Sheet 2 – Synchronous Machines 1

Exercises

Sheet 2: Synchronous Machines

A three-phase alternator, coupled in star, has the following characteristics:

230/400 V ; 50 Hz ; 15 kVA ; 1500 tr/min ; Rs(phase)= 0.07
Empty run (by phase): Er= 58 Ir
Short-circuit test: Ir(cc)= 0.08 A ; Is(cc)= 20 A
a) Calculate the synchronous reactance Xs of the Behn-Eschenburg model.
b) The alternator feeds a three-phase inductive load, with a power factor cos = 0.8 AR.
The stator current is Is = 20 A for an excitation current Ir= 4 A.
Calculate the composite voltage Us at the terminals of the charge. Deduce the voltage drop.
c) We want the voltage across the load to be restored to its nominal value [Link] 400 V.
Calculate the inducing current Irn allowing to obtain operation.

2.2A three-phase alternator has the following characteristics:

380/660 V–50 Hz ; 18 kVA ; 1000 RPM
Induced electromotive force by phase: Er= 3 fs Ir
Negligible stator resistance.
a) Determine the number of poles of the machine.
b) The alternator is coupled in star and feeds a pure inductive load (test in watts).
For an excitation current Ird= 2.8 A, the alternator delivers a line current Isd= 10 A for
a composite voltage (line-line) Usd= 540 V
Determine the synchronous reactance Xs of the machine.
c) The alternator now supplies an inductive load with a power factor of 0.78 AR.
We want to keep the stator voltage constant at its nominal value [Link] 660 V.
Provide the expression for the induced current Irdepending on the line current Is.
Draw the adjustment curve Ir(Is) for 0%, 25%, 50%, 75%, 100% of the nominal current Isn.

A turbo-generator of an electrical power production plant is connected to the grid

three-phase Medium Voltage (MV) 22 kV - 50 Hz. The characteristics of the alternator are:
Electromotive force per phase: Er= 810 Ir(at a speed of 1500 rpm)
Internal impedance per phase: Rs equals zero ; Xs= 24

MT Network
22 kV - 50 Hz

P = 800 kW
Q = 600 kVAR
Is
Engine Alternator
Ir
s
+
M GSY
-

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2 GEL-3630 Electric Machines

a) After the collision, the alternator supplies the network with powers P = 800 kW and Q = 600 kVAR.
Calculate the intensity Is1the line current and the power factor Fp1from the machine.
b) Calculate the electromotive force Er1of the alternator and the excitation current Ir1correspondent.
We reduce the excitement by 50% without the active power P supplied to the network being
modified. Calculate the new line current values Is2and the power factor Fp2.

An industrial mill is powered by a hydraulic turbine and a synchronous machine connected.

in the three-phase network 220/380 V - 50 Hz. The power required for the proper functioning of the mill
is Pm= 80 kW, while the mechanical power Ptthe power supplied by the turbine varies between 0 and 170 kW
depending on the water flow in the supply line. In any case, the synchronous machine is
set to provide a reactive power Qr= 36 kVAR to the network.

BT Network
380 V - 50 Hz
Fall
water
Pr Qr= 36 kVAR

Pt Pm
Machine
Turbine
Synchronous
Mill

Ir

The synchronous machine operates without losses with: Rs= 0 ; Xs= 2

Determine the mode of operation, the line current intensity and the electromotive force:
a) In the case where the turbine operates at 100% of its power: Pt1= 170 kW
b) In the case where the turbine operates at 0% of its power: Pt0 = 0 kW

2.5 We want to connect a four-pole synchronous motor to the 127/220 V - 50 Hz network.

caractéristiques nominales : 2 kVA ; 220/380 V ; 1500 tr/min
Electromotive force per phase: Er= 8 fs Ir
Stator impedance per phase: Rs= 0 ; Xs = 18
The engine is considered lossless.
a) Indicate the coupling method of the stator windings.
b) The engine drives a mechanical load with viscous friction type (Tr= kr N), the couple
resistant is estimated at value Tr= 9 N.m for a speed of 1200 rpm.
Calculate the electromagnetic torque developed by the motor.
c) Determine the excitation current Irallowing to operate at unity power factor.

A six-pole synchronous motor is coupled in star to a three-phase network 220/380 V–50 Hz.
This engine drives, with an efficiency = 80%, a pump with mechanical power Pm15 kW.
Open-circuit electromotive force: Er= 60 Ir
Equivalent impedance of the stator: Rs equals 0 ; Xs4
a) Le moteur entraîne la pompe à la vitesse de synchronisme. Calculer :
The resilient couple Trexerted by the pump on the drive shaft.
The electromagnetic couple Tin theexerted by the synchronous motor on the shaft.
b) Calculate the inducing current Ir0and the line current Is0for a unity power factor.
c) We consider the case where the synchronous motor is at the edge of stalling.
Calculate the inducing current Ir1and the induced current Is1correspondents.
Distinguish the direction of flow of reactive power and give its value Q1.
a) We now set the inductive current to the value I.r2= 5.4 A.
Calculate the induced current Is2correspondents.
Distinguish the direction of flow of reactive power and give its value Q.2.

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Sheet 2 - Synchronous Machines 3

Correction of sheet 2

Synchronous Machines

2.1 A three-phase alternator:

Y coupling; 230/400 V; 50 Hz; 15 kVA; 1500 rpm; Rs= 0.07
a) The determination of the synchronous reactance is made from reduced power tests:
Is(cc) 20
Draft of the trial in c/c: k c= = = 250
Ir(cc)0.08

kv 2 58 2
Synchronous reactance: X s= ( √ −) Rs = ( 2 √ ) - 0.0720.22
kc 250

b) The alternator supplies to an inductive load such that: cos 0.8 AR; Is = 20 A ; Ir= 4 A
The vector diagram of the tensions in the circuit is as follows:

jXs Er
Rs Is
jXsIs
1
+ +
Er Vs = 36.9° Vs
- RsIs
- Charge
Is
inductive

Electromotive force: Er1= kv Ir1= 58 × 4 = 232 Vsit :Ur0= 3E= 402 V √ r1

Tension equations: Er =V+

s Rs Is+ jXs Is

ProhcOX:Erx=V+
s Rs Iscos +Xs Issin
Tension equations:{
Proh dearction OY :Ery-Rs Issin +Xs Iscos

Er= √(
V+
s Rs Iscos +Xs Is sin + −Rs I)s2sin ( +Xs Iscos )2

Tension de sortie : Vs= √Er−2 −R( s Is sin +Xs Iscos )2

Rs Iscos +( Xs Issin )

Vs= √232- 2−0.84

[ + 3.52− 1.12]2+ 2.64
[ = 228 V ]
ΔUs402 − 395
Composite tension: Us= √3V=
s √3 × 228 = 395 V = = 10.75%
Usn 400

c) In order to restore the voltage across the load to the value Usn = 400 V, the force must be rectified
no-load electromotive force Er by action on the current Irof excitement.

Usn400
Simple tension: Vsn= = = 230 V
√3 √3
Ern = √( Vsn+Rs Iscos ) 2s Is sin
+Xs Issin + −R ( +Xs Iscos = 234 V ) 2
Ern234
Excitation current: Irn = = = 4.10 A
kv 58

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4 GEL-3630 Electric Machines

2.2 Synchronous machine characteristics: 1000 rpm; 380/660 V–50 Hz; 18 kVA; Er= 3 fs Ir
a) Alternator driven at its nominal speed.
60 × fs 60 × 50
Number of pairs of poles: p= = 3 6 poles
Ns 1000
b) Test in dewatts: the current Isdis in rear quadrature on the voltage Vsd

jXs Isd
Erd
+ +
Erd Vsd /2 Vsd jXsIsd
- - Charge
inductive pure Isd

Equation of tensions: Erd=Vsd+ jXs Isdsoit ∶ Erd=Vsd+Xs Isd

Electromotive force: Erd= 3fs Ird3 × 50 × 2.8 = 420 V

Usd 540
Simple tension under load: = = 312 V Vsd=
√3 √3
Er−Vs 420 − 312
Synchronous reactance: X s= = = 10.8
Is 10
c) Essay on inductive load with power factor = 0.78 AR and Us= Usn= 660 V

jXs Er
Is
jXsIs
+ +
Ern Vsn Vs
- - Inductive charge
cos = 0.78 AR Is Is

Let's perform the projections of the vectors E.r, Vs, XsIs on the OX and OY axes:

Electromotive force: Er= √( 2

s Xs Issin + Xs I)scos (
V+ )2

Er √ (Vs+Xs Issin + X) 2s Is cos

( )2
Excitation current: I r= =
3 fs 3 fs
Let's calculate, at constant voltage, the inducing current [Link] Isvariant from 0 to Isn= 16 A :

Charge [%] 0% 25% 50% 75% 100%

Is[A] 0 4 8 12 16
Ir[A] 2.54 2.75 2.98 3.21 3.37
The graphical representation of the regulation curve Is(Ir) is as follows:

Is[A]

16
Us= 400 V
12 cos = 0.8

0 Ir[A]
0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 4.5 5.0

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Sheet 2 – Synchronous Machines 5

2.3 Turbo-generator connected to the MT network: 22 kV; 50 Hz; E r= 810 Ir; Rs = 0 ; Xs= 24
a) The alternator supplies the grid with active power P = 800 kW and reactive power Q = 600 kVAR.

Effective apparent power: S = P√ +2 Q =2 800√ + 600

2 2
= 1000 kVA
S 1000 × 103
Line current intensity: Is1 = = = 26.24 A
√ 3 Us √ 3 × 22 ×103
P 800 ×103
Power factor: = Fp1 =0.8
S1000 ×103
b) The synchronous machine operates as an alternator, the vector diagram is as follows:

Generator Convention P Er1

jXs Is1 P > 0: produced.
Q > 0: produced. jXsIs1
+ + 1
Q
Er1 Vs 1 Vs
- -
Is1 Is1

The machine being coupled to the network, the voltage Vs is imposed by voltage control.
2 2
Electromotive force: Er1= (V√s +Xs Is1sin 1) + (X s Is1cos 1) = 13089 V
Er1 13089
Excitation current: Ir1 = = = 16.16 A
810 810
c) The excitation current is reduced by 50% without changing the active power.
Excitation current: Ir2Ir1× 50% = 16.16 × 0.5 = 8.08 A

Electromotive force: Er2 = 810 × Ir2= 810 × 8.08 = 6545 V

The electromotive force is greatly reduced, the vector diagram of the voltages becomes:

P
Generator Convention Er2
Is2 XsIscos
P > 0: produced.
jXsIs2 Is2
Q < 0 : consumed. 2
2 2
Q
Vs

As the active power remains unchanged, the amount (Is1cos 1Is2cos 2) remains unchanged.
Projection axis OP: Er2sin 2= Xs Is2cos 2= Xs Is1cos 1

X s Is1cos 1 24 × 26.24 × 0.8

Internal angle: sin 2= = 2= 4.4°
Er2 6545
X s Is2sin 2=V−
s Er2cos 2= ( 4.4° = 6176 V)
12702 −6545 × cos
Calculation of voltages:{
X s Is2cos 2= Xs Is1cos 1= 24 × 26.24 × 0.8 = 504 V
2 2
√ (X s Is2sin 2) + (X s Is2cos 2) √6176 + 504
2 2
Line current:
Is2 = = 258.19 A
Xs 24
Is1 26.24
Power factor: Fp2 = cos 2
= cos 1= × 0.8 = 0.081
Is2 258.19
The machine being under-excited, it draws the necessary reactive power from the grid. The current
The line becomes very high at the expense of the power factor, which deteriorates.

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6 GEL-3630 Electric Machines

An industrial mill is driven by a hydraulic turbine and a synchronous machine.

a) The turbine operates at 100% of its power, which is Pt= 170 kW. It simultaneously drives:
The mill with a mechanical power: Pm= 80 kW
The synchronous machine with power: Pr(Pt–Pm(170–80) = 90 kW
The machine then functions as a generator, converting the received mechanical energy into
an electrical energy of 90 kW that it sends back to the grid.

Level 220/380 V - 50 Hz P
ConventionGenerator
100% P > 0 : produced.
P1 Er1
Q > 0: produced.
Pr1= 90 kW Qr= 36 kVAR Overexcited alternator
jXsIs1
1
Pt = 170 kW Q
Pm80 kW Vs Q1
1
Machine
Turbine
Synchronous Mill Is1

Apparent power (100%): S1= √P+r12Qr1= 2 90+ √

36 =2 97 2
kVA

S1 97000
Line current (100%): Is1 = = = 147.38 A
√ 3 Us √ 3 × 380
Pr1
Current-voltage phase shift: cos 1= = 0.93 1= 21.6°
√ 3 UIs s1

Line current phaser: Is1= 147.38 - 21.6° A

Electromotive force (100%): Er1=V+

s jXs Is1428 39.8° V

b) The turbine operates at 0% of its power, that is Pt = 0 kW.

All the power is drawn from the grid, the machine operates as a synchronous motor.
which consumes an active power Pr= 80 kW and produces a reactive power Qr= 36 kVAR.

Level 220/380 V - 50 Hz
Generator Convention: P
0% P < 0 : consumed.
Q > 0: produced. P0
Pr0-80 kW Qr= 36 kVAR Compensating motor
Vs Q0
Pt= 0 kW Q
Pm= 80 kW 0
jXsIs0
Machine 0
Turbine
Synchronous Mill Is0 P0 Er0

Apparent power (0%) : S0= √P+r02Qr0 = 2 80+√36 =2 88 kVA

2

S0 88 ×103
Line current (0%): Is0 = = = 133.70 A
√ 3 Us √ 3 × 380
Pr0
Current-voltage phase shift: cos 0= -0.91 0= 155.5°
√ 3 UIs s0

Phaseur of the line current: Is0= 133.70 − 155.5° A

Electromotive force (0%): Er0=Vs + jXs Is0411 − 36.2° V

GEL-3630 Electric Machines–Exercises © M. ZEGRARI 2021

Sheet 2 – Synchronous Machines 7

2.5 synchronous motor with nominal characteristics: 2 kVA; 220/380 V; 1500 rpm; 50 Hz
a) The motor is powered by the 127/220 V network: each winding must be powered under
a voltage of 220 V, which corresponds to the line voltage (between phases) of the network.
The motor windings must be connected in a triangle.
b) The load is of viscous friction type, the resistant torque is proportional to the speed.
9
Equation of the resisting torque: Tr= kr N = ( ×10 -3 ) × N
× N = 7.5
1200
-3
Electromagnetic couple: Tem= Tr= kr Nsequals 7.5(× 10 ) × 1500 = 11.25 N.m
c) We draw the equivalent single-phase diagram by performing the delta-star transformation:

jXs(Y) Is Is Vs
A
+ +
Er(Y) Vs jXs(Y)Is
- -
N
Vector diagram Er(Y)

2 × 1500
Power put into play: Pm= Tem s= 11.25 × = 1767 W
60
Lossless motor: Pe = 3VI
s scos = Pm
Pe 1767
Line current in the stator: Is= = 4.64 A
√ 3 Ucos
s √ 3 × 220 ×1
2
2 18
Counter-electromotive force: √s (X
Er(Y) = V+ 2 √ 2
s(Y) Is ) = 127 + ( × 4.64) = 130 V
3
Er(LL) √ 3 Er(Y) √ 3 ×130
Excitation current at the rotor: Ir= = = = 0.56 A
8 times f s 8 × fs 8 × 50

2.6 Synchronous motor characteristics:

p = 3; 220/380 V - 50 Hz; Pu= 15 kW ; = 80%
Engine model parameters: Er= 60 Irand Rs = 0 ; Xs= 4
a) When the electromechanical training is in equilibrium, the driving torque Tmdeveloped by
the synchronous motor is equal to the resisting torque Trexerted by the pump.

Synchronous Motor s

Pe Pin Pm
Stator Rotor Pump
Tin
Tm Tr

pjs pto do pdude

60 × fs60 × 50
Synchronization speed: Ns= = = 1000 tr/min
p 3
Pm 15000
Useful mechanical couple: Tm= = = 143.24 N.m
s2 × 1000 ( 60 ⁄ )
Pm15000
Electromagnetic power: Pem = P−
e pjs = P= e = = 18750 W
0.80
Pem 18750
Electromagnetic couple: Tem = = = 179.05 N.m
s 2 × (1000 ⁄60 )

GEL-3630 Electrical Machines–Exercises © M. ZEGRARI 2021

8 GEL-3630 Electric Machines

b) We represent the vector diagram of the voltages for a unit power factor.
The power axes are represented using the receiver convention.

Is0 Vs Q = 0
0
jXs Q
Is0
0

+ jXsIs0
+
Vs Er0 Er0
- - Active power
Engine P0
synchronous constant

Equation of tensions: Vs= Er0+ jXs Is0

Pe 18750
Line current intensity: Is0 = = = 28.41A
3Vscos 03 × 220 ×1

Back electromotive force: 2 2 2

s √Xs Is0= ( 220+) 4 ×√28.41= 248
Er0V+ ( V )2

Er0 248
Excitation current at the rotor: Ir0 = = = 4.13 A
60 60
c) The synchronous motor is on the verge of stalling: 1= /2

jXs Q1 Vs
Is1 Q
1
+ + jXsIs1
Vs Er1 Is1
- - Er1
Active power
P1= P0
constant

3VE
s r1sin 1
Electromagnetic power:P em = = 18.75 kW
Xs
PemXs
Back electromotive force: Er1 = = 114 V Er1= 114 -90° V
3Vsin
s 1

Er1114
Excitation current: Ir1 = = = 1.9 A
60 60
√Vs2+ E2r1 √ 2202+ 1142
Line current intensity: Is1 = = = 61.95 A
Xs 4
Vs - Er1
Line current phase angle: Is1 = = 61.95 -62.6° A 1= 62.6°
jXs

The current IS1is delayed on the voltage VS in receiver convention. The engine presents a
inductive behavior and consumes reactive power.

Power factor: cos 1= (

cos 62.6° =) 0.46 AR

Reactive power absorbed: Q1= 3Vs Is1sin 1= ( 36.3 )kVAR

3 × 220 × 61.95 timessin 62.6°=

GEL-3630 Electric Machines–Exercises © M. ZEGRARI 2021

Sheet 2 – Synchronous Machines 9

d) The excitation current is set to the value Ir2= 5.4 A.

Electromotive force: Er2= 60 × Ir260 × 5.4 = 324 V
This electromotive force is significantly higher than that of the network (Vs= 220 V). The motor
is therefore overexcited and has a surplus of reactive power that it can send to the grid.

Is2

Is2 jXs 2 Vs Q2
Q
2
+ jXsIs2
+
Vs Er2
- Er2 Is2
-
Active power P2
constant

The power and electromagnetic torque being unchanged, we can write:

PemXs 18750 × 4
Internal shift angle: sin 2= = 0.35seight 2= 20.5°
3VE
s r23 × 220 × 324

Back electromotive force: Er2= 324 -20.5° V

Vs- Er2
Line current phaser: Is2 = 35.22 36.3° A 2= −36.3°
jXs
The current Is2is ahead of the tension Vsin receiver convention. The engine exhibits a
capacitive behavior and reactive power production: it is a synchronous compensator.
Power factor : cos 2= (
cos-36.3° )
= 0.81AV

Reactive power supplied: Q 2= 3Vs Is2sin 2= −13.76 kVAR

GEL-3630 Electric Machines - Exercises © M. ZEGRARI 2021