NARAYANA JUNIOR COLLEGE
PHYSICS PROJECT
By: Nikhil Pradeep Pathak
Class XII
CERTIFICATE
Subject: Physics (042)
This is to verify that NIKHIL PRADEEP PATHAK of Class XII Science of Narayana E
Techno School , Bhayander has completed his investigatory project for the session
2025-26 on the topic of determining the resistance of different materials.
He took keen interest and completed the project with utmost sincerity under my
guidance and supervision.
I certify that this project is up to my expectation and as per the guidelines issued
by CBSE. I wish him very best for a successful career and bright future.
Date: _______________
Internal Signature: _______________ External Signature: _______________
Principal Signature: __________________
School Seal: Narayana E Techno School, Bhayander
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
This investigatory project has been a challenging and learning experience for me. I
would like to acknowledge and express my gratitude to all those who have directly
and indirectly provided generous amount of support and cooperation during this
scholarly adventure.
I sincerely express my gratitude to our honourable Principal Mrs. Supriti Katkar for
giving me this great opportunity and providing all the facilities required to
complete this project. I am thankful to my subject teacher Mrs. Sukanya TS for her
guidance and support.
I express my thanks to our institution for giving me a platform to develop my
knowledge and skills.
Nikhil Pradeep Pathak
INDEX
1. Certificate
2. Acknowledgement
3. Aim
4. Apparatus
5. Theory
6. Procedure
7. Observations
8. Calculations
9. Results
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AIM
To investigate the dependance of the angle of deviation on the angle of incidence
using a hallow prism filled, one-by-one, with different transparent fluids
APPARATUS
Drawing board
White sheet of paper
Hollow prism
Different liquids (water, kerosene, oil spirit, etc.)
Drawing pins
Pencil
Half metre scale
Thump pins
Graph papers
Protractor
INSERT PICTURE OF ME WITH APPARATUS
THEORY
Refraction of Light Through Prism
Diagram shows section ABC of a prism taken by a vertical plane perpendicular to
the edge. BC is the base of the prism and AB and AC are its two refracting surfaces
RQ is the incident ray
QS is the refracted ray
ST is the emergent ray
<RQN1= i = angle of incidence
Refraction through a prism
<SQN3 = r1 = angle of refraction inside prism
<QSN3 = r2 = angle of incidence inside prism
<TSN3 = e = angle of emergence
<BAC = A = angle of prism
<SFK = D = angle of deviation
In ΔQFS, <KFS = <FQS + <FSQ
D= (i - r1) + (e - r2)
D= i + e - (r1 + r2)
In ΔQS1N3, r1 + r2 + <QN3S = 180°
The quadrilateral AQNS a cyclic quadrilateral, then
A + <QN3S = 180°
From (2) and (3)
A = r1 + r2
Eq. (1) becomes,
D= i + e – A
D+A=i + e
Angle of Minimum Deviation
(a)Definition: The minimum value of angle of deviation, is called angle of
minimum deviation. It is represented by the symbol Dm.
incidence. One value equals i and other value equals ‘e’.
(b)Explanation: For same angle of deviation (D) there are two values of angle of
As angle i is increased from a small value, e decreases from large value and angle
of deviation decreases. When angle of deviation is minimum (Dm), then i and e
become equal. The refracted ray QS goes parallel to base BC. Since i = e, we
have
r1 = r2. (჻n= sinr = sin r )
sini sine
2
Hence at minimum deviation, when r1 = r2 = r (say).
we have, A= r1 + r2 = r + r = 2r or r= A/2
Also, at minimum deviation, D=Dm and i = e
From relation, D+A=i + e
Dm + A = i + i = 2i
A + Dm
we have, or i=
2
sini
From Snell’s law, n=
sinr
A + Dm
sin
we have, n=
2
sin A /2
This relation is useful for determination of n for prism material.
Refraction through prism at different angles
PROCEDURE
[Link] a white sheet of paper on the drawing board with the help of drawing pin
2 Draw a straight line XX’ parallel to the length of the paper nearly in the middle
of the paper
3 Mark prints Q1, Q2, Q3, ….. on the straight line XX’ at suitable distances of about
5 cm
4. Draw normals N1Q1, N2Q2, N3Q3, ….. on points Q1, Q2, Q3, ….. as shown in
diagram
5 Draw straight lines R1Q1, R2Q2, R3Q3, ….. making angles of 35°, 40°, ….., 60° (write
value of the angles on the paper) respectively with the normals
6: Mark one corner of the prism as A and take it as the edge of the prism for all
the observations
7. Put the prism with its refracting face AB in the line XX’ and point Q 1, in the
middle of AB
8. Mark the boundary of the prism
9. Fix two or more office pin P1 and P2, vertically on the line RQ, The distance
between the pins should be 10 mm or more
10. Look the images of point P1 and P2 through face AC
11. Close your left eye and bring open right eye in line with the two images
12. Fix two office pins P3 and P4 vertically, and 10 cm apart such that the open
right eyes sees pins P4 and P3 and images of P2 and P1 in one straight line
13. Remove pins P3 and P4 and encircle their pricks on the paper
14. Repeat steps 7 to 13 with points Q2, Q3, … for i = 40°, …, 60°
To Measure D in Different Cases
15. Draw straight lines through points P4 and P3 (pin pricks) to obtain emergent
rays S1T1, S2T2, S3T3, …
16. Produce T1S1, T2S2, T3S3, inward in the boundary of the prism to meet produced
incident rays R1Q1, R2Q2, R3Q3, … at points F1, F2, F3, …
17. Measure angles K1F1S1, K2F2S2, K3F3S3, … These give angle of deviation D1, D2, D3,
…
18. Write values of these angles on the paper
To Measure A
19. Measure angle BAC in the boundary of the prism. This gives angle A.
20. Record your observations as given below
OBSERVATIONS
Angle of hollow prism A = 60 degree
Sr. Angle of Angle of Angle of Angle of Angle of deviation for
No. incidenc deviation deviation for deviation turpentine oil
<i
e for water kerosene oil for spirit
<D
1. 35° 22°
2. 40° 20°
3. 45° 22°
4. 50° 25°
5. 55° 28°
6. 60°
7. 65°
CALCULATIONS
Plot the graphs between angle of incidence (<i ) and angle of deviation (<D) by
taking i along X-axis and <D along Y-axis for each transparent liquid. From the
graph find the value of angle of minimum deviation Dm corresponding to the
lowest point of the graphs. Let the value of angle of minimum deviation.
Dm = 37°
Then refractive index of the transparent medium,
A + Dm
sin
2
n=
sin A /2
The speed of light in a transparent medium is:
c
v=
n
where speed of light in air c = 3 × 108 m/s.
RESULTS
1. The i - D graph indicates that as the angle of incidence ( i ) increases, the
angle of deviation (D) first decreases, attains a minimum value (Dm) and
then again start increasing for further increase in angle of incidence.
2. The angle of minimum deviation for
(a) Water, Dm = °
(b) Kerosene Oil, Dm = °
(c) Spirit, Dm = °
(d) Turpentine Oil, Dm = °
3. The refractive indices of the
(a) Water, n =
(b) Kerosene Oil, n =
(c) Spirit, n =
(d) Turpentine Oil, n =
4. Speed of light in
(a) Water, v = m/s
(b) Kerosene Oil, v = m/s
(c) Spirit, v = m/s
(d) Turpentine Oil, v = m/s
PRECAUTIONS
1. The angle of incidence should lie between 35°-60°.
2. The pins should be fixed vertical.
3. The distance between the two pins should not be less than 10 mm.
4. Arrow heads should be marked to represent the incident and emergent rays
5. The same angle of prism should be used for all the observations.
SOURCES OF ERROR
1. Pin pricks may be thick.
2. Measurement of angles may be wrong.
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Comprehensive Practical Physics Class XII
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Other google websites