness and damping
coefficients increase with speed and eccentricity ratio and slight changes of stiffness and
damping coefficients at 120 location. Stability was observed to be improving when smaller
groove angles were used. The stability also found to be improving when smaller groove angles
were used at higher speed and at higher eccentricity ratio. For 12 0 groove location, the stability
was found to be improving. The stiffness and damping coefficient magnitude is higher for the
bearing fed from a smaller groove angle and groove length.

The corresponding references of the above mentioned literatures are to be written in the
format as mentioned in the section of REFERENCES at the end of the thesis.

6
Fig. 1

7
8
 CHAPTER 3
Fabrication Facilities

3.1 In-House Facilities

Facilities are available in the Mechanical Engineering Department of the University by which it
can be possible to fabricate composite material, in the laboratory. The possible methods of
manufacturing composite materials are Hand Lay-up method, Filament winding method and
Polar winding method. Also there is a facility of ultrasonic nondestructive test to check these
fabricated composite components.

3.1.1 Fabrication of Composite Plates

Composite plates can be fabricated by Hand lay-up technique.

3.1.2 Fabrication of Composite Pipes

Filament winding is a technique used for manufacturing of surfaces of revolution such as pipes,
tubes, cylinders, spheres etc. and it is frequently used for construction of large pipe-line work for
the chemical industries.

9
 Figure 3.1 Schematic Diagram of Filament Winding Machine

CHAPTER 4
Name of the Chapter

Equations are to be written using the EQUATION EDITOR in MS Office 2003, i.e., Insert –
Object – Microsoft Equation 3.0 etc. The blue grid you see will not be printed, but helps to align
equations and their numbers nicely. For writing a new equation, the table may be copied and
equations and their numbers may be inserted at appropriate positions.

(4.1)

(4.2)

(4.3)

10
 REFERENCES

Majumder B. C, Pai R, Hargreaves D. J. (2004), Analysis of water lubricated journal bearing

with multiple axial grooves. Proc. Inst. Mech. Eng- Part J: J. Engineering Tribology, 218(J1),
135-46.
Pai R. S, Pai R. (2008), Non-linear transient analysis of multiple axial grooved water lubricated
journal bearings. Proc. Inst. Mech. Eng- Part J: J. Engineering Tribology, 222(J1), 549-57.
Pai R. S, Pai R. (2008), Stability of four axial and six axial grooved water lubricated journal
bearings under dynamic load. Proc. Inst. Mech. Eng- Part J: J. Engineering Tribology, 2008;
222(J1), 683-91.
Roy L, Laha S. K. (2009), Steady state and dynamic characteristics of axial grooved journal
bearings. Tribology International, 42, 754-61.
Roy L, Majumder B. C. (2005), Effect of location of axial groove on steady-state and dynamic
characteristics of oil journal bearing. Proc. of 12 th national conference of machines and
mechanisms, 261-68.

(The above format to refer the papers should be noted and the list should be ordered (A-Z)
alphabetically as shown above)

Alternatively, the Reference List may be as shown in the next page; In this case the list is
numbered and papers are to be referred to in the text using the same serial number as in the
list. Follow any one strictly, do not mix up. In case of confusion, get clarification from your
supervisor.

11
 REFERENCES

1. Majumder B. C, Pai R, Hargreaves D. J, Analysis of water lubricated journal bearing

with multiple axial grooves. Proc. Inst. Mech. Eng- Part J: J. Engineering Tribology,
2004; 218(J1), 135-46.
2. Roy L, Majumder B. C. Effect of location of axial groove on steady-state and dynamic
characteristics of oil journal bearing. Proc. of 12 th national conference of machines and
mechanisms, 2005; 261-68.
3. Pai R. S, Pai R. Non-linear transient analysis of multiple axial grooved water lubricated
journal bearings. Proc. Inst. Mech. Eng- Part J: J. Engineering Tribology, 2008; 222(J1),
549-57.
4. Pai R. S, Pai R. Stability of four axial and six axial grooved water lubricated journal
bearings under dynamic load. Proc. Inst. Mech. Eng- Part J: J. Engineering Tribology,
2008; 222(J1), 683-91.
5. Roy L, Laha S. K. Steady state and dynamic characteristics of axial grooved journal
bearings. Tribology International, 2009, 42, 754-61.
6.

12