Dual Nature of Radiation and Matter

Tetrahedron Group of Institutions, Tangi, Cuttack Tetrahedron Group of Institutions, Tangi, Cuttack

TETRAHEDRON GROUP OF INSTITUTIONS

Tangi, Cuttack-754022

DUAL NATURE OF RADIATION AND MATTER

Electron Emission:
The process by which electrons are emitted
from the surface of metal.
Types of electron emission:
1. Thermoionic electron emission:
The process by which electrons are emitled
from a metal surface by the process of heat-
ing.
* The electrons which are emitted during this
process are called as thermions.
2. Photoelectric electron emission:
The process by which electrons are emitted
when a radiation of light is incident on the
surface of ametal.
* The electrons which are emitted during this
process are called as photo electrons.
3. Field emission:
The process by which electrons are emitted It consists of an evacuated tube which con-
when the metal surface is applied by strong sisted of two electrode cathode (C) or
electric field. (also called cold emission.) emmiter and anode (A) or collectors.
4. Secondary emission:
The process by which electrons are emitted The two electrodes C and A are connected to
when highly energetic electron becams are a high tension battery a potential divider
incident on metal surface. arrangement and a microammeter, A .
* The electrons which are emitted during this
process are called as secondary electrons. When monochromatic radiations of suitable
Work function: frequeny fall on the plate C, electrons are
emitted which are collected by the plate A.
The minnimum amount of energy required by
So a current, called photoelectric current,
an electron to just escape from a metal surface
flows in the outer circuit which is measured
is called the work function of the metal.
by the micrommeter.
hC (A) Effect of intensity of light on photoelectric
W0  h 0 
0 current:

PHOTO ELECTRIC EFFECT It is observed that the photo electric current

The phenomenon of emmission of electron is directly proportional to the intensity of
from the surface of metal when radiation of incident light.
suitable frequence fall on it.
* Since photo electric current is directly
EXPERIMENTAL STUDY OF
proportional to the no. of photoelectrons
PHOTOELECTRIC EFFECT:
emitted per second it implies that the no. of
The figure shows the experiemental photo electrons emitted per second is
arrangement used for the study of photo proportional to the intensity of incident light.
electric effect.
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 Dual Nature of Radiation and Matter
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3. Effect of frequency of incident radiations

on stopping potential:

It is observed that the value of stopping

(B) Effect of potential on photoelectric current: potential increases with increase of
frequency of incident radiation.

* Greater the frequency of incident radiation,

greater is the kinefic energy of photo elec-
trons.
* At the stopping potential V0, when no photo
electrons are emitted, the work done by
stopping potential on the fastest electron
must be equal to its K.E., i.e.,
1
mVmax
2
 eV0
2

* For a given frequency of incident radiation

the stopping potential is independent of its
intensity. So also the max K.E. is
independent of intensity.
* At one stage, for a certain ‘+ve’ poential of
* Saturation current is independent on fre-
anode, the photoelectric current becomes
quency of incident ratiation.
maximum which is known as saturation cur-
* The kinetic energy of electrons depends only
rent or maximum current.
on the frequency of radiation.
* If the ‘-ve’ potential of andole w.r.t cathode
Graph between Potential and frequency:
increases gradually, the photoelectric current
decreases rapidly and becomes zero.
* The minimum ‘-ve’ potential of anode w.r.t
to cathode at which the photo electric cur- Metal-A Metal-B
rent becomes zero is called stopping po-
Stopping potential

tential / cut off potential.

* The saturation current is larger for larger
intensity of incident light.
* So, it is conduded that, the saturation cur- 0 0
rent is dependent on intensity of incident Frequency of incident radiation
radiation.  V0

* If we plot a graph between frequency of ra-

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 Dual Nature of Radiation and Matter
Tetrahedron Group of Institutions, Tangi, Cuttack Tetrahedron Group of Institutions, Tangi, Cuttack

diation and the corresponding stopping po- 0  Threshold favelength.

tential, then it is observed that the minimum
Determination of Plank’s constant (h) and work
frequency of radiation below which photo-
function (Wo)
electric emmission isn’t possible is called
threshold frequency.
* The stopping potential increases linearly
with the frequency of incident radiation. A
* It is also observed that the threshold fre- Stopping
quency depends on the nature of material. potential
Laws of Photoelectric Emission : V0  B 
C
1. Photoelectric Emission is an instantaneous 0
process. Frequency of incident
2. Photo electric current is directly proportional radiation  
to the intensity of incident radiation and in-  W0
dependent of frequency. e
3. Maximum velocity/kinetic energy depends
upon the frequency of incident radiation.
4. The minimum frequency of incident radia- According to Einstein’s photoelectric equation
tion which is just sufficient to eject and elec- 1 2
tron from metal surface is called threshold mvmax  h  W0
2
frequency.
Einstein’s equation of Photoelectric Emission 1 2
According to Einstein, the energy of radia- Again it may be written as mvmax  eV0
2
tion is spent in two ways.
1. A part of energy is used to liberate the tightly
bound electrons from the matallic surface Then, eV0  h  W0
which equal to “work function”
2. The remaining energy appears as maximum  h  W0
kinetic energy of the photoelectrons. So, V0    
e e
1 2
i.e h  0  mvmax Compaing this equation with the equation of
2
a straight line y = mx + C, the slope of the
0  work function  h 0
h
1 2 graph m  ,
h  h 0  mvmax e
2
So, h=e×(Slope of the graph)
1 2
mvmax  h  h 0
2 AC
h  e
mvmax  h   0 
1 2 BC
2
where,   frequency of incident radiation. Intercept on  V0 axis   W0 , then W0  e V0 
e
 0  Threshold frequency..
h  Plank’s constant. W0  e (magnitude of intercept on V0 -axis
1 hc hc Q. The work function of Cs is 2.14 eV. When
mv max
2
 
2  0 light of frequency 6  1014 Hz is emitted
photo electric phenomenon occurs. what
1 1 1 
mv max
2
 hc    is
2   0  (i) Maximum kinetic energy. KE

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 Dual Nature of Radiation and Matter
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(ii) Stopping potential diation above which photoelectric

(iii) Maximum Velocity of electrons. emmission stops is called as threshold wave-
Ans: 0  2.14eV length.
Q. Work function of CS is 2.14 eV. Find the
v  6  1014 Hz V0 for cs and th wavelength of incident
h  6.62 10 34 light if photoelecric current is ‘O’ by
V0=0.6eV.
1
(i)  mVman
2
 hv  hv0  hv  0 1
2 Ans: mVmax
2
 eV0
2
6.62  10 34  6  1014
  2.14  h(v  v0 )  hv  hv0  hv  0
1.6 10 19
 2.49  2.14 2.14 214
0  hv0  v0    1034
6.23 10  34
623
 0.35eV .
1  3.4  10 33 Hz
(ii) mVmax
2
 0.35 eV
2 1 1 
 eV0  hc  
0.7 0.7 7   0 
Vmax    1031
m 9.110 13
91 hc
 eV0   0
10 
  1030
13 6.23  1034  3  108
hc
 2.74eV  
 2.74  1.6  10 19
 0.076 1015
 4.5  10 7
5 1.732
  1015 .  4500  10 10
10
1  4500 A .
(iii) mVmax
2
 eV0 Q. Ultraviolet light of wavelength 800A0 and
2
700A0 when allowed to fall on a metal sur-
0.35eV face so that the electrons liberated with
  V0  V 0  3.35volt.
e kinetic energy 1.8eV and 4eV. Find
Q. The photoelectric work function for a planck’s const.
metal surface is 4.125eV find the thresh- 1
old wave length. Ans: mVmax
2
 E K  E K 1  1.8eV , E K 2  4eV .
2
hc
Ans: 0  1

hc hc

0 mVmax
2

2  0
hc 6.63  10 34  3  108 hc hc
 0   .  1 .8   0 (1) and 4   0 (2)
0 4.125  1.6  10 19 1 2
Q. work function of Na is 2.3 eV. Does Na
hc hc
shows photoelectric emmission for orange  1 .8   0 (7) and 4   0 (2)
8  10 8
7  10 8
light. orange  6800 A
hc hc
 (2)  (1)  4  1.8   0   0
hc 6.63  10 34  3  108 7  10 8
8  10 8
Ans:0   0   5400 A
0 2.3  1.6  10 19  1
 2.2eV  hc 
1 

 700 800 
 12420  
0in eV then ,    A   100 
 2.2eV  hc
  
 5600 
* 0  maximum waveelength of incident ra-
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 Dual Nature of Radiation and Matter
Tetrahedron Group of Institutions, Tangi, Cuttack Tetrahedron Group of Institutions, Tangi, Cuttack

2.2  1.6  10 19  5600 Justification of matter waves:

 h
3  108 Since radiation has dual nature, from the
3.52  56  10 10  10
19 8 8 symetri consideration, de-Broglie predicted
h  6.568  10 34 that matter must also possess dual nature.
3
The photon (=particle) picture of electromagnetic Thus particles like electrons, protons,
radiation (wave): neutrons etc should not only behave like mass
points but they should also exhibit wave
Photoelectric effect explains the particle
nature when in motion.
nature of radiation. When radiation interacts
with matter, it behaves as a particle because de-Broglie’s wave equation:
it is made up of particle like packets of energy
called photon. Considering photon as an em wave of
frequency  its energy from Plank’s quatum
Some basic features of the photon picture of theory, E  h .
electromagnetic radiation:
Considering photon as a particle of mass m,
1. In the interaction of radiation with matter, the energy associated with it,
radiation behaves as if it is made of particles,
called photons. E=mc2 (Einstein’s mass-energy equation)

 hυ  So, h  mc 2

 
2. Each photon has energy and
momentum hυ  h , and speed c (=speed
c  hc
 mc 2
of light) in vacuum. 
3. All photons of light of a particular frequency
h h
υ , or wavelength  , have the same energy gy   
 hυ 
mc p
and momentum, independent of the
intensity of the radiation. This formula has been derived for a photon
of radiation.
4. Photons are electrically neutral and are not
deflected by electric field and magnetic field. According to de-Broglie’s hypothesis, the
formula must also be true for material
5. In a photon-particle (i.e., photon-electron) particles like electrons, protons etc. Hence a
collision, the total energy and momentum are particle of mass m moving with velocity v
conserved. must be associated with a matter wave of
Dual Nature of Padiation :- wavelength  given by,,
The phenomena like : interference,
diffaction and polarisation explains the wave h h
 
nature of light (radiation) whereas phenom- p mv
ena like photoelectric effect and commpton
effect explains the particle nature of radia- This is de-Broglie’s wave equation for
tion. So, we conclude that light radiations material particles. It explains the dual nature
have dual nature i.e. they both behave as of matter as it connects the wave
particles and sometimes waves. characteristics ‘  ’ with particle
DUAL NATURE OF MATTER d-Broglie waves: characteristics ‘p’.
The waves associated with material particles
in motion are called matter waves or deBroglie
waves and their wavelength are called de-
Broglie wavelengths.
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 Dual Nature of Radiation and Matter
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NOTE:
12.3 1010
1. The wavelength of a moving particle is 
V
inversely proportional to its momentum, i.e.,
1

0
12.3 A
p  
V
2. If V=0, then    . This implies that waves
are associated with material particles only 12.24 
when they are in motion. Note: e  A . V  P.D
V
3. To be associated with a de Broglie wave, a 0.286 
P  A
particle need not have a charge. V
4. de-Broglie waves can not be electromagnetic 0.101 
in nature, because em waves are only   A .
V
associated with accelerated charged particles.
Davison -Germer experiment
de-Broglie wavelength in terms of K.E. of 1. This experiement demonstrated the
particle:
wave nature of the electron, confirm-
Kinetic energy of a moving particle, ing the Hypothesis of De-brogile
1 p2 2. It gave confirmation to wave partcle
K mv 2  duality
2 2m
3. The purpose of measuring the ener-
 p  2mK gies of electron scattered from the
surface of the metal.
h Q.1. The De-Broglie waveleangth of a particle
As per the de-Broglie’s equation,   of kinetic energy EK is  . What would be
p
the EK of porticle is k/4.
h
  1 K1  18 1
2mK Ans:    
2 K 2 2 4 K
de-Broglie’s wavelength of an electron:   2  4  2 .
Let v be the final velocity of the electron of Q.2. The De- Broglie wavelength associated
mass m, when it is accelerated from rest with proton & neufron are found to be
through a potential difference of V volt. The equal. which of the two has highest KE .
amount of work done on the electron is as eV. Ans:  P  n
As a rule, kinetic energy=work done, i.e., h 1 2m2
K=eV    2
2mE K EK h

h h h2
We know,   then    EK 
2meV 2meV 2m2
Q.3. What is the De- Broglie  associated
h=6.63×10-34Js, m=9.1×10-31kg, e=1.6×10-19C, with an electron acclerated through p.d.
of 100 volt.
6.63  10 34
Then   Ans: 1 mv 2  eV .
2
2  9.110  31
 1.6 10 V
19

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 Dual Nature of Radiation and Matter
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hc
h 6.62 10 34 Ans: E
  
2meV 2  9.1 10 31  (1.6  10 19 ) 2 100
hc
 mc 2   mc  h    1
12.23 12.23   m
or     1.223
V 100   -particle has shootest de-Broglie wave
Q.4. Find the wavelength of a beam of neu- length.
tron whose E K is 100ev. mass   -particle<proton<electron.
 1.69  10  27 h  6.62  10 34
Ans: E K  100eV
LONG QUESTION
m  1.67  10  27 (7 marks each)
h  6.62  10  34
1. What is photo-electric effect? Describe an
h 6.62 10 34 experimental arrangement to study it.
   Explain the effect of intensity of light on
2mEK 2 1.67 1027 1001.6 1019 photoelectric current, potential on photo-
Q.5. Wavelength ‘  ’ of a photon and de- electric current and frequency of incient
Broglie wavelength of electron have same radiation on stopping potential.
value. Show that energy of photon is
Ans. Photo-electic effect:
2 mc
times the EK of the electron. The phenomenon of emission of electrons
h
from a metal surface when it (the metal
Ans: E  bc    bc
 E. surface) is illuminated by the light of
Q.6. De- Broglie wave length of a poton is sufficiently high frequency is called photo
electric effect.
2 A calculate the velocity and EK .
Ans:   2 A
UV. light
h 6.62  10 34 6.62
 v   10 7
mv 1.6  10  2 3.2
 27
Metal
662 Surface
v  107
320
 2.06  10 7
h 1
 EK  m
2mEk 2
Photoelectrons
h
2 
2

2mEk EXPERIMENTAL STUDY OF

1 PHOTOELECTRIC EFFECT:
  1.6  10  27  ( 2.06) 2  10 14
2 The figure shows the experiemental
 0.8  4.2436  10 13 arrangement used for the study of photo
electric effect.
 3.392  10 13 J.
Q.7. An  -particle, an electron x a proton
have the same EK . Which of these par-
ticles has the shortest de-Braglie wave
length.

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 Dual Nature of Radiation and Matter
Tetrahedron Group of Institutions, Tangi, Cuttack Tetrahedron Group of Institutions, Tangi, Cuttack

(B) Effect of potential on photoelectric

current:

Keeping intensity of incident light fixed,

It consists of an evacuated tube which con- photo electric current increases with the
sisted of two electrode cathode (C) or increase in accelerating potential until the
emmiter and anode (A) or collectors. saturation current is reached. (At this stage
all the electrons emitted by the cathode are
The two electrodes C and A are connected collected by the anode).
to a high tension battery a potential divider
arrangement and a microammeter, A .

When monochromatic radiations of suitable

frequeny fall on the plate C, electrons are
emitted which are collected by the plate A.
So a current, called photoelectric current,
flows in the outer circuit which is measured
by the micrommeter.

(A) Effect of intensity of light on photoelectric

current:

It is observed that the photo electric current

is directly propertional to the intensity of
incident light.

* Since photo electric current is directly

* For each value of intensity there is a
propertional to the no. of photoelectrons
saturation [Link] saturation current is
emitted per second it implies that the no. of
larger for larger intensity of incident light.
photo electrons emitted per second is
propertional to the intensity of incident light. Applying negative potential on A w.r.t. C,
photocurrent decreases rapidly unit it
becomes zero for a certain value of -ve
potential on plate A.

Stopping potential:
The value of retarding potential at which the
photoelectric current becomes zero is called

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 Dual Nature of Radiation and Matter
Tetrahedron Group of Institutions, Tangi, Cuttack Tetrahedron Group of Institutions, Tangi, Cuttack
dependent of frequency.
cut off or stopping potential for the given
3. ,maximum velocity/kinetic energy depends
frequency of incident light.
Upon the frequency of incident radiation.
Effect of frequency of incident radiations on 4. The minimum frequency of incident radia-
stopping potential: tion which is just sufficient to eject and elec-
tron from metal surface is called threshold
It is observed that the value of stopping frequency.
potential increases with increase of frequency Equation of Photoelectric Emmission
of incident radiation. For frequencies According to Einstein, the energy of radia-
3   2  1 the potentials vary in the order tion is spent in two ways.
1. A part of energy is used to liberate the tightly
V03  V02  V01 bound electrons from the matallic surface
which equal to “work function”
2. The remaining energy appears as maximum
kinetic energy of he photoelectrons.

Incident photon
Photo electron
1
K .E  mV 2
h 2

metal
Bound electron

2. Define work function and threshold

frequency. State laws of photo- 1
i.e h  0  mVmax
2
electricity. Obtain Einstein’s photo- 2
electric equation. 0  work function  h 0
Ans. Work function: 1
h  h 0  mVmax
2

2
The minnimum amount of energy required by
an electron to just escape from a metal surface 1
mVmax
2
 h  h 0
is called the work function of the metal. 2
Note:

(a) Work function depends on

(i) The nature of the metal and

Threshold frequency:

The minimum value of the frequency of

incident radiation below which the
photoelectric emission stops is called
threshold frequency 0 .

The relation between w0 and 0 is as

w0  h 0 .Laws of Photoelectric Emission :

1. Photoelectric Emission is an insrantaneous

process.
2. Photo electric current is directly proportional 9
 Dual Nature of Radiation and Matter
Tetrahedron Group of Institutions, Tangi, Cuttack Tetrahedron Group of Institutions, Tangi, Cuttack
f  frequency of incident radiation
 h   0 
1 5) What is threshold frequency?
mVmax
2

2 Ans. The minimum value of the frequency of in-

where,   frequency of incident rdiation. cident radiation below which the
photodelectric emission stops altogether, is
 0  Threshold frequency.. called threshold frequency.
h  Plank’s constant. 6) Write any two laws of photoelectric emis-
1 hc hc sion.
mV max
2
  Ans. i) Photoelectric emission is an instaneous pro-
2  0
cess.
ii) For a given photosensitive material and fre-
1 1 1 
mV max
2
 hc    quency of incident radiation photoelectric
2    0  current is directly proportional to intensity
of incident radiation.
***** 7) What do you mean by stopping potential?
Ans. It is the value of -ve potential of plate at
SHORT QUESTIONS-ANSWER which the photoelectric current is zero for
(2/3 marks each) the given frequency of incident radiation.
1) Define work function. write its S.I. unit. 8) State two properties of photons.
Ans.
i) The minimum amount of energy required hc
Ans. i) Energy of each photon is hf or
to liberate an electron from the metal sur- 
face is called work function. ii) Photons are electrically neutral.
ii) Its practical unit is electron volt.(ev) 9) Define threshold wavelength?
2) Define electron-volt. Derive its relation Ans. The maximum wave length of incident
with joule. radiation above which photoelectric
Ans. It is the kinetic energy gained by an electron emission does not occur is called thresh-
when, accelerated through a potential dif- old wave length for the given metal
ference of 1 volt. surface.
1eV  1e  volt 10) How does the stopping potential depends
upon the frequency of incident radiation?
 1.6  10 19 c  1
Ans. Stopping potential directly varies as the fre-
 1.6  10 J19
quency of incident radiation i.e., more stop-
3) What is photoelectric effect? ping potential is need to stop the energised
Ans. When a light of suitable frequency illumi- electrons, possessing more energy.
nates a metal surface, electrons are emitted 11) Write down the relation between wave
from the metal surface. This phenenon is length and momentum of a photon.
called photoelectric effect. What do the symbols stand for?
4) Write Einstein’ s photoelectric equation
h
and name the terms used in it.
Ans. 
p
1 1 1 
Ans. m max
2
 hf  hf 0  hc   Where   deBroglie wavelength
2   0 
h  Planck’s constant= 6 .62  10 34 Js
Where p  Monuemtum of photon
1 12) What is deBrolie wavelength ? write a for-
m max
2
 maximum K.E of the photoelect rons
2 mula for it.
Ans. The wavelength of the wave associated with
h  planck' s constant  6.62  10 34 Js beam of moving particles is called deBroglie
c  speed of light in vacuum wavelength.
f 0  threshold frequency h h
 
p 2mk
10
 Dual Nature of Radiation and Matter
Tetrahedron Group of Institutions, Tangi, Cuttack Tetrahedron Group of Institutions, Tangi, Cuttack

Where K  K .E of the moving particle. larger threshold wavelength?

13) A porton and an electron have same K.E. hc
Ans. w0  hf 0 
Which one has larger wavelength? and why? 0
h
Ans.   0
1
2mk w0
Since K is same for both
So metal A with lower work function has
1 higher threshold wavelength.
So  19) Draw a graph between the frequency of in-
m
cident radiation (f) and the maximum K.E.
As me  m p so e   p of the emitted photoelectrons.
14) How is work function related to threshold
frequency?
Ans. w  hf 0 Ans.
Kmax
f 0  threshold frequency
15) Draw a plot showing the variation of
f0 f
debroglie wavelength of electron as func-
tion of its K.E.

20) Derive the expression for threshold fre-

quency (f0) in terms of work function of
metal.
 Ans. According to photoelectric equation
1
hf  m max
2
 w0
2
At threshold frequency  f 0  K.E.  0
K. E.

h So hf 0  w0
Ans. 
2mk w0
 f0 
h2 h
 2  21) Why are alkali metals most-suited as pho-
2mk
tosensitive metals?
1
So,    Ans. Alkali metals have very low work function
2

k i.e., even visible radiation can eject electrons

16) State deBroglie hypothesis. from them so they are best suited for photo-
Ans. According to deBroglie hypothesis material sensitive metals.
particles in motion shows wave like prop- 22) Prove that all the photons does not have the
erties. same mass.
17) How does the maximum K.E. of electrons
E
emitted vary with the work function of Ans. Mass of photon 
c2
metal?
hf
1 
Ans. Since K max  m max  hf  w0 so larger
2

2 c2
the work function of the metal lesser is the Different radiations have different
maximum K.E. of the photoelectrons. frequcencies. So all the photons don’t have
18) Two metals A and B have work functions the same mass.
4eV and l0eV respectively. Which metal has 23) What are two important conclusion drawn

11
 Dual Nature of Radiation and Matter
Tetrahedron Group of Institutions, Tangi, Cuttack Tetrahedron Group of Institutions, Tangi, Cuttack

from V0  f graph. represents the number of energy quanta per

unit drea per unit time.
Ans.
Energy
i) h  e  slope of V0  f graph Intensity of radiation 
area  time
ii) w 0  magnitude of intercept on vertical axis  e
S.T. unit of intensity  Jm  2 s 1 or watt m  2
24) Is photoelectric emission possive at all fre- 8. What is the momentum of a photon of
quencies? give reasons. freguency  ?
Ans. No, photoelectric emission is possible only
Ans:- E  mc 2  h
if the energy of incident photon greater than
the work function of the meal and the fre- h
quency of incident radiation greater than the of mc 
c
threshold frequency  f 0  . h
25. Write the conclusion drawn from Davission- p
c
Germer experiment. 9. Write the relation between energy and
Ans. The experimentally measured wavelength of momentum.
electron is very close to deBroglie wave-
length of electrons. so it prove the wave Ans:- p  E c
nature of electrons. 10. Write the ralation between wavelength and
momentum.
VERY SHORT QUESTIONS h
Ans:-  
1 mark each p
1. Define workfunction for a given metalic 11. How many electron volts make up 1 joule ?
surface. 1
Ans:- The minimum energy needed to pull an Ans:- 1J   6.25  1018 eV
1.6  10 19
electron from a metal surface is called the
12. What is photoelectric effect ?
work function of the metal.
Ans:- Photo-electric effect is the phenomenon of
Wo  ho emission of electrons from a metal surface
2. On what factors does the work function of when it is exposed to e.m. radiations of a
given metal surface depend ? suitable frequency.
Ans:- The work function of a metal depends on its 13. Define threshold frequency.
nature and the conditions of its surface. Ans:- The minimum value of the freguency of
3. Name the phenomenon which shows the incident light below which the photoelectric
quantum nature of electromagnetic radia- emmission stops altogather is called thresh-
tion. old frequency.
Ans:- Photo electric effect. Threshold frequency depends on the nature
4. What is a photon ? of photoelectric emitter.
Ans:- One quantum of electromagnetic radiation 14. Write Einstein’s photoelectric equation.
is called one photon. Energy of a photon, 1
E  h Ans:- mv 2 max  h  Wo
2
5. Name one factor on which the energy of Where,  = frequency of incident radiation
one quantum of light depends.
Wo = Work function of the metal.
Ans:- E  h  E   . So, E depends on fre-
quency 15. Define stopping potential.
6. What is rest mass of photons ? Ans:- The minimum negative potential given to
Ans:- Rest mass of a photon is zero the anode of a photo-cell for which the
7. Define intensity of radiation on the basis of photoelectric current becomes zero is called
photon of light. Write its S.I unit. stopping potential.
Ans:- Intensity of radiation of given wavelength 16. Does stopping potential depond on the

12
 Dual Nature of Radiation and Matter
Tetrahedron Group of Institutions, Tangi, Cuttack Tetrahedron Group of Institutions, Tangi, Cuttack
frequency of incident radiation ? radiation.
Ans:- Yes, the stopping potential V0 depends on 24. With what purpose was famous Davisson-
the frequency  of the incident radiation. Germer experiment with electrons per-
formed?
V0 
h
   0  Ans. Davisson-Germer experiment confirmed the
e wave nature of electrons.
17. Threshold wavelength for photoelectric 25. de-Broglie wavelength associated with an
emission is 5000A0 . Will the photoelec- electron, accelerated through a potential
trons be emitted when this material in difference V is  . What will be its wave-
illuminated with monochromatic radiation length when the accelerations potential is
from 1 watt ultraviolet lamp ? increased to 4V?
Ans:- Yes, because wavelength of ultraviolet 1
radiation is less than the threshold wave- Ans.  
V
length 5000 A0 .
18. What determines the maximum velocity of  V 1
 
photoelectoons ?  4V 2
1
mv 2 max  h  W0 26. What is the de-Broglie wavelength (in A )
o
Ans:-
2
associated with an electron accelerated
So, the maximum velcity of photoelectron
through a potential of 100V?
deponds on frequeency of incident radiation
and the work function of the emitter. 12.27 o 12.27
Ans.   A  1.227 A
o

19. A photosensitive surface emits photoelec- V 100

trons when red light falls on it. Will the 27. Write the relation of de-Broglie wavelength
surface emit photoelectrons when blue light
 associated with a particle of mass m in
is incident on it ? terms of its kinetic energy.
Ans:- Yes, because blue   red
h h
20. Is there any difference between light waves Ans.   
p 2mK
and matter waves ?
Ans:- Yes, light waves are electromagnetic in 1 p2
nature while matter waves are associated Because K  mv 2 
2 2m
with moving particles. 28. Draw a graph showing the variation of de-
21. Write the expression for the de-Broglie
Broglie wavelength  of a particle of
wavelength associated with a charged
particle having charge’q’ and mass ‘m’ charge q and mass m with accelerating
when it is accelerated by a potential V. potential V.
1
Ans:- qV 
1 2 P2
mv   P  2mqV Ans.  
V
2 2m
So the graph between  and V is as shown
h h
  in the figure.
P 2mqV
22. What is the role of a photo-cell in cinema-
tography ?
Ans:- In inematography photocells are used for
the reproduction of sound.
23. How will the photoelectric current change
on decreasing the wavelength of incident
radiation for a given photosensitive mate-
rial?
Ans. Photo electric current is not affected on
decreasing the wavelength of incident
13
 Dual Nature of Radiation and Matter
Tetrahedron Group of Institutions, Tangi, Cuttack Tetrahedron Group of Institutions, Tangi, Cuttack

c) E2=pc 2 d) E 2 
p2
c2
Ans. a)
3. Photoelectric effect can be explained by
a) Corpuscular theory of light
 b) Wave nature of light
c) Bohr’s theory
d) quantum theory of light
Ans. d)
V 4. Which light when falls on a metal will emit
photoelectons
a) UV radiation
29. A proton and an electron have same kinetic b) infrared radiation
energy. Which one has greater de-Broglie c) radiowaves
wavelength and why? d) microwaves
h 1 Ans. a)
Ans.   i.e.,   5. Rate of photoelectric emission is a direct
2mK m
function of radiation
As me  m p so e   p a) frequency b) speed
30. An electron and alpha particle have the c) intensity d) energy
same kinetic energy. Ans. c)
How are the de-Broglie wavelength associ- 6. Which one of the following properties does
ated with them related? not support wave theory of light ?
h a) Light obeys laws of reflection and refrac-
p2 h2  
Ans. K   or tion
2m 2m2 2mK b) Light gets polarized
e m c) Light shows photoelectric effect
1
i.e.,     d) Light shows interference
m  me Ans. c)
31. An electron and proton have same de-Broglie 7. Light of wavelength  falls on a metal plate
wavelength associated with them. How are
hc
their kinetic eneries related to each other. having work function  . Photoelectric
p2 h2 1
Ans. K   i.e., K  effect takes place only if


2m 2m2 m
a)    b)   2
Ke mp
  c)    d)   4
K p me
Ans. c)
8. If an electron and a proton are propagating
MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS in form of waves having same  , it implies
1. The ratio of energy of photon with   150nm that they have the same
to that with   300nm is a) Energy b) Momentum
c) Velocity d) Angular momentum
a) 2 b) 1 4 Ans. b)
9. What should be the velocity of an electron
c) 4 d) 1 2 so that its momentum becomes equal that of
Ans. a) a photon of wave length 5200 A ?
2. Which one is correct? a)700 m/s b) 1000 m/s
a) E2=p2c2 b) E2=p2c c) 1400 m/s d) 2800 m/s
Ans. c) Pelectron  Pphoton

14
 Dual Nature of Radiation and Matter
Tetrahedron Group of Institutions, Tangi, Cuttack Tetrahedron Group of Institutions, Tangi, Cuttack

h k max 4eV
mv  , where v=velocity of electron V0    4V
 e e
13. A metal surface is illuminated by light of two
h 6.62  10 34
v  different wavelengths 248 nm and 310 nm.
m 9.1 10 31  5.2  10 7 The maximum speeds of the photoelectrons
 1.4  10 3 m / s  1400 m / s corresponding to these wavelengths are u1 and
10. Threshold frequency for a metal is 1015 Hz. u2, respectively. If the ratio u1: u2=2:1 and
Light of   4000 Ao falls on its surface. hc=1240 eV nm, the work function of the
metal is nearly
Which of the following statement is cor-
a) 3.7 eV b) 3.2 eV
rect?
c) 2.8 eV d) 2.5 eV
a) No photoelectri emission takes place.
b) Photoelectrons come out with zero hc 1240 eV nm
Ans. hv1    5 eV
speed. 1 248 nm
c) Photoelectrons come out with 103 m/s
speed. hc 1240 eV nm
hv2    4 eV
d) Photoelectrons come out with 105 m/s 2 310 nm
speed.
Ans. a) 1
mu12
11. In a photoelectric experiment anode poten- 2 hv  W0
 1
mu22 hv2  W0
tial is plotted against plate current. 1
2

 2 5  W0
2

  
1 4  W0
 16  4W0  5  W0
 3W0  11
 W0 ~ 3.7 eV
14. A particle of mass M at rest decays into two
a) A and B will have same intensities while
B and C will have different frequencies particles of masses m1 and m2 having non-
b) B and C will have different intensities zero velocities. The ratio of the de-Broglie
while A and B will have different fre- wavelengths of the particles, 1 2 is
quencies
c) A and B will have different intensities a) m1 m2 b) m2 m1
while B and C will have equal frequen- c) 1.0 d)
m2 m1
cies
Ans. c) By conservation of linear momentum,
d) B and C will have equal intensities while
A and B will have same frequencies. p1  p2  0 or p1   p2 or p1  p2
Ans. d) B and C equal saturation currents, so they
have equal intensities. A and B have 2 p
  1 1
same stopping potential (at which I=0). 1 p2
So they have same frequencies. 15. A proton has kinetic energy E=100 eV
12. The maximum kinetic energy of photoelec- which is equal to that of a photon. The
trons emitted from a surface when photons
wavelength of photon is  2 and that of
of energy 6 eV fall on it is 4 eV. The stopping
potential, in volt, is proton is 1 . The ratio 2 1 is propor--
a) 2 b) 4 tional to
c) 6 d) 10 a) E2 b) E 1 2
Ans. b) Stopping potential,

15
 Dual Nature of Radiation and Matter
Tetrahedron Group of Institutions, Tangi, Cuttack Tetrahedron Group of Institutions, Tangi, Cuttack
c) E 1 d) E 1 2 a) the stopping potential will be 0.2 volt
b) the stopping potential will be 0.6 volt
1 p2 c) the saturation current will be 6.0 mA.
Ans. d) K. E. of a proton, E  2 m p v p  2m
2

p d) the saturation current will be 2.0 mA.

Ans. (b), (d) Stopping potential depends on the fre-
h h
 1   quency of incident radiation which remains
p 2m p E same because source is same.
 Stopping potential = 0.6
hc hc Saturation current  Intensity of incident
For photon, E  hv2   or  2 
2 E radiation.
1
 hc 2m p E 
 2  .  c 2m p E 1 2 r2
1 E h
r 
 I S 2    1  I S 1  
 0 .2 
2 2

2   18 mA
or   E 1 2  r2   0 .6 
1
16. The work function of a substance is 4.0 eV. =2.0 mA.
The longest wavelength of light that can 19. Photon of frequency V has a momentum
cause photoelectrons emission from this associated with it. If c is the velocity of
substance is approximately radiation, then the momentum is
a) 540 nm b) 400 nm a) hv c b) v c
c) 310 nm d) 220 nm c) hvc d) hv c 2
hc 6.63 10 34  3  108
Ans. 0   m
Ans. a) p 
E hv

W0 4.0  1.6  10 19 c c
.

 310 10 9 m  310 nm. 20. The time taken by a photoelectron to come
17. The threshold wavelength, for photoelectric out after the photon strikes is approximately
a) 10–4 s b) 10–10 s
emission from a material is 5200 Ao
. Photo- c) 10–16 s d) 10–1 s
electrons will be emitted when this material Ans. b) The time lag between the incidence of
is illuminated with monchromatic radiation photon and the emission of photelectrons is
from a 10–10s approximately.
a) 50 watt infrared lamp 21. Sodium and copper have work functions 2.3
b) 1 watt infrared lamp eV and 4.5 eV respectively. Then, the ratio
c) 50 watt untraviolet lamp of their threshold wavelengths is nearest to
d) 1 watt ultraviolet lamp a) 1:2 b) 4:1
c) 2:1 d) 1:4
0 Na  W0 Cu 
Ans. (c), (d) Threshold wavelength, 0  5200 A .
o

Wavelengths less than  0 will cause photo- Ans. c)  Cu   W  Na 

0 0
electric emission.
4 .5
 2
 infrared  8000A  0 2 .3
o

22. Two identical photo cathodes receive light

 ultraviolet   4000 A  0 of frequencies f1 and f2. If the velocity of the
o

photoelectrons (of mass m) coming out are

Hence options (c) and (d) are correct.
18. When a monochromatic point source of light respectively v1 and v2 then
is at a distance of 0.2 m from a photoelectric
cell, the cut off voltage and the saturation cur- a) v1  v2 
2 2 2h
 f1  f 2 
m
rent are respectively 0.6 V and 18.0 mA. If
the same source is placed 0.6 m away from
the photoelectric cell, then
16
 Dual Nature of Radiation and Matter
Tetrahedron Group of Institutions, Tangi, Cuttack Tetrahedron Group of Institutions, Tangi, Cuttack
a) 10–33 m b) 10–31 m
b) v1  v2    f1  f 2 
 2h  c) 10–16 m d) 10–25 m
12

m  h 6.63  10 34
Ans. a)     10  33 m.
mv 60  10 3  10
c) v1  v2 
2 2 2h
 f1  f 2  26. If the kinetic energy of a free electron
m
doubles, its de-Broglie wavelength changes
d) v1  v2    f1  f 2 
 2h  by the factor
12

m  a) 1 2 b) 2
1 2 2hf 2hf 0 c) 1 2 d) 2
Ans. a) mv  hf  hf 0 or v 2  
2 m m
h
2hf1 2hf 0 2hf 2 2hf 0 Ans. c)  
v12   or v2 
2
 2mK
m m m m When kinetic energy is doubled,
2h
v12  v22   f1  f 2   
h

1

m 2m  2 K 2
23. The surface of a metal is illuminated with
27. de-Broglie wavelength of an electron
the light of 400 nm. The kinetic energy of
accelerated by a voltage of 50 V is close to
the ejected photoelectrons was found to be
1.68 eV. The work function of the metal is ( e  1.6 1019 C , me  9.1 10 31 kg ,
(hc=1240 eV nm)
h  6.6  10 34 Js )
a) 3.09 eV b) 1.41 eV
c) 1.51 eV d) 1.68 eV
o
a) 1.2 A b) 2.4 A
o

hc
Ans. b) K max   W0
o

 c) 0.5 A d) 1.7 A
o

h 12.3 o 12.3 o
hc     
o

W0   K max Ans. d) A A 1.7 A

or
 2meV V 50
28. The de-Broglie wavelength associated with
1240
 W0   1.68  3.10  1.68  1.42 eV the electron in the n=4 level is
400
1
24. The threshold frequency for a metallic a) th of the de-Broglie wavelength of the
surface corresponds to an energy of 6.2 eV 4
and the stopping potential of a radiation electron in the ground state.
incident on this surface is 5V. The incident b) four times the de-Broglie wavelength of
radiation lies in the electron in the ground state
a) ultraviolet region b) infrared region c) two times the de-Broglie wavelength of
c) visible region d) X-ray region the electron in the ground state
Ans. a) hv  W0  K max  W0  eV0  6.2  5eV
d) half of the de-Broglie wavelength of the
electron in the ground state.
 11.2 eV
h 1
Ans. b)   and v 
mv n
o
Wavelength of incident radiation in A ,
12400    n  4  41
  1107 A
o

11.2 29. Light of wavelength  falls on a metal

This wavelength lies in the ultra-violet hc
region. plate having work function  . Photoelec-
25. The de-Broglie wavelength of a tennis ball 0

of mass 60 g moving with a velocity of 10 tric effect will take place only if
ms–1 is approximately : (Planck’s constant, a)   0 b)   20
h=6.63×10–34 Js)
c)   0 d)   40
17
 Dual Nature of Radiation and Matter
Tetrahedron Group of Institutions, Tangi, Cuttack Tetrahedron Group of Institutions, Tangi, Cuttack
Ans. c) For photoelectric effect to take place,
Ans. a)   12.3 A
o

hc hc V

 0
12.3
  0.12 A
o

   0 10  103
30. A photon of energy 3.4 eV is incident on a 35. What should be the velocity of an electron
metal having work function 2 eV. The so that its momentum becomes equal to that
maximum KE of photo electrons is equal to o
a) 1.4 eV b) 1.1 eV o a photon of wavelength 5200 A ?
c) 5.4 eV d) 6.8 eV a) 700 m/s b) 1000 m/s
Ans. a) K max  h  W0  3.4  2 eV  1.4 eV . c) 1400 m/s d) 2800 m/s
31. 4 eV is the energy of the incident photon Ans. c) pelectron  p photon
and the work function is 2 eV. The stopping h
potential will be mv 
a) 2V b) 4 V

c) 6 V d) 2 2V h 6.62  10 34
v  m s
m 9.1 10 31  5.2  10 7
Ans. a) eV0  hv  W0  4eV  2eV  2eV
 1.4  103 m s  1400 m s .
2eV
 V0   2V. 36. A strong argument for the particle of cath-
e
ode rays is that they
32. Photons of 5.5 eV energy fall on the surface a) cast shadow
of the metal emitting photoelectrons of b) produce fluorescence
maximum kinetic energy 4.0 eV. the stop- c) travel through vacuum
ping voltage required for these electrons is d) get deflected by electric and magnetic
a) 5.5 V b) 1.5 V fields
c) 9.5 V d) 4.0 V Ans. d) Cathode rays get deflected by electric and
Ans. d) Stopping potential magnetic fields, showing that they are
K max 4.0eV charged particles.
   4.0 V.
e e 37. What is the energy of a photon whose
33. The wavelength of de-Broglie wave is wavelength is 6840 A ?
o

2 m , then its momentum (h=6.63×10–34 Js) a) 1.81 eV b) 3.6 eV

is c) –13.6 eV d) 12.1 eV
a) 3.315  10 28 kgms 1 o
hc 12400 eV A
b) 1.66  10 28 kgms 1 Ans. a) E  hv    1.81 eV.
8840 A
o

c) 4.97  10 28 kgms 1

38. Electron volt is a unit of
d) 9.9  10 28 kgms 1 a) energy b) potential
c) current d) charge
h 6.03  10 34 Js Ans. a) Electron volt is a unit of energy.
Ans. a) p  
 2 10 6 m 39. Which of the folwig figures represent the
 3.315  10  28 kgms 1 . variation of particle momentum and the
associated de-Broglie wavelength?
34. What is de-Broglie wavelength of electron
havig energy 10 k eV?
o
a) 0.12 A b) 1.2 A
o

o
c) 12.2 A d) none of these

18
 Dual Nature of Radiation and Matter
Tetrahedron Group of Institutions, Tangi, Cuttack Tetrahedron Group of Institutions, Tangi, Cuttack
(10–20 J). Wavelengths associated with
photon and electron  p and e the correct
statement will be
a)  p   e b)  p   e

c)  p   e d)   c
e

h h 1
Ans. a)     
p 2mK m
As m photon  melectron , so  p   e .
44. The X-ray tube is operated at 50 kV. The
minimum wavelength produced is
Ans. d) de-Broglie wavelength, o o
a) 0.5 A d) 0.75 A
h 1
 i.e., 
p p c) 0.25 A d) 1.0 A
o o

So the graph between  and p is a rectan- hc 6.6  10 34  3  108

gular hyperbola as shown in option (d). Ans. c)   
eV 1.6  10 19  50  103
40. The speed of an electron having a wave-
length of 10–10 m is
a) 7.25×106 ms–1b) 6.26×106 ms–1 66  3
  10 10 m  0.25  10 10 m  0.25 A
o

c) 5.255106 ms–1 d) 4.24×106 ms–1 16  50

h 45. What kV potential is to be applied on X-ray
Ans. a) As   tube so that minimum wavelength of emit-
mv
o

h 6.6  10  34 ted X-ray may be 1 A (h=6.6×10–34 Js)?

 v   7.25  10 6 ms 1 a) 12.42 kV b) 12.84 kV
m 9.1 10  10
 31 10
c) 11.98 kV d) 10.78 kV
41. The dimensional formular of Planck’s
constant is hc 6.6 10 34  3  108
   
Ans. a) V   V
a) ML2T 1 b) ML2T  2 e 1.6 10 19 1 10 10

c) ML T  d) MLT 
66  3
0 2 2   10 3V

E   ML T   ML T 
16

Ans. a) h 
v T 
2 2
2 1  12.375 kV  12.42 kV.
1
46. An electron of mass m and charge e is
42. de-Broglie wavelength  associated with accelerated from rest through a potential
difference v in vacuum.
neutrons is related with absolute tempera-
Its final velocity will be
ture T as
1 2eV eV
a)   T b)   a)
m
b)
m
T
1 eV eV
c)   d)   T 2 c)
2m
d)
m
T
Ans. a) K.E. gained by an elecron when acceler-
3
Ans. c) K  kT ated through a potntial difference V,
2
1 2 2eV
h h 1 mv  eV or v
   2 m
2mK 3mkT T
47. As the intensity of incident light increases
43. Photon and electron are given same energy
19
 Dual Nature of Radiation and Matter
Tetrahedron Group of Institutions, Tangi, Cuttack Tetrahedron Group of Institutions, Tangi, Cuttack
a) kinetic energy of emitted photoelectrons
increases electrons emitted is (work function=4.2 eV)
b) photoelectric current decreases
a) 3.2×10-21J b) 3.2×10-19J
c) photoelectric current increases
d) kinetic energy of emitted photoelecrons c) 7×10-25J d) 9×10-32J
decreases. Ans: (b) K max  hv  W0  6.2 eV  4.2 eV
Ans. c) As the intensity of incident light in-
creases, photoelectric current increases.  2.0 eV  2.0  1.6  10 19 J
48. The threshold frequency for photoelectric  3.2  10 19 J
effect on sodium corresponds to a wave length 52. In photoelectric emission process from a metal
of 5000 A . Its function is of work function 1.8 eV, the kinetic energy of


a) 4×10-19J b) 1 J most energetic electrons is 0.5 eV. The

c) 2×10-19 J d) 3×10-19 J corresponding stopping potential is

Ans: (a) W0  hc  6.63  10  3  10 J

34 8 a) 1.8 V b) 1.3 V
0 5000  10 10 c) 0.5 V d) 2.3 V
 4  10 19 J Ans: (c)
49. The photoelectric work function for a metal Stopping potential,
surface is 4.125 eV. The cut-off wavelength K max 0.5 eV
V0    0 .5 V
for this surface is e e
53. The threshold frequency for a photosensitive
a) 3000 A b) 2062.5 A
 

metal is 3.3×1014Hz. If light of frequency

c) 4125 A d) 6000 A
 

8.2×1014Hz is incident on this metal, the cut-

hc 6.63  10  3  10 34
Ans: (a) 0 
8
 m off voltage for the photoelectric emission is
W0 4.125 1.6  10 19
nearly
 3  10 m  3000 A
7
a) 5 V b) 1 V


50. When a light of wavelength 300nm c) 2 V d) 3 V

(nanometer) falls on a photoelectric emitter, Ans: (c) eV0  hv  v0 
photoelectrons are liberated. For another
V0 

6.6  10 34 4.9 1014 
 2V
emitter, however, light of 600 nm wavelength 1.6  10 19
is sufficient for creating photomission. What 54. The potential difference that must be applied
is the ratio of the work functions of the two to stop the fastest photoelectrons emitted by
emitters ? a nickel surface, having work function 5.01
a) 1:2 b) 2:1 eV, when ultraviolet light of 200 nm falls on
c) 4:1 d) 1:4 it, must be
1 a) 2.4 V b) –1.2 V
Ans: (b) W0 
0 c) –2.4 V d) 1.2 V
W1 2 600 hc 1240 eV  nm
   2 Ans: (d) eV0   W0   5.01 eV
W2 1 300  200 nm
51. Ultraviolet radiations of 6.2 eV fall on an  6.2  5.01 eV  1.2 eV
aluminium surface. Kinetic energy of fastest 55. Two radiations of photon energies 1 eV and
20
 Dual Nature of Radiation and Matter
Tetrahedron Group of Institutions, Tangi, Cuttack Tetrahedron Group of Institutions, Tangi, Cuttack
2.5 eV, successively illuminate a 1 2
Ans: (c) mvmax  h  2v  W0  2hv  hv  hv
photosensitive metallic surface of work 2
function 0.5 eV. The ratio of the maximum 2hv
 vmax  .
speeds of the emitted electrons is m
a) 1:4 b) 1:2 58. A photoelectric surface is illuminated
c) 1:1 d) 1:5 succesively by monochromatic light of

1 2 wavelength  and . If the maximum
Ans: (b) K max  mvmax  hv  W0 2
2 kinetic energy of the emitted photoelectrons

mv1  1  0.5eV  0.5eV

1 2 in the second case is 3 times that in the first
2 case, the work function of the surface of the
mv1  2.5  0.5eV  2eV
1 2 material (h=Plank’s constant, c=speed of
2 light) is
v1 0 .5 1 hc hc
    1: 2 a) b)
v2 2 4 3 2
56. When the energy of the incident radiation is hc 2hc
c) d)
increased by 20%, the kinetic energy of the  
photoelectrons emitted from a metal surface Ans: (b) KE2  3KE1
increases from 0.5 eV to 0.8 eV. The work hc  hc 
  W0  3  W0 
function of the metal is /2  
a) 0.65 eV b) 1.0 eV 3hc 2hc
 2W0  
c) 1.3 eV d) 1.5 eV  
Ans: (b) K max  hv  W0  W0 
hc
2
In first case: 0.5  hv  W0 .....(i)
59. If the kinetic energy of the particle is increased
In second case: 0.8 1.2hv  W0 ....(ii) to 16 times its previous value, the percentage
Multiplying (i) by 1.2, 0.6= 1.2hv  1.2W0 (iii) chage n the de-Broglie wavelength of the
particle is
Subtracting (iii) from (ii), 0.2  0.2W0
a) 25 b) 75
W0  1 eV .
c) 60 d) 50
57. For photoelectric emission from certain metal,
h
the cut-off frequency is v. If radiation of Ans: (b)  
2mK
frequency 2v impings on the metal plate, the
h 
maximum possible velocity of the emitted     0.25 
2m  16 K 4
electron will be (m is electron mass) %
hv hv Decrease         100    0.25   100
a)
2m  b)
m  
=75 %.
2hv hv
c) d) 2 60. When a proton is accelerated through 1 V, then
m m
its kinetic energy will be
21
 Dual Nature of Radiation and Matter
Tetrahedron Group of Institutions, Tangi, Cuttack Tetrahedron Group of Institutions, Tangi, Cuttack
a) 1 eV b) 13.6 eV a) 4.58 eV b) 1.14 eV
c) 2.29 eV d) 0.57 eV
c) 1840 eV d) 0.54 eV
Ans: (a) K  qV  e  1V  1 eV Ans: (c) W  hc

12424 eV A
 2.29 eV


0
0
61. The kinetic energy of an electron, which is 5420 A


accelerated in the potential difference of 100 65. If the energy of a photon corresponding to a
volts, is
wavelength of 6000 A is 3.32×10-19J, the


a) 416.6 cal b) 6.636 cal

c) 1.602×17-17J d) 1.6×104J photon energy for a wavelength of 4000 A


Ans: (c) K  eV  1.602 10 19  100 J will be

a) 1.4 eV b) 4.9 eV
 1.602  10 17 J
c) 3.1 eV d) 1.6 eV
62. In the Davisson and Germer experiment, the
velocity of electrons emitted from the E2 1
electrons gun can be increased by Ans: (c) E  
1 2
a) Increasing the potential difference between
the anode and filament 1
or E2   E1
b) Increasing the filament current 2
c) Decreasing the filament current
6000
d) Dcreasing the potential difference between   3.32  10 19 J
the anode and filament 4000
1 2 1.5  3.32  10 19
Ans: (a) mv  eV  eV  3.1 eV
2 1.6  10 19
66. Photons of energy 5.5 eV fall on the surface
2eV
v  of the metal emitting photoelectrons of
m maximum kinetic energy 4.0 eV. the stopping
voltage required for these electrons are
v V .
a) 5.5 V b) 1.5 V
63. Electrons used in an electron microscope are
c) 9.5 V d) 4.0 V
accelerated by a voltage of 25 kV,If the voltage
Ans: (d) Stopping
is increased to 100 kV, then the de-Broglie
wavelength associated with the electrons K max 4.0 eV
voltage    4 .0 V .
would e e
a) Increase by 2 times 67. The momentum of a photon is 6.6×10–29 kg-
b) Decrease by 2 times ms–1. The frequency of the raiation (in Hz) is
c) Decrease by 4 times a) 3×1013 b) 3×108
d) Increase by 4 times c) 3×10 15
d) 3×106
1 hv
Ans: (b)   Ans. a) p 
V c

 
pc 6.6 10 29 3 108  
 
V 25 1  v 
 2  1  
1 V2 100 2 h 6.6 1034

1  3 1013 Hz
or 2  . 68. Let p and E denote the linear momentum and
2
energy of a photon. If the wavelength is
64. If light of wavelength 4000 A is incident on decreased, then


a sodium surface for which threshold a) Both p and E increase

b) p increases and E decreases
wavelength of photoelectrons is 5420 A then c) p decreases and E increases


work-function of sodium is

22
 Dual Nature of Radiation and Matter
Tetrahedron Group of Institutions, Tangi, Cuttack Tetrahedron Group of Institutions, Tangi, Cuttack
d) Both p and E decrease 72. The de-Broglie wavelength of an electron
hc having 80 eV of energy is nearly
Ans. a) E 
 (1 ev=1.6×10–19 J, Mass of electron=9×10–31
kg, Planck’s constant=6.6×10–34 J-s)
E h
p  a) 140Ao b) 0.14 Ao
c  c) 14 A o
d) 1.4 Ao
69. The work function of a metal is 1 eV. Light of Ans.d)
wavelength 3000 Ao is incident on this metal
h 6.6  10 34
surface. The velocity of emitted  
photoelectrons will be 2mE 2  9.1 10 31  80  1.6 10 19
a) 10 m/s b) 1×103 m/s
 1 .4 A o
c) 1×10 m/s
4
d) 1×106 m/s
73. A proton accelerated through a potential
Ans. d) E  W0  K max difference of 100 V, has de-Broglie
12375 wavelength  0 . The de-Broglie wavelength
Now, E   4.125 eV
3000 of an  -particle, accelerated through 800 V
 K max  E  W0 is
 4.124 eV  1 eV 0 0
a) b)
 3.125 eV 2 2

1 2 0 0
 mvmax  3.125 1.6  10 19 J c)
4
d)
8
2
h 1
 vmax 
2  3.125  1.6  10 19 Ans. d)   2qVm

qVm
9.1 10 31
 1 10 6 m s  q pV p m p 1100 1 1
   
70. The retarding potential necessary to stop the p qV m 2  800  4 8
emission of photoelectron, when a target
material of work function 1.24 eV is irradiated p 0
with light of wavelength of wavelength    
8 8
4.36×10–7 m is 74. A ray of light of wavelength 5030 A o is
a) 0.36 V b) 1.60 V incident on a totally reflecting surface. The
c) 2.84 V d) 4.08 V momentum delivered by the ray is equal to
12375 12375 a) 6.63  10  27 kg - m s
Ans. b) E    2.84 eV
  4360
  in A 
o
b) 2.63  10  27 kg - m s
 
c) 1.25  10  24 kg - m s
 K max  E  W  1.6 eV
d) None of the above
or, the retarding potential is 1.6 V.
 h  2  6.63 10
34
71. Light of wavelength 3500 Ao is incident on   
Ans. b) p 2 
two metals A and B, A of work function 4.2   5030 1010
eV and B of work function 1.19 eV. The
photoelectron will be emitted by  2.63 10  27 kg - m s
a) metal A b) metal B
c) Both A and B
d) neither metal A nor metal B *****
12375
Ans. b) E  eV  3.53 eV
3500
Since, E > WB but E < WA’ photoelectrons will
be emitted by metal B.
23