Class 10 Science – Exam-Oriented Notes (NCERT
Based)
Chapter 1: Chemical Reactions and Equations
• Chemical reaction → change in state, colour, evolution of gas, change in temperature.
• Balanced equation: No. of atoms equal on both sides.
• Types: Combination, Decomposition, Displacement, Double displacement, Redox.
• Example: 2H2 + O2 → 2H2O.
Chapter 2: Acids, Bases and Salts
• Acids → H+ ions in solution; Bases → OH– ions.
• Indicators: Litmus, Methyl orange, Phenolphthalein.
• Important: Neutralisation reaction, pH scale (0-14).
• Salts: Common salt (NaCl), Baking soda (NaHCO3), Washing soda (Na2CO3·10H2O), Plaster of
Paris (CaSO4·½H2O).
Chapter 3: Metals and Non-Metals
• Physical properties: Metals → malleable, ductile, conductors.
• Chemical: Metals form basic oxides, Non-metals form acidic oxides.
• Reactivity series: K > Na > Ca > Mg > Al > Zn > Fe > Pb > Cu > Ag > Au.
• Corrosion (Rusting of iron), Prevention: Galvanisation, Alloying.
Chapter 4: Carbon and its Compounds
• Covalent bonding in carbon compounds.
• Homologous series (–CH2 group difference).
• Functional groups: –OH (alcohol), –COOH (acid), –Cl/–Br (halo), –CHO (aldehyde).
• Soap & Detergent difference: Soap works in soft water only.
Chapter 5: Periodic Classification of Elements
• Dobereiner triads, Newland’s octave law, Mendeleev’s table.
• Modern periodic law: Properties depend on atomic number.
• Trends: Atomic size ↓ across period, ↑ down group.
• Metallic character ↓ across period, ↑ down group.
Chapter 6: Life Processes
• Nutrition: Autotrophic (photosynthesis), Heterotrophic (holozoic).
• Respiration: Aerobic (with O2), Anaerobic (without O2).
• Transportation: Xylem (water), Phloem (food).
• Excretion: Human kidney → Nephron.
Chapter 7: Control and Coordination
• Nervous system: CNS, PNS, ANS.
• Reflex action: Spinal cord based.
• Hormones: Auxins, Gibberellins, Cytokinins, Insulin, Thyroxine, Adrenaline.
• Chemical coordination in plants and animals.
Chapter 8: How do Organisms Reproduce?
• Asexual reproduction: Binary fission, Fragmentation, Budding.
• Sexual reproduction in plants → Pollination, Fertilisation.
• Sexual reproduction in humans → Male & Female gametes fusion.
• Contraceptive methods: Barrier, Chemical, Surgical.
Chapter 9: Heredity and Evolution
• Mendel’s laws: Dominance, Segregation, Independent assortment.
• Monohybrid vs Dihybrid cross.
• Sex determination in humans (XX/XY).
• Evolution: Fossils, Homologous and Analogous organs.
Chapter 10: Light – Reflection and Refraction
• Laws of reflection and refraction.
• Mirror formula: 1/f = 1/v + 1/u.
• Lens formula: 1/f = 1/v – 1/u.
• Power of lens (D) = 100/f(cm).
Chapter 11: Human Eye and Colourful World
• Parts of eye: Cornea, Lens, Retina, Ciliary muscles.
• Defects: Myopia (concave lens), Hypermetropia (convex lens).
• Atmospheric refraction → twinkling, early sunrise.
• Scattering → Blue sky, Red sunset.
Chapter 12: Electricity
• Ohm’s law: V = IR.
• Resistance: R = ρL/A.
• Series & Parallel combinations.
• Power: P = VI = I²R = V²/R, Unit: kWh.
Chapter 13: Magnetic Effects of Electric Current
• Right-hand thumb rule, Fleming’s left-hand rule.
• Electromagnetic induction (Faraday’s law).
• Electric motor (electrical → mechanical).
• AC vs DC, Domestic circuits.
Chapter 14: Sources of Energy
• Conventional: Fossil fuels, Thermal, Hydro, Biomass.
• Non-conventional: Solar, Wind, Geothermal, Nuclear.
• Renewable vs Non-renewable energy.
• Environmental consequences of energy use.
Chapter 15: Our Environment
• Ecosystem → Biotic + Abiotic components.
• Food chains & Food webs.
• Ozone layer depletion (CFCs).
• Waste management: Biodegradable vs Non-biodegradable.
Chapter 16: Sustainable Management of Natural Resources
• 5Rs: Refuse, Reduce, Reuse, Repurpose, Recycle.
• Conservation methods: Forest, Wildlife, Water, Coal, Petroleum.
• Chipko movement, Water harvesting.
• Sustainable development approach.