Internet of Everything

DJS22CEC702
By Prof. Nilesh Ghavate
Module 1: Internet Evolution
• Introduction Overview of IoT:
• IoT Evolution,
• Characteristics of IoT,
• IoT Stack,
• Application areas of IoT,
• IoT Challenges.
• M2M Technology
• Understanding IoE-IoE Pyramids,
• IoT 2.0
• IoE Benefits
• Disambiguation of IoT vs IoE vs M2M
Introduction to IoE
• IoE refers to the smart connection of people, processes, data, and
objects.
• Envisions a world where billions of things are connected via either
private or public networks.
• Devices are embedded with sensors to measure, detect, and
analyze status.
• Covers a wide range of goods and services connected through the
internet.
• IoE includes laptops, desktops, tablets, and smarter machines.
• Real-world applications use digital sensor tools, machine learning,
etc.
Technological Context of IoE
• Several technological advancements led to the development of packet
switching, ARPANET, and related technologies.
• Current research expands the Internet's infrastructure in terms of scalability,
performance, and high-level capabilities. The operational structure
includes both technical and administrative components.
• Due to its social and collaborative nature, many Internet users contribute
to developing new technologies. Commercial interest helps in spreading
research and integrating it with existing infrastructure.
• IoT brings together people, devices, data, and processes, connecting
everyday devices (e.g., mobiles, PCs, wearables, coffee makers) as
intelligent, communicating network nodes.
Elements of Internet of Everything
(IoE)
People in IoE
• Key contributors in generating, sharing, and consuming data. People connect via
PCs, phones, tablets, fitness trackers, smart clothing, Skin sensors, smart tattoos
and social media platforms
• These tools generate data and insights for enterprises.
• Provide real-time feedback through devices and platforms
• Act as decision-makers and users in IoE systems
• Enable personalization and context-aware services
• Participate in collaborative innovation and problem-solving
• Bridge human intelligence with machinne data
Things in IoE
• Refers to physical devices like consumer gadgets, machines, sensors,
and actuators.
• Enables communication across the network.
• Data is generated by devices and retrieved from surroundings.
• These things are context-aware, intelligent, and cognitive.
• IoT uses sensors and actuators for device communication and form
the core components of IoT infrastructure
Data in IoE
• Devices linked to IoE generate raw data.
• Raw data is processed, analyzed, classified, and summarized.
• Processed data provides meaningful insights and empowers devices.
• Data helps in controlling and monitoring IoE systems.
Process in IoE
• Involves analyzing data using AI, ML, and IoT-based processes.
• Ensures correct information flows across networks.
• Supports business decision-making and competitive advantage.
• Helps in improving strategies and operations
Overview of IoT
• IoT stands for Internet of Things.
• It is system of interconnected computing devices , machines and
digital machines, objects or people that have unique identifier and
person-person network.
• It refers to the network of physical devices connected to the Internet.
• Devices collect and exchange data using embedded sensors.
• Examples: Smart thermostats, wearables, connected vehicles.
 Working of Internet of
Things (IoT)

Understanding how IoT devices collect, transmit, and act on data

1. Sensing (Data Collection)
• Sensors and devices collect data from the environment.
• Examples: Temperature sensors, motion detectors, GPS.
• This is the foundation for IoT – turning real-world conditions into
digital data.
2. Connectivity (Data Transmission)
• Data is sent to cloud or processing units.
• Technologies: Wi-Fi, Bluetooth, ZigBee, Cellular (4G/5G), LPWAN
(LoRa, NB-IoT).
• Enables real-time access and remote monitoring.
3. Data Processing
• Data is processed either in the cloud or locally (Edge Computing).
• Can involve filtering, analyzing, or running ML models.
• Example: Smart cameras detect intrusions in real-time.
4. Action or Decision
• Based on processed data, the system takes action or notifies the user.
• Examples: Turning on devices, sending alerts.
• Enables automation and smarter environments.
5. User Interaction / Monitoring
• Users interact via mobile apps, dashboards, or voice assistants.
• Allows remote control and real-time monitoring.
• Critical for user awareness and manual intervention if needed.
Advantages of IoT
• Automation and Control: Enables smart automation in homes,
industries, and transportation.
• Efficiency and Time Saving: Reduces human intervention, saving time
and effort.
• Improved Monitoring: Real-time tracking of resources, energy usage,
and system performance.
• Better Decision Making: Data-driven insights improve forecasting and
business strategies.
• Enhanced Quality of Life: Health monitoring, smart cities, and smart
appliances improve living standards.
Disadvantages of IoT
• Security Issues: Devices can be vulnerable to hacking and data
breaches.
• Privacy Concerns: Continuous data collection may infringe on users'
privacy.
• Complex Infrastructure: Requires integration of hardware, software,
and connectivity.
• High Initial Costs: Installation and deployment can be expensive for
large systems.
• Dependence on Internet: Functionality relies heavily on internet
connectivity.
SIH 2024 Problem statement
Evolution of IoT
Evolution of IoT
Applications of IoT
1. Smart Lighting
2. Water management
3. Smart tourism
4. Smart Parking
5. Waste management
6. Self driven cars
7. IoT retail shops
8. Air quality management
Characteristics of IoT
 Intelligence - incorporation of Artificial Intelligence for responding intelligently during device
integration.
 Connectivity - connecting multiple devices through network useful for object level integration.
 Security - IoT devices are exposed to security risks.
 Scalability - many devices connected daily to IoT network causing enormous expansion and
data handling.
 Dynamic & Self adapting - dynamic to adopt shifting circumstances and flexible to adopt
various environment – light adjustment in morning, afternoon, & night.
 Architecture - no uniform architecture. capable of accepting goods from different manufactures.
 IoT Stack / Architecture
• Different technologies, applications, standards utilized to construct an IoT application referred to IoT technology stack. It
includes everything needed to create application, send data and provide notification and other useful insights.
• Dividing IoT solution into 5 layers
1. Device Hardware: Physical sensors, Raspberry Pi, Arduino and Actuators.
2. Device Software: Software defined hardware phrase is enabled by device software. Software enables different
application with single device. This layer is important because it connects hardware to cloud and decides how much
functionality will be in hardware and cloud. This layer is divided into 2 layers:
a. Device OS – depending on complexity of IoT solution, type of device OS will be needed. Deciding factors for OS
selection are whether real time processing essential, sort of I/O support needed,
[Link] Application- It works above OS . Useful for data collection, cloud streaming, analytics, local control etc.
3. Communication- covers network protocols for connection establishment
4. Cloud platform-data gathering and management.
5. Cloud application
Layer 1 – Device Hardware
• "Things" in IoT = devices that connect the real and online worlds; form the first
IoT layer.
• Determine if the product is already a connected device or needs added
sensors/communication to become one.
• Primary purpose: data gathering — hardware depends on what type and amount of
data is required.
• Minimal data needs → single sensor.
• Complex data needs → multiple sensors, strong CPU, local storage, industrial
computers.
• Must consider price, size, ease of deployment, and maintenance when selecting
hardware.
Layer 1 – Device Hardware
 Examples:
 Compact devices (e.g., smartwatches) → limited space, use System-on-Chip
(SoC).
 More complex solutions → embedded computers like Raspberry Pi, Arduino,
BeagleBone.
 Advanced industrial solutions → tiny RIO, PXI for high computing demands.

 Each hardware choice differs in cost, size, battery life, and application.
Layer 2 – Device Software
• Responsible for transforming hardware into a “smart device”.
• Enables software-defined hardware.
• Allows:
• - Remote software updates
• - Real-time analytics
• - Cloud communication
Layer 2a-Device OS
• Operates close to hardware.
• Enables real-time processing & I/O support.
• Examples:
• - Linux
• - Brillo (Android-based)
• - Windows Embedded
• - VxWorks
Layer 2b-Device Applications
• Operates above Device OS.
• Offers specialized functionality (e.g., data collection, analytics).
• Example Use Case:
• - Wind turbine monitor
• - Accelerometer samples vibration
• - Sends only relevant alerts to cloud
Layer 3 – Communication
• Responsible for data exchange.
• Termed as “connectivity”.
• Varies by sector and device type.
• It decides individual sensor will have connection establishment for
data transfer or combined aggregated data will be transferred through
one link.
Layer 4 – Cloud platform
• It is important for data gathering and management. Data is transmitted
to cloud via different devices depending on kind and volume of data
generated by solution.
IoT Challenges
• Challenges in IoT Security
• Challenges in IoT Design
• Challenges in IoT Deployment
 Challenges in IoT Security
The Internet of Things (IoT) faces a variety of obstacles, especially in
security and design.
1. Lack of encryption: Encryption is often missing in IoT devices, making
them vulnerable to hacking and data breaches.
2. Lack of testing and updating: Rapid development without adequate
testing leads to unpatched vulnerabilities in many IoT devices.
3. Malware and ransomware: With increasing devices, threats grow.
Malware encrypts data, retaining access to users' vital information.
4. Botnet targeting cryptocurrency: IoT botnets threaten data privacy and
open crypto markets. Blockchain security is improving, but app
development remains a weak link.
Challenges in IoT Design
1. Limitation of battery life: Small chips demand higher power. Larger
displays increase power needs despite compact device sizes.
2. Increased cost and time to market: Cost is a constraint. Designers must
optimize costs and reduce design time to meet market demands.
3. System Security: The adoption of cryptographic techniques and security
protocols is needed to construct and execute embedded systems that are
reliable, resilient, and secure.

All embedded system components must be secured using a variety of

methods from prototype to implementation.
Challenges in IoT Deployment
1)Connectivity – Reliable network links between devices, apps, and cloud
platforms are essential. Weak connections hinder monitoring and data
processing.
2)Cross-platform capability – IoT apps must be compatible with the latest
technologies and have balanced hardware/software features to ensure
smooth operation.
3)Data collection & processing – Effective storage, processing, security,
and privacy of IoT data require careful planning.
4)Skill shortage – Skilled professionals are vital to overcoming IoT
deployment issues and ensuring successful application development.
Conclusion
• IoT is transforming industries and daily life.
• Offers automation, efficiency, and insights.
• Challenges must be addressed for sustainable growth.
• Future trends: AI integration, Edge Computing, 6G.
IoT Architecture for Smart Cities
• 1. Perception Layer (Sensing & Actuation)
• Purpose: Capture real-world data and take actions.
• Components:
• Sensors:
• Environmental: Temperature, humidity, air quality (PM2.5, CO₂)
• Traffic: Vehicle counters, speed detectors, road condition sensors
• Utilities: Water flow meters, smart electricity meters, waste bin fill sensors
• Public safety: CCTV cameras, gunshot detectors, flood level sensors
• Actuators:
• Traffic lights, street light dimmers, water pumps, automatic gates
IoT Architecture for Smart Cities
• 2. Network Layer (Data Transmission)
• Purpose: Move data from devices to processing units securely and
efficiently.
• Technologies:
• Short-range: Zigbee, BLE, Wi-Fi, LoRaWAN (low power, wide area)
• Long-range: 4G/5G, NB-IoT, LTE-M
• IoT Protocols: MQTT, CoAP, AMQP, HTTP/REST
• Networking Support: IPv6, 6LoWPAN for low-power devices
IoT Architecture for Smart Cities
• 3. Edge Layer (Local Processing)
• Purpose: Process data near the source to reduce latency.
• Components:
• Edge gateways or micro data centers
• Raspberry Pi / Industrial IoT gateways for protocol translation & data
aggregation
• AI/ML inference at edge (e.g., detecting traffic congestion from camera feed
in real-time)
IoT Architecture for Smart Cities
• 4. Data Processing Layer (Cloud & Big Data)
• Purpose: Heavy processing, storage, and analytics.
• Technologies:
• Cloud Platforms: AWS IoT Core, Azure IoT Hub, Google Cloud IoT
• Big Data Tools: Apache Kafka, Spark, Hadoop
• Databases: NoSQL (MongoDB, Cassandra), Time-series DB (InfluxDB)
IoT Architecture for Smart Cities
• 5. Application Layer (User Interaction)
• Purpose: Provide insights, dashboards, and control mechanisms.
• Features:
• City management dashboard
• Mobile apps for citizens (real-time bus tracking, pollution levels, emergency
alerts)
• AI-powered predictions (traffic rerouting, energy optimization)
IoT Architecture for Smart Cities
• 6. Security Layer (Cross-Layer)
• Purpose: Secure the entire ecosystem.
• Measures:
• Device authentication & authorization
• Data encryption (TLS/SSL)
• Intrusion detection
• Blockchain for tamper-proof transactions
Machine 2 Machine Communication
M2M Technology (Machine-to-Machine Technology)

M2M Technology (Machine-to-Machine Technology) refers to the

direct communication between two or more devices or machines
without human intervention. It enables devices to exchange data and
perform actions based on that data automatically.

M2M is a type of communication where machines (devices, sensors, or

systems) talk to each other using a network (wired or wireless), enabling
automation and remote monitoring/control.
Key Components:
• Sensors or Devices – Collect real-time data (e.g., temperature, pressure).

• Network – Transfers data (e.g., cellular, Wi-Fi, Ethernet).

• Data Processing Unit / Platform – Analyzes the data.

• Actuators/Controllers – Trigger actions based on data analysis.

• M2M Software – For analytics, visualization, alerts, and remote commands.

How It Works:
• A sensor detects a condition (e.g., a machine gets too hot).
• The sensor sends the data via a network.
• The system processes this data.
• The system decides an action (e.g., shut down the machine).
• The command is executed — all automatically.
 M2M (Machine-to- IoE (Internet of
Aspect IoT (Internet of Things)
Machine) Everything)
Communication between Network of connected Broader concept: IoT +
Definition
machines without human input devices that share data people + processes + data
Device-to-device Device-to-device + cloud + Integration of people,
Focus
communication analytics process, data, and things
Human No (fully automated Minimal (for monitoring or Yes (people are integral to
Involvement communication) control) decision-making)
Point-to-point or closed IP-based, internet-enabled, Internet + context-aware
Connectivity
networks often cloud-based systems
Cellular, wired, proprietary Wi-Fi, Bluetooth, ZigBee, AI, Big Data, Cloud, IoT,
Technology Used
protocols MQTT, cloud platforms Analytics, Machine Learning
Data used for direct Data used for analysis, Data is used to drive
Data Usage
control/feedback automation, optimization intelligent business actions
Broadest (includes
Narrow (specific machine Broader (network of
Scope everything: devices, people,
functions) devices/systems)
data)
Vending machine alerts Smart home controlling Smart city optimizing traffic
Example
supplier when low lights, AC remotely based on real-time data
IoT 2.0
IoT 2.0 refers to the evolved, smarter, more secure, and integrated version of the
original IoT (Internet of Things). It addresses the limitations of traditional IoT (1.0)
and brings intelligence, interoperability, automation, and scalability to a much
higher level.
IoT 2.0
Feature IoT 1.0 IoT 2.0
Focus Device connectivity Intelligent, autonomous ecosystems
Data Processing Mostly cloud-based Edge + cloud + AI-driven
Intelligence Reactive (basic monitoring/control) Proactive (predictive, self-healing systems)
Interoperability Limited, proprietary protocols Open standards, seamless device integration
Built-in, end-to-end, AI-based threat
Security Basic, often patchy
detection
Designed for massive scale (billions of
Scalability Challenging as devices increase
devices)
Architecture Cloud-centric Distributed (Edge, Fog, Mesh networks)
User Involvement Manual interaction required Automation + contextual decision-making
Light auto-adjusts brightness based on
Example Smart light turns on via app
presence, time, and mood
Key Features of IoT 2.0:
Edge & Fog Computing: Data processed locally for faster, real-time decision-
making.
AI & Machine Learning: Devices learn from patterns and make decisions
autonomously.
5G & Beyond: Ultra-fast, low-latency connectivity supports massive IoT
deployments.
Security by Design: AI-driven threat detection, blockchain, and secure boot.
Digital Twins: Virtual replicas of physical assets for simulation and monitoring.
Self-Healing Networks: Systems detect and fix issues without human input.
Interconnected Ecosystems: Cross-domain integration (smart home + healthcare +
city).