Conventional Machine Tools

Enter the huge range of machines that man uses to facilitate and make
more comfortable their work, there are a few that can be considered as the
mothers of all the others: They are the so-called machine tools.
They all have in common the use of a specific cutting tool.
His job involves shaping any piece or machine component based on
in the chip removal technique, punching, or other special procedures such as
they are electro-erosion, laser, etc...
This group of machines includes lathes, milling machines, slotting machines, and drill presses.
boring machines, presses, etc... all of them essential for the manufacturing of others
machines.

I come back
The lathe, the most common and oldest rotating machine, holds a piece of metal or
madera y la hace girar mientras un útil de corte da forma al objeto. El útil puede moverse
parallel or perpendicular to the direction of rotation, to obtain parts with pieces
cylindrical or conical, or for cutting grooves. Using special tools a lathe
it can also be used to obtain smooth surfaces, like those produced by a
milling machine, or for drilling holes in the workpiece.

Presses.
The presses shape the pieces without removing material, that is, without producing shavings. A
The press consists of a frame that holds a fixed bench, a piston, a power source.
energy and a mechanism that moves the piston in parallel or at a right angle to it
a la bancada. Las prensas cuentan con troqueles y punzones que permiten deformar,
drill and shear the pieces. These machines can produce parts at high speed
because the time required for each process is only the travel time of the
piston.
Drill
Drilling is the machining operation aimed at producing cylindrical holes.
interns or blind spots, generally in the middle of the material, the drilling operation can
to be carried out, likewise in lathes, milling machines, or boring machines. The tool
used, called a drill or auger, generally has two helical cutting edges.
This tool is attached to the drill spindle so that its axis aligns
exactly with the axis of rotation of the spindle itself. Driven by this, the tool rotates over
itself around its longitudinal axis (shear movement) and moves axially
inside the piece to be drilled (feeding movement). The rotation speed of the
the broca must be such that the linear speed of the point of the edge farthest from the axis is
compatible with the cutting speed of the machined material. The drilling of holes of
a large diameter is usually achieved in several operations, using drills of
increasing diameter. Indeed, the larger the diameter of a drill bit, the more important
it is the central core and it becomes more difficult for her to penetrate into the matter without the resource
of the intermediate holes. The drilling operation is always accompanied by a great
heat dissipation, which requires ample lubrication with a
water and oil soluble mixture (cutting fluid). Some drill bits, especially those used
in deep drilling, they are hollow, which allows the soluble oil to reach
pressure, to the cutting area.
Advance movements (a), cutting movements (b) in drilling performed with a drilling machine.
There are five basic groups of drilling machines: column, radial, horizontal,
of towers, and multiple spindles. The column machines make up the largest volume and are
they use them for any work that can be set up on the tables. All the machines of
column (driven by belts, sensitive, with gear advancement, of
heavy, precision, and production work) are characterized by the fixed position of
spindle.
The stationary radial drills, those with horizontal spindles, and those of type
universal heads are designed to accommodate large parts where the cost of
preparation is an important factor. These machines are arranged in such a way that the
the spindle can be placed for drilling anywhere within the machine's reach
by means of the movements provided by the head, the arm, and the rotation of
arm around the column. Some types of radial drills, as well as the machines
horizontal laptops are arranged in such a way that the entire machine can be
move to the part instead of having the part brought to the machine.
Horizontal drills are simply characterized by the position of the spindle.
Those of the type on guides and the horizontal ones with advancement in the screw are units.
independents that consist of a driving motor, gears, and spindle, and that can be
mount to drill at any predetermined angle, and that are widely used
to meet the requirements of large production. The extreme rigidity of the assembly of the
drill obtained in this way is especially suitable for obtaining the
narrow tolerances necessary for interchangeability in mass production.
Turret drilling machines provide a certain number of tools.
mounted on a turret designed to handle a sequence of operations. This
the machine is particularly suitable for its automation through the addition of
positioning tables and numerical controls.
Multi-spindle machines include those designed with fixed spindles for
simple type production, and those that have adjustable spindles, both through
universal joints such as a worm screw or spiral mechanism, placed in line
straight.
Other factors that should be considered when selecting drilling machines, in addition to
selecting the most appropriate type of machine for the work that needs to be done is the
capacity and general construction rigidity. Construction rigidity is essential in the
drilling machines due to the great efforts for feed advance
required for an efficient operation and the trend of these efforts to destroy the
same machine.
The capacity is determined by the larger size of the piece that can be centered.
the spindle, the maximum space beneath it, and the maximum diameter of the drill that is
can advance through soft steel at a practical speed.
Standard column or radial drilling machines can perform any
drilling operation, but the requirements must also be taken into consideration
from production. The other types of drilling machines should be selected based on
the base of the size and type of the piece to be drilled, the number of holes that need to be
do, and the quantities in question.

Sander.
Planer machine tool, in which the cutting movement is
obtained by tool displacement.
A filing machine is composed of a bench that supports a work table.
moving parts in a vertical plane, it has an alternating motion
perpendicular to said plane by means of a sliding rod driven by
a handwheel.
The planer allows you to brush a horizontal or vertical surface and even,
tilting the tool holder, an oblique surface. It is possible
likewise, combining the two movements of the table and the tool,
to remove cylindrical surfaces.
Boring machine.
Machine tool for machining by chip removal
the wall or the edge of a pre-drilled hole.
A broaching machine is specially made up of a tool
rotating and a table on which the piece that needs to be machined is fixed;
these two elements can move with respect to each other, whether
to make the prior adjustments, whether for the machining itself.
According to the machines, their working axis is horizontal or vertical.

Milling machine.
In milling machines, the piece comes into contact with a circular device that
has several cutting points. The piece is held on a support that
Control the advancement of the piece against the cutting tool. The support can
advance in three directions: longitudinal, horizontal, and vertical. In some
cases can also turn.
Milling machines are the most versatile machine tools. They allow
obtain curved surfaces with a high degree of precision and a finish
excellent. The different types of cutting tools allow for obtaining angles,
slots, gears or notches.

Milling-Boring Machine.
Horizontal milling machine whose feed movements allow to carry out
various drilling, milling, and perforating operations.

Drills and Drilling Machines

Drilling and boring machines are used to open holes,
to modify them or to adapt them to a measurement or to rectify or grind a
hole in order to achieve a precise measurement or a smooth surface.
There are drills of different sizes and functions, from drills
portable to radial, going through multi-head drill machines, machines
automatic or long-reach drilling machines.
Drilling involves increasing the width of an already drilled hole.
This is done with a rotary cutting tool with a single point, placed in
a bar and directed against a fixed piece. Among the drilling machines there
they find the caliber drillers and the horizontal drilling mills and
vertical.
Profile cutter.
The profiling machine is used to obtain smooth surfaces. The tool glides over
a fixed piece and makes a first pass to cut protrusions, returning to
the original position to make the same journey after a brief
lateral displacement.
This machine uses a single-point tool and is slow because it depends on
the journeys that are made forward and backward. For this reason not
It is usually used on production lines, but yes in factories of
tools and dies or in workshops that manufacture small series and that
require greater flexibility.

Planer.
This is the largest of the reciprocating machine tools. Unlike in
the planers, where the tool moves over a fixed piece, the planer
move the piece over a fixed tool. After each back and forth, the piece moves
laterally to use another part of the tool. Just like the
shaper, the planer allows for vertical, horizontal, or cuts
diagonals. You can also use several tools at once to make several
simultaneous cuts.

Polisher.
Polishing is the removal of metal with a rotating abrasive disc that
works like a cutting mill. The disk is made up of a large
number of abrasive conglomerate material grains, in which each grain
acts as a tiny cutting tool.
This process achieves very smooth and precise surfaces. Given that
only a small part of the material is removed with each pass of the disc,
The polishers require very precise regulation. The pressure of the disc
The piece is selected with great precision, so they can be processed.
in this way fragile materials that cannot be processed with others
conventional devices.

Sierra.
The most commonly used power saws can be classified into three categories,
according to the type of movement used to make the cut: reciprocating,
circular or band. Saws usually have a bench or frame, a screw
to secure the piece, a feed mechanism and a cutting blade.
Tools and fluids for cutting.
Since cutting processes involve local stresses and frictions and a
considerable heat release, the materials used in the tools
cutting edges must be hard, tough, and wear-resistant at high temperatures
temperatures.
There are materials that meet these requirements to a greater or lesser extent, such as
carbon steels (which contain 1 or 1.2% carbon), the steels of
quick cut (iron alloys with tungsten, chromium, vanadium, or carbon)
tungsten carbide and diamonds. They also have these properties.
ceramic materials and aluminum oxide.
In many cutting operations, fluids are used for cooling and lubrication.
Cooling extends the life of tools and helps fix their size.
finished piece. Lubrication reduces friction, limiting the heat generated
and the energy necessary to perform the cutting. The fluids for cutting are three
types: aqueous solutions, chemically inactive oils, and synthetic fluids.
Nightjar
Hammer conditioned by a cam wheel and used for the
forging of small parts.
Heavy hammer for beating some metals, flattening, etc...
● Martinete de forja con estampa.
Forging machine in which the hammer or percussion weight acts by simple
gravedad, efectuándose su elevación, después de cada golpe mediante un
mechanical movement.
● Rotary hammer
Device used in shock or impact resistance tests.
It consists of a hammer or mace that rotates around a horizontal axis and
what has a retractable blade that is released at the moment of impact
about the bar subjected to the test.
Shear.
Machine that is used for cutting.
There are several types of shears: hand-held, powered by lever, and
the mechanics, actuated by motor. The crankshaft ones allow lengths
of several meters. For cutting thick and large sheets
guillotine shears or advancing shears are used. With the circular ones, they can
working with thick and long sheets (sheets for construction)
naval

Cutting machine.
Machine tool used in mechanical manufacturing for cutting or dividing
in pieces, of sections perpendicular to the axis, metal bars or tubes of
circular section.
Mortalizer
Machine-Tool specifically designed to create grooves, notches,
clampers, etc., and that is also used for vertical brushing jobs.
Grinder
Machine tool equipped with a grinder for performing work on
rectification of parts.
A grinder is formed by a rigid structure equipped with a
part of a table by which the piece to be ground is fixed, or the
regulating wheel, in the case of a grinder without points and on the other hand, the drill of
the grinding wheel.
A hydraulic control mechanism performs the forward movement of the
mechanism, that is to say, the alternative translation of the piece in relation to the
grinding wheel, and the penetration movement, perpendicular to the previous one.

Brush.
Elbow brushes are also known as slotting machines.
horizontal, they can work pieces up to 800mm in length and generate
rough finishes (V) or fine finishes (V V).
The metal brush was created with the purpose of removing metal to
produce flat horizontal, vertical, or inclined surfaces, where the
The workpiece is held in a screw press or directly on the table.
The planers have only one type of movement for their arm or carriage.
it is back and forth, while the movements give depth to the cut
and progress is made through the work table.
The brushes use a point cutting tool, similar to that of the
return.
This tool is attached to a utility holder or post, which is in turn fixed to a
slider or the car, as already mentioned, it has a reciprocating motion,
pushing the cutting tool from side to side of the piece. The stroke
From the slider forward is the cutting race. With the race of
return, the tool returns to the initial position. When it returns, the table
and the piece advances the desired amount for the next cut, that is, a
edge (car) drives the cutting tool in both directions in a
horizontal plane, with an alternating movement. This linear movement
alternative includes a one-way active trip, during which the
chip start, the passive return stroke in idle.
Transmission mechanism of the brush
For the car's swinging, a sliding mechanism with an oscillating mechanism is used.
of quick return.
The pivoted seesaw that is connected to the cart, oscillates around its
pivoted by a crankshaft bolt, which describes a united rotational movement
to the main gear. The connection between the crankshaft pin and the rocker is
makes through a die that slides in a groove on the rocker and is
driven by the crankshaft pin. In this way, the rotation of the gear
The main pivot moves the pin in a circular motion and causes it to swing.
rocking chair. The pin is mounted on a screw coupled to the gear
turning radius, which allows changing its rotation radius and in this way
vary the length of the tool cart's travel. The travel towards
forward or cutting run, requires a rotation of about 220° of the
main rotation gear, while the return journey requires
only 140º of rotation. As a consequence, the relationship of times of
The cutting path to return path is on the order of 1.6 to 1. In order to
use various cutting speeds, there are appropriate gears of
transmission and a gearbox, similar to the transmission of a car.
As a piece of work, large and heavy, the table must be moved to
low speed due to their weight, the planers have several heads for
be able to make several cuts simultaneously along the way and thus increase the
machine productivity. Many large modern planers
they carry two or more tools per head set in such a way that they
they are automatically positioned, so that the cut is made at
both directions of the table movement. This type of arrangement
It obviously increases the productivity of the brush.
Despite the fact that planers are commonly used to machine parts
large size, they are also used to machine simultaneously a
number of identical and smaller parts that can be aligned over
the table.
The size of a brush is determined by the maximum length of the
race, trip or movement of the car. For example, a 17" brush can
machine a 17" cube.
Type of work y movements
Brushes can create steps, bevels, grooves, or channels of
special forms.
The main movement is with the tool, which is attached to a tower.
of the arm or ram of the brush.
The forward movement is provided by the workbench through a
a device called a ratchet, which during the work stroke of the
the tool does not move, but it does move during the recoil.
The penetration movement in the brush is achieved through the adjustment of the
work table.