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IGCSE Data Representation Guide

This document provides coaching notes on data representation in IGCSE Computer Science, covering number systems including binary, denary, and hexadecimal, along with conversion methods. It explains binary addition, overflow, logical shifts, and two's complement for representing negative integers, as well as how text, sound, and images are represented digitally. Additionally, it discusses data storage, file size calculations, and the importance of data compression.

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7 views5 pages

IGCSE Data Representation Guide

This document provides coaching notes on data representation in IGCSE Computer Science, covering number systems including binary, denary, and hexadecimal, along with conversion methods. It explains binary addition, overflow, logical shifts, and two's complement for representing negative integers, as well as how text, sound, and images are represented digitally. Additionally, it discusses data storage, file size calculations, and the importance of data compression.

Uploaded by

z5knz24zq6
Copyright
© All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd

IGCSE Computer Science

Chapter 1 – Data Representa on (Coaching Notes)

1. Number Systems

➤ 1.1 Binary Representa on

 Binary system uses two digits: 0 and 1.

 Computers use binary because their internal circuits operate in two states: ON (1)
and OFF (0).

➤ 1.2 Denary, Binary and Hexadecimal

➤ 1.3 Conversion Methods

Denary → Binary
Divide by 2, record remainders, reverse the order.

Binary → Denary
Mul ply each bit by 2ⁿ, add them up.

Binary ↔ Hexadecimal
Group binary digits in 4s → convert each group using hex chart.

Denary ↔ Hexadecimal
Divide by 16 for denary to hex, mul ply and sum for hex to denary.
➤ 1.4 Why Hexadecimal?

 Easier to read and write than binary

 Commonly used in:

o Memory addresses

o Colour codes in web design

o Error messages

➤ 1.5 Binary Addi on (8-bit Posi ve Numbers)

Rules:

 0+0=0

 0+1=1

 1 + 1 = 10 → write 0, carry 1

 1 + 1 + 1 = 11 → write 1, carry 1

Example:

01001100

+ 00111010

-----------

10000110

➤ 1.6 Overflow

Occurs when the sum exceeds the maximum 8-bit value (255).

Example:

11111111 + 00000001 = 1 00000000 → overflow (9 bits)


➤ 1.7 Logical Binary Shi s

Example:
Le shi 00001101 → 00011010

➤ 1.8 Two's Complement (Posi ve + Nega ve Integers)

Used to represent nega ve numbers in binary.

Steps to represent -n:

1. Write binary of n

2. Invert all bits (1's complement)

3. Add 1 → gives nega ve in two’s complement

Example:

+5 = 00000101

→ Invert = 11111010

→ Add 1 = 11111011 = -5

2. Text, Sound and Images

➤ 2.1 Text Representa on

 Characters are represented using character sets.

 Each character has a unique binary code.

Types of Character Sets:

 ASCII: 7-bit, 128 characters

 Unicode: 16+ bits, supports global languages

Example:
'A' in ASCII = 65 → 01000001
➤ 2.2 Sound Representa on

 Sound is analogue; it is sampled to become digital.

 Sample Rate: No. of samples per second (Hz)

 Sample Resolu on: Bits per sample

More sampling = be er quality, but larger file size

➤ 2.3 Image Representa on

 An image is made of pixels.

 Each pixel stores a colour using binary.

Key Terms:

 Resolu on: Number of pixels (width × height)

 Colour Depth: Bits per pixel

Higher resolu on & depth → be er quality + bigger file

3. Data Storage & Compression

➤ 3.1 Measuring Data

➤ 3.2 File Size Calcula ons

Image File Size (in bits):

= width × height × colour depth


Sound File Size (in bits):

= sample rate × sample resolu on × me × channels

➤ 3.3 Data Compression

Why compress?

 Reduces file size

 Saves storage & bandwidth

Sample Quick Ques ons

1. What is the binary of 25? → 00011001

2. What causes overflow? → Sum > 255 (8-bit limit)

3. ASCII or Unicode: which is be er for emojis? → Unicode

4. What is 1111 in hex? → F

5. File size of a 100×100 image, 8-bit depth? → 100×100×8 = 80000 bits = 10KB

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