ELECTRICTY (WORKSHEET)

1. A current of 10 A flows through a conductor for two minutes.

(i) Calculate the amount of charge passed through any area of cross section of the
conductor.
(ii) If the charge of an electron is 1.6 × 10-19 C, then calculate the total number of
electrons flowing.
Ans- Given that: I = 10 A, t = 2 min = 2 × 60 s = 120 s

or Q = I × t ∴ Q = (10 × 120) A s = 1200 C

(i) Amount of charge Q passed through any area of cross-section is given by I = Qt

(ii) Since, Q = ne

∴ 1200 = n × 1.6 × 10-19

where n is the total number of electrons flowing and e is the charge on one electron

or n = 12001.6×10−19 = 7.5 × 102

2. Name a device that you can use to maintain a potential difference between the
ends of a conductor. Explain the process by which this device does so.

Ans- A cell or a battery can be used to maintain a potential difference between the
ends of a conductor. The chemical reaction within a cell generates the potential
difference across the terminals of the cell, even when no current is drawn from it.
When it is connected to a conductor, it produces electric current and, maintain the
potential difference across the ends of the conductor.
3. A student plots V-I graphs for three samples of nichrome wire with resistances R 1,
R2 and [Link] from the following the statements that holds true for this graph.

(a) R1 = R2 = R3
(b) R1 > R2 > R3
(c) R3 > R2 > R1
(d) R2 > R1 > R3

Ans- The inverse of the slope of I-V graph gives the resistance of the material.
Here the slope of -Rj is highest. Thus, R 2 > R1 > R3
4. State Ohm's law? Define resistance and give its SI unit. What is meant by
1 ohm resistance? Draw V-I graph for an ohmic conductor and list its two
important features.
Ans-According to Ohm's law, the potential difference (voltage) across an ideal conductor is
proportional to the current flowing through it at a given temperature.

I.e. V/I = R
Resistance : It is ihe properly of a conductor lo resist the How of charges through it.
Its SI unit is ohm (Ω). If the potential difference across the two ends of a conductor
is 1 V and the current through it is 1 A, then the resistance R, of the conductor is 1
ohm (1 Ω). lvolt
1ohm= 1volt/1ampere
V-I graph for an ohmic conductor can be drawn as given in figure.

Important feature of V-I graph are:

(i) It is a straight line passing through origin.
(ii) Slope of V-I graph gives the value of resistance of conductor slope = R = VI

5. Calculate the resistance of a metal wire of length 2m and area of cross section
1.55 × 106 m², if the resistivity of the metal be 2.8 × 10-8 Ωm.
Answer:
For the given metal wire,
length, l = 2 m
area of cross-section, A = 1.55 × 10-6 m²
resistivity of the metal, p = 2.8 × 10-8 Ω m
Since, resistance, R = ρlA
So R = (2.8×10−8×21.55×10−6)Ω
= 5.61.55 × 10-2 Ω = 3.6 × 10-2Ω or R = 0.036Ω
6.(a) List the factors on which the resistance of a conductor in the shape
of a wire depends.
(b) Why are metals good conductors of electricity whereas glass is a bad
conductor of electricity ? Give reason.
(c) Why are alloys commonly used in electrical heating devices ?
Ans- (1) Length of the conductor : (Treater the length (I) of the conductor more will

R∝I
be the resistance (R).

(2) Area ol cross section of the conductor: (Ireater the cross-sectional area of the

R ∝ 1A
conductor, less will be the resistance.

(3) Temperature
(4) Nature of conductor.

(b) Metal have very low resistivity and hence they are good conductors of
electricity.
Whereas glass has very high resistivity so glass is a bad conductor of electricity.
(c) Alloys are commonly used in electrical heating devices due to the following
reasons
(i) Alloys have higher resistivity than metals
(ii) Alloys do not get oxidised or burn readily.

7. A copper wire has diameter 0.5 mm and resistivity 1.6 × 10 -8 Ω m. Calculate the
length of this wire to make it resistance 100 Ω. How much does the resistance
change if the diameter is doubled without changing its length?

Ans- Given; resistivity of copper = 1.6 × 10 -8 Ω m, diameter of wire, d = 0.5 mm and

resistance of wire, R = 100 Ω
Radius of wire, r = d2 = 0.52 mm
= 0.25 mm = 2.5 × 10-4 m

∴ A = 3.14 × (2.5 × 10-4)²

Area of cross-section of wire, A = nr²

= 1.9625 × 10-7 m²
= 1.9 × 10-7 m²

∴ 100 Ω = 1.6×10−8Ωm×l1.9×10−7 m2
As, R = ρlA

l = 1200 m
If diameter is doubled (d’ = 2d), then the area of cross-section of wire will become

Now R ∝ 1A, so the resistance will decrease by four times or new resistance will be
A’ = πr² = π(d′2)² = π(2d2)² = 4A

R’ = R4 = 1004 = 25Ω

8. List the advantages of connecting electrical devices in parallel with an electrical

source instead of connecting them is series.

Ans-(a) When a number of electrical devices are connected in parallel, each device
gets the same potential difference as provided by the battery and it keeps on
working even if other devices fail. This is not so in case the devices are connected
in series because when one device fails, the circuit is broken and all devices stop
working.

(b) Parallel circuit is helpful when each device has different resistance and requires
different current for its operation as in this case the current divides itself through
different devices. This is not so in series circuit where same current flows through
all the devices, irrespective of their resistances.

9. Show how would you join three resistors, each of resistance 9 Ω so that the
equivalent resistance of the combination is (i) 13.5 Ω, (ii) 6 Ω

Ans- (i) The resistance of the series combination is higher than each of the
resistances. A parallel combination of two 9 Ω resistors is equivalent to 4.5 Ω. We
can obtain 13.5 Ω by coupling 4.5 Ω and 9 Ω in series. So, to obtain 13.5 Ω, the
combination is as shown in figure (a).
(ii) To obtain a equivalent resistance of 6 Ω, we have to connect two 9 Ω resistors in
series and then connect the third 9 Ω resistor in parallel to the series combination
as shown in the figure (b).

10. Draw a schematic diagram of a circuit consisting of a battery of 3 cells of 2 V

each, a combination of three resistors of 10 Ω, 20 Ω and 30 Ω connected in parallel,
a plug key and an ammeter, all connected in series. Use this circuit to find the value
of the following :
(a) Current through each resistor. (b) total current in the circuit. (c) total resistance
of the circuit.

Ans- The circuit diagram is as shown below.

(a) Given, voltage of the battery = 2V + 2V + 2V = 6 V

Current through 10 Ω resistance,
I10 = VR=610 = 0.6 A
Current through 20 Ω resistance,
I20 = VR=620 = 0.3 A
Current through 30 Ω resistance,
I30 = VR=630 = 0.2 A
(b) Total current in the circuit, 1= I10 + I20 + I30
= 0.6 + 0.3 + 0.2 = 1.1 A
(c) Total resistance of the circuit

11. The resistance of a resistor is reduced to half of its initial value. In doing so, if
other parameters of the circuit remain unchanged, the heating effects in the
resistor will become
(a) two times
(b) half
(c) one-fourth
(d) four times

Ans- (a) : We know, H = I²Rt = V24. t

Now when, R’ = R24, V’ = V and t’ = t
H’ = V′2t′R′=V2tR/2=2V2tR = 2H

12. (a) Write the mathematical expression for Joules law of heating.
(b) Compute the heat generated while transferring 96000 coulomb of charge in two
hours through a potential difference of 40 V.
Ans- (a) The Joule’s law of healing implies that heat produced in a resistor is
(i) directly proportional to the square of current lor a given resistance,
(ii) directly proportional to resistance for a given current, and
(iii) directly proportional to the time for which the current flows through the resistor.
i.e., H = I² Rt
(b) Given, charge q = 96000 C, time t = 2 h = 7200 s and potential difference V =
40 V
We know, H = I²Rt = Q2t2×VQ × t × t = VQ
= 40 × 96000 = 3.84 × 106 J = 3.84 MJ

13. Explain the use of an electric fuse. What type of material is used for fuse wire
and why.

Ans- Electric fuse protects circuits and appliances by stopping the flow of any
unduly high electric current. It consists of a piece of wire made of a metal or an
alloy of appropriate melting point, for example aluminium, copper, iron, lead etc. If
a current larger than the specified value flows through the circuit, the temperature
of the fuse wire increases. This melts the fuse wire and breaks the circuit.

14. (a) Why is tungsten used for making bulb filaments of incandescent lamps?
(b) Name any two electric devices based on heating effect of electric current.

Ans- (a) (i) Tungsten is a strong metal and has high melting point (3380°C).
(ii) It emits light at high temperatures (about 2500°C).
(b) Electric laundry iron and electric heater are based on heating effect of electric
current.

15. Two lamps, one rated 100 W; 220 V, and the other 60 W; 220 V, are connected
in parallel to electric mains supply. Find the current drawn by two bulbs from the
line, if the supply voltage is 220 V

Ans- Since both the bulbs are connected in parallel and to a 220 V supply, the
voltage across each bulb is 220 V. Then
Current drawn by 100 W bulb,
I1 = powerratingvoltageapplied = 100W220V = 0.454 A
Current drawn by 60 W bulb,
I2 = 60W220V = 0.273 A
Total current drawn from the supply line,
I = I1 + I2 = 0.454 A + 0.273 A = 0.727 A = 0.73 A

16. An electric iron has a rating of 750 W; 200 V. Calculate:

(i) the current required.
(ii) the resistance of its heating element.
(iii) energy consumed by the iron in 2 hours

Ans- Here, P = 750 W, V = 200 V

(i) As P = V7
I = P/V= (750/200) A = 3.75A

∴ R = 2003.75 Ω = 53.3 Ω
(ii) By Ohm’s law V = IR or R = V/I

(iii) Energy consumed by the iron in 2 hours

= P × t = 750 W × 2h = 1.5 kWh
or E = (750 × 2 × 3600) J = 5.4 × 106 J

17. (a) Define power and state its SI unit.

(b) A torch bulb is rated 5 V and 500 mA. Calculate its
(i) power
(ii) resistance
(iii) energy consumed when it is lighted for 2 12 hours.

Ans- (a) Power is defined as the rate at which electric energy is dissipated or
consumed in an electric circuit.
P = VI = I²R = V²/R
The SI unit of electric power is watt (W). It is the power consumed by a device that
carries 1 A of current when operated at a potential difference of IV.
1 W = 1 volt × 1 ampere = 1 V A

(b) Given, V = 5 V and I = 500 mA = 0.5 A

(ii) As, P = V2R⇒R=V2P=252.5 = 10 Ω

(i) Power, P = V × 7 = 5 × 0.5 = 2.5 W

∴ The energy consumed, E = P × t

(iii) Given, time t = 2.5 hrs = 9000 s

= 2.5 × 9000 = 2.25 × 104 J

= 6.25 Watt hour

18. A bulb is rated 40 W; 220 V. Find the current drawn by it, when it is connected
to a 220 V supply. Also find its resistance. If the given bulb is replaced by a bulb of
rating 25 W; 220 V, will there be any change in the value of current and resistance?
Justify your answer and determine the change.

Ans- In first case, P = 40 W, V = 220 V

Current drawn l = PV = 40220 = 0.18 A
Also, resistance of bulb,
R = V2P=(220)240 = 1210 Ω
In second case, P = 25 W, V = 220 V
Current drawn, I = PV = 25220 = 0.11 A
Also, resistance of the bulb,
R = V2P = (220)225 = 1936 Ω
Hence, by replacing 40 W bulb to 25 W bulb, having same source of voltage the
amount of current flows decreases while resistance increases.

19. (a) An electric bulb is connected to a 220 V generator. If the current drawn by
the bulb is 0.50 A, find its power.
(b) An electric refrigerator rated 400 W operates 8 hours a day. Calculate the
energy per day in kWh.
(c) State the difference between kilowatt and kilowatt hour.

Ans- (a) Here, V = 220 V, I = 0.50 A

Power of the bulb, P = VI = (220 × 0.5)W = 110 W
(b) Energy consumed by electric refrigerator in a day = Power x time
= 400 W × 8 h = 3200 Wh = 3.2 kWh
(c) Kilowatt is unit of power and kilowatt hour is a unit of energy.
20. Why are the coils of electric toasters and irons made of an alloy rather than any
pure [Link] reason.

Ans- Due to its high resistivity, an alloy has a substantially higher melting point than a pure
metal. Alloys are resistant to melting when temperatures are high. As a result, alloys are
utilised in heating devices like electric toasters and irons.

21. Why does the cord of an electric heater not glow while the heating element does?

Ans: An electric heater's heating element is constructed from a high-resistance alloy. The
heating element glows red and gets excessively hot when the electricity passes through it.
Typically, copper or aluminium, which have low resistance, is used to make the rope.
Consequently, the cord doesn't glow.