Introduction

We are living in the era of Information Technology, and what we have is the emergence of various manufacturers and
computer manufacturers, and to use these computers a minimum of
knowledge of topics related to computer science. To acquire this knowledge it is necessary, in
most of the time, we study, and to meet this need what we see is the emergence of a
an infinity of courses and Digital Inclusion programs, provided by public and private institutions, or
private entities.

With the knowledge acquired, the acquisition of equipment by users also increases.
domestics or by companies that currently invest in more and better equipment,
causing an avalanche of new equipment that, at a certain point, will require
maintenance or upgrade, therefore requiring a trained professional to provide this
service.

Currently, with the large amount of courses and information readily available, we have a
growing number of professionals (in many cases we cannot consider them as such) in the market,
which gives the impression of an area saturated with the number of people who professionalize
in this field.

However, with the significant growth in this area, the need for qualified professionals is increasing.
same proportion, and the professional who will 'survive in this jungle' is the one who is best prepared.
prepared and, above all, to stay updated, as this is the requirement due to technology that
it is renewed at every moment.

In addition to the physical part, the student will also learn about the logical part of the computer, that is, the software.
which in turn can be divided into two categories: Operating Systems and Applications
(Programs).

1. FUNCTIONS OF A ASSEMBLY AND MAINTENANCE TECHNICIAN

COMPUTERS
The Computer Assembly and Maintenance Technician is the professional qualified to perform installations,
settings, updates, and general maintenance concerning specifically to Hardware.
This area does not require the technician to have a high level of education to become a professional,
however, a good specific knowledge in the area is necessary to provide an adequate service
Efficient.
The Hardware Technician may work in companies specialized in the assembly industry and
computer maintenance, companies that have a large fleet of machines, usually
no setor de TI, ou ainda como profissional autônomo, prestando os diversos tipos de serviços que a
área exige, tais como, consultoria, instalações, montagem, manutenção e configurações dos mais
various types of equipment.

2. DEFINITION OF COMPUTER
The term Computer comes from the Latin Computare (to count, to calculate) and is a device
composed of a series of electronic circuits capable of receiving, storing, comparing, combining,
process and display certain information with high speed.
It basically has the function of receiving data through input devices, processing it, and returning it.
this data, now referred to as Information through some output device. This data
Input, processing, and the return of information usually occur through Programs.
specific to certain tasks.

3. COMPUTERIZED SYSTEM
The computerized system consists of at least three components for it to have a
proper functionality: Hardware, Software and Peopleware.

Figure 01: Basic structure of a computerized system.

3.1. SOFTWARE
It is the logical part of the computer, that is, it is a set of step-by-step instructions that guide the
computer executing certain functions to produce a desired result. They are also
called Programs.
Translating to Portuguese, the term Software would also be divided, with Soft = soft, flexible.
Ware = Set, that is, it is the flexible or logical part of the system.
Software is typically divided into: Basic Software or Operating System; Software
Applications.
3.1.1. BASIC SOFTWARE OR OPERATING SYSTEM (OS)
It is the main program of the computer. It is the software with the function of managing all the
computer functionalities and enable interaction between the user and the machine. It is responsible for
to control the Hardware and application Software of the computer. The OS functions as a
platform for the installation of other application software, that is, without the OS it is not possible to
handling of the equipment in its full functionalities.
Examples of Operating Systems:
MS-DOS; Windows; Linux; Solaris; OS/2; etc.

3.1.2. APPLICATION SOFTWARE

They are programs developed specifically to perform a certain task, for example,
text editor, spreadsheet, PDF generators, audio editors, video, etc.
Each application is developed to be supported by a specific operating system, for
For example, an application can be developed to be installed on MS Windows, which is not possible
install the same program on a Linux platform, however, it is usually developed as well
a version for Linux or some other application with equivalent functionalities.
When we install the Operating System, usually, are also installed automatically
some system's proprietary application packages, but if necessary, the user can also
install any program compatible with the operating system of your computer, according to your
necessity, being restricted only to the machine's Software, as some programs require a
determined component or a certain processing capacity or
storage to operate, called minimum specifications.
With that, there is usually a large number of applications installed on the computer.

3.1.3. DRIVERS
When we install new hardware on the computer, it is necessary for the operating system
manage the operation of this hardware with all its resources. And it is the responsibility of a
Software especial denominado Driver que tem a função de realizar a comunicação entre o Hardware e
the SO.
3.2. PEOPLEWARE
The term Peopleware refers to the users who are somehow related to the system.
computational.
They are responsible for forming the set of human resources necessary for operation.
system adequacy, such as: computer operators, analysts, programmers, designers,
etc.
Translating into Portuguese, the term Peopleware would also be divided, being that
People = Persons and Ware = Set, that is, Set of Persons.

4. HOW DOES THE COMPUTER WORK?

As we saw, the computer is a machine developed to perform data processing that
they are inserted and return the information originated in a way that is understood by
user.

Figure 2 shows the basic stages of data processing, where at least 4 are needed.
of these stages: input, processing, output, and storage.

Figure 2. Basic functioning diagram of the computer

4.1. DATA ENTRY

Para que o computador execute as suas funções é necessário o fornecimento de dados. Este
supply occurs through Input Devices, such as: keyboard (through the
typing), mouse, scanners, CD, DVD, other computers, programs and systems, etc.

4.2. PROCESSAMENTO DE DADOS

After the input of this data, processing occurs, a function of the processor, which will perform the
processing according to the final objective of the processing, for example, if we press
any key, the processing of the electrical signals emitted by the keyboard will be done, and then displayed
the typed character.
4.3. DATA OUTPUT
The output occurs after processing, where the resulting information is displayed through some
output device, such as: monitor, printer, audio output, etc.
 4.4. TEMPORARY AND PERMANENT DATA STORAGE
Storage can occur in two ways, temporarily or permanently, where,
temporary or volatile storage occurs in RAM, where the data is still being or
they can be used by the processor, or if necessary, the information can be
permanently stored, where the recording occurs on some storage device
secondary, such as: Hard Disk, CD, DVD, Pen Drive, etc.
5. REPRESENTATION OF INFORMATION
We use the decimal system as a unit of measurement, but computers use the system
Binary to work, meaning they use only 2 values to perform their operations, these values
called bits.
Bit is the smallest unit of information recognized by the computer, and it is represented by the values.
logical 0 or 1.

The CIs have a large number of chips made up of millions of transistors. So,
when one of these transistors is loaded with a certain voltage, it is possible to identify
refers to which bit it corresponds. Normally, the voltage of 5.0V corresponds to bit 1 (on), and the absence
The tension, that is, 0V, corresponds to bit0 (off).

A single bit is not enough to represent information; a sequence of 8 bits is necessary.

arranged in a certain order, called Byte. The Byte can represent up to 256 characters (letter,...
number, symbols, or functions understood by the computer).

When we press a certain key, a code is generated that will be interpreted by the processor.
then shows the respective character on the computer screen. For example, when we press the number
"1" generates electrical signals that form a sequence of bits (00110001), where the keyboard IC
will send this data to the processor, it will then be processed and the information will be sent to the CI of
video card so that it can be displayed on the computer screen. We can see the binary representation
of number '1' in figure 3.

Figure 3. Representation of the binary code of the number '1'

From this denomination, terms of measurement were created to quantify a size or

storage capacity, such as: the storage capacity of a
determined device; the size of a file; transmission rates between devices, etc. A
Table 01 shows these terms and their corresponding sizes:
Unit Abbreviation Value
Bit b -
Byte B 8 bits
KiloByte KB 1024 Bytes
MegaByte MB 1024 KiloBytes
Gigabyte GB 1024 Megabytes
TeraByte TB 1024 Gigabyte
PetaByte PT 1024 Terabytes
ExaByte EB 1024 PetaByte
ZettaByte ZB 1024 ExaByte
 YottaByte YB 1024 ZettaByte
Table 01: Units of Measurement

Note: To represent obite oByte with an abbreviation, we must pay attention that obit is represented as
with the letter 'b' in lowercase and the Byte with the letter 'B' in uppercase.

6. TYPES OF COMPUTERS
As soon as computers began to be marketed in the late 1970s and early
In the 1980s, it was common to refer basically to two types of computers, the Mainframe or
Microcomputer (PC), however, there is currently a large number of devices that we
enable the use of their functions as data processors, varying in size, power of
processing, specific functionalities.

The most common types are:

Mainframes: they are large computers, with great processing capacity and
storage. They are usually used by large companies or organizations. They were very
used when microcomputers began to be developed or, before that, due to
need for running programs that required high performance from the machines, however, the
microcomputers still did not have the capability for this type of processing. Currently, the
microcomputers can run programs that require high performance from computers, and
they hardly depend on mainframe processing anymore, however, they are still widely used, by
example, where there is a need for large user access or large databases (e.g.: banks).

Servers: Computers prepared to provide certain services to users on a network.

of computers. The computers used for this purpose can be computers with
normal settings, for example, desktop, or computers prepared for performance
better, depending on the performance needs. E.g.: File Server; Print Server, etc.

Microcomputers: Also called PCs (Personal Computers) or Desktop Computers

(Desktop) are small-sized computers. The first model was launched by IBM, however,
currently there is a wide variety of brands and models, and it is still possible to assemble a
computer by the user themselves using separately purchased components.

Portable Computers: They are compact computers that use high technology. In their
The vast majority have characteristics equal to or superior to desktops. They have the great
advantage of allowing the user to transport it due to its small size and reduced weight, in addition to
take up little physical space for handling. Until some time ago, its value was much higher than
Desktops, however, with technological advancement and increased commercialization, their value has been falling.
making the values equivalent to desktop computers. E.g.: Laptop, Netbook, etc.

Handheld computers: These are computers designed with technology aimed at compacting both
equipment regarding the way of storing data. They usually have several functionalities.
executed on a desktop, such as internet access on mobile phones, however, with the great
ease of transport and handling. Ex: Handhelds or PDAs, cell phones, Smartphones, Tablets, etc.

7. OPEN ARCHITECTURE
In 1981, the company IBM launched a model of microcomputer called PC - Personal Computer.
(Personal Computer) that revolutionized the microcomputer market, as this new standard
enabled the development of computers built with components from manufacturers
different. Therefore, today we can say that the vast majority of companies in the manufacturing sector
computer manufacturers act as 'assemblers' of computers. Hence the term Open Architecture.

The different manufacturers of the various components of a computer follow a standard that
allows the connection of a device from a certain manufacturer to a device from another
manufacturer, such as a motherboard of the ASUS brand using an Intel or AMD processor.
This makes it much easier if the user wants, for example, to acquire a component to increase the
performance of your computer, as you may acquire a lower-priced component equivalent to the
of higher price or more well-known brand. In addition to the possibility of being able to put together our own
computer acquiring individual components.
8. COMPUTER COMPONENTS
Computers have a wide variety of components that can be identified as
internal components (Motherboard, Processor, Hard Drive, etc.) and external components (case, peripherals, etc.). The
types of components may vary according to the user's needs, but there are some
components that are present in the vast majority of PCs.

8.1. EXTERNAL COMPONENTS

Figure 4 basically shows the external components of a PC.

Figure 4. External components of the micro

Normally, these components are not directly related to performance.

equipment, but they are of utmost necessity for carrying out the activities. In the image we can
visualize some input and output devices, however, we will detail these devices more
forward.

8.1.1. CABINET

The case (commonly miscalled the CPU) consists of a metal box that serves the purpose of
protect inside the internal components of the computer (HD, Motherboard, Power supply, etc.).
There are two models of cabinets, the vertical cabinet (tower) and the horizontal one. The advantage of the cabinet
vertical is that there is a possibility of installing a larger number of panels and other components
internals. This type of cabinet has a metal plate inside, in some models this
the plate is fixed, but in others it is bolted, which allows the technician to remove it, facilitating the
motherboard assembly. The horizontal model has the advantage of taking up less space, as long as the
the monitor is located on top of it, however, the maintenance of the computer with this type of case
it is more complicated due to the little internal space where the components usually fit very tightly
next, besides also having the disadvantage of not offering many options for the installation of new
plates or devices.
 Figure 5. Horizontal Cabinet Figure 6. Vertical Cabinet (Tower)

Regarding the cabinet standard, there are several types, but basically, the two most common are the
AT (Advanced Technology) standard and ATX (Advanced Technology Extended).
The AT standard is the oldest. It was developed from IBM PC-AT computers. Specific for
AT motherboards ([Link]. Types of Motherboards) do not provide good conditions for internal organization.
components (devices and cables), which hinders ventilation, potentially causing damage to the
computer components. Currently, this standard is hardly found anymore.

The ATX standard is an evolution of the AT and was created in 1995 by Intel. It is currently used for the large
majority of Motherboard. It has several advantages over the AT standard, such as: better space
internally, which allows for better organization of components and cables, consequently,
enabling better ventilation; possibility of hardware expansion, as usually
has more than one bay, which allows the installation of CD/DVD Drives, and also a larger number
from rear ports for connecting expansion cards, depending on the type of Motherboard.

As for the elements that make up a cabinet, we can describe them as follows in figure 7:

Figure 7: Internal composition of the cabinet:

1. Plate for motherboard support (can be fixed or screwed)

2. Space for the installation of 5¼" Drives, also called BAYS (the quantity varies
according to the size of the cabinet).

[Link] for HD installation.

[Link].
5. Slots for connecting expansion cards (the quantity varies according to the size of the case).
6. Slot for connecting the motherboard connectors (keyboard, mouse, video card, etc.)
7. Cables from the front panel of the case (Power Led, Reset, HDD Led, Power SW, USB, Audio).
 Figure 8: Front composition of the cabinet:
Reserved space for the installation of 5¼” drives: CD or DVD. Also called Bay.
2. Input for the installation of 3.5” Drives: Floppy Disc, Zip Drive, etc.
3. Opening for internal installation of Floppy Disc (3.5" Flexible Disk).
4. Set of buttons and LEDs, namely:
a. Power Button: to turn the computer on or off.
b. Reset button: allows you to restart the computer.

c. Power On/Off LED: allows you to see if the computer is on.

d. Hard Drive LED: when lit, it indicates that the hard drive is being accessed.
5. Various connectors, such as:
a. USB Ports (Universal Serial Bus): allows the connection of Plug and Play devices, such as
example, Pen Drive, External Hard Drive, digital cameras, etc.
b. Audio Connector: allows the connection of a speaker.
c. Microphone Connector.
8.1.2. SOURCE
It is through the power supplies that the electrical energy is supplied to the various
components of a computer.

The function of the power supply is to receive the voltage provided by the electrical network (110 or 220 volts) and convert this

voltage at a level that meets the needs of each computer device, that is, at
3.3V, 5V, or 12V. They are also called switch-mode power supplies because they perform voltage conversion.
alternating current (AC) to direct current (DC). In addition to functioning as a stabilizer, it also attenuates the
peaks of energy in the electric grid.

Power Supply Capacity: Each device connected to the computer consumes a certain voltage.
and the capacity to supply electricity varies among the different types of sources, therefore, before
when acquiring a power supply, we should assess the total consumption of the computer and acquire it
a source with a higher capacity, so that we do not have problems with consumption
electric energy. The information about the source's capacity is usually printed on a label
set on the source.

Figure 9: Source capacity information

Types of Fonts: There are several types of fonts, however, the two most commonly used are the AT types.
(Advanced Technology) and ATX (Advanced Technology Extended). AT power supplies are the most common types
old, very used in the 1990s and, although they can still be found, have fallen out of use
with the emergence of ATX power supplies. These are specific power supplies for AT cabinets and motherboards.

ATX power supplies are the ones currently used, specific for ATX cases and motherboards.
They have 20 or 24 pin connectors, required according to the motherboard model.

The ATX power supply has several advantages over the AT standard:

• They allow you to turn off the computer via hardware;

• The connector consists of a single piece, unlike the AT standard, which was divided into 2.
pieces, with some rules for the connection.
• The internal components are smaller, which also allows for a reduction in its
weight.

Figure 10. Connectors of AT (1) and ATX (2) Sources

Source Connectors: Figure 11 shows the various types of connectors and their respective
compatible devices:
 Figure 11. The various types of power supply connectors.

Currently, increasingly advanced graphics cards are emerging, which requires a consumption of
power in the same proportion. PCI Express slots can provide up to 75 watts of power to the
video card. To solve this problem, higher power sources are being developed
with a specific cable for supplying power to these panels. It consists of a connector
6-pin connector that must be connected to the graphics card for proper operation. As shown.
figure 12.

Figure 12: Connector for video cards.

Care with the Power Supply: The power supply is one of the items most likely to fail,
therefore, some precautions must be taken when installing and using a power supply
computer power supply:
Check the voltage selector for 110 or 220V;
The ideal is that the power supply protective box is shielded to avoid electromagnetic interference;
Always check the local electrical current before turning on a computer and check if the power supply is
agreement with the voltage.
Check the total consumption of the components connected to it to install a common power supply.
capacity above what is necessary.
•Check if the fan is working normally (not getting stuck) due to the accumulation of
dust, which will cause overheating.

Before handling a computer, first unplug the power cable from the power supply.
Install a font type compatible with the motherboard model.
8.2. INTERNAL COMPONENTS
There is a wide variety of components that are stored inside the case, and its large
most is directly related to the performance of the computer.

8.2.1. MOTHERBOARD
It is the main board of the computer, as it is responsible for communication between all the others.
computer components, for example, it is through its buses that the processor sends and
receives information for the RAM memory, just like among all the other components (motherboard
video, hard drive, sound card, etc.). Due to its level of complexity, it is one of the components
what often presents problems on the computer, that's why it's interesting to install a model of
well-known brands, as the likelihood of encountering problems will be lower and, normally, will have
a longer time in its lifespan.

There is a large number of manufacturers for this component, and each manufacturer has a large
variety of models. Each model is designed to support a specific type of
processor and RAM. When acquiring a Motherboard, it is advisable to choose a model from a
a reputable manufacturer and a model that supports future hardware updates. Low-end boards.
quality may influence the performance of the computer, in addition to usually having a lifespan
quite reduced.
 [Link]. TYPES OF MOTHERBOARDS
As for the type of Motherboards, there are several models, however, the most common models
currently are: AT (Advanced Technology) and ATX (Advanced Technology Extended). The AT model
almost no longer used as it is a very old standard, and the ATX model is the standard
Currently used. The acquisition of the motherboard model will depend on the available case model.
then, AT cabinets are compatible only with standard AT motherboards and ATX cabinets are
specific for ATX Motherboards.
[Link]. BARRIERS
The buses are communication pathways between the various components of the motherboard.
There has been a significant evolution of buses since the emergence of ISA slots and serial ports.
up to the PCI Express slots USB 3.0 ports.
The big problem with the emergence of new dams is that almost always the devices are
incompatible with the previous version, which forces the user to discard a component not for any reason.
defect, but rather a simple compatibility issue. One example of this is graphics cards.
for AGP bus and the new PCI Express 16x.

Note: Although they have the same name, we cannot confuse bus with slots. The
buses are the communication paths between devices through electrical impulses and slots
they are connectors or sockets for expansion cards. The buses are divided into two types:
Local Bus and Expansion Bus.

[Link].1. LOCAL DAM

Also called FSB (Front Side Bus), it consists of a high-speed bus that
works at the same frequency as the processor. Responsible for communication between the processor,
Chipset Ponte Norte, RAM Memory and AGP or PCI-Express Bus.
[Link].2. EXPANSION BARRAGE
The buses are responsible for enabling the connection of expansion cards in the computer.
such as: Video card, Sound card, Network card, etc. There is a wide variety of
dams. The main ones are:
ISA (Industry Standard Architecture)
EISA (Extended Industry Standard Architecture)
VLB (Vesa Local Bus–VESA)
•AMR (Audio and Modem Riser) and CNR (Communications and Network Riser)
PCI (Peripheral Component Interconnect)
AGP (Accelerated Graphics Port)
PCI–Express
USB–Universal Serial Bus

FireWire (IEEE 1394)

A Motherboard is composed of various elements that support certain components.
necessary for the operation of the computer:

In Figure 13 we can visualize a basic structure of a motherboard, however, the structure can
vary depending on the resources and accessories provided, and consequently, the price also varies.
according to the model.

Figure 13: Basic Structure of the Motherboard

Socket for the processor.

2. Power supply cable connector that provides power to the processor.
3. Slots for connecting RAM memory modules.
4. Connector for devices with IDE interface with flat cables of 40 or 80 pins (Hard Drive, Drive
from CD/DVD, etc.)
5. CMOS Battery.
6. Connector for Devices with SATA interface (Hard Drive, CD/DVD Drive, etc.).
7. Ponte Norte Chipset (Chip connected directly to the processor and responsible for control of the
RAM memory, AGP or PCI-Express bus. Also responsible for communication with the
Ponte Sul Chipset.
8. Ponte Sul Chipset: Chip responsible for controlling input and output devices,
normally they are the slowest devices in the computer: Hard Drive, PCI bus,
USB dam, etc.
9. Connector of the front case cables: Power, Reset, Led On/Off and Activity Led
HD.
10. PCI slots for connecting expansion cards: sound card, network card, USB card, etc.
11. AGP or PCI-Express slot: video card connection.
12. Power supply connector.
13. Connectors on the back of the motherboard for input and output devices
(See figure 14).
The back of the motherboard is made up of various connectors for input and output devices.
The quantity and types of connectors may vary depending on the model of the board. Figure 14 shows some.
of these connectors and below follows the detailing of them:
 Figure 14: Connectors on the back of the Motherboard

1. PS/2 paramouse connector.

2. PS/2 connector for keyboard.
3. Serial port for devices with Serial interface.
4. VGA connector for monitor.
5. USB ports.
6. RJ-45 port for network.
7. Audio connectors (Microphone (pink), Audio Out (green), Audio In (blue)).

[Link]. BIOS (BASIC INPUT OUTPUT SYSTEM)

In addition to these physical components, the motherboard also has a set of hardware used.
for the identification of the devices connected to it and also for configurations, called BIOS
(Basic Input Output System).

The BIOS contains a set of hardware recorded on a chip, installed on the motherboard, necessary
for system initialization and configuration.

When the micro is turned on, the BIOS performs a series of tests on the components connected to the board.
mother, such as: Memory, Processor, I/O Devices, keyboard, etc. This procedure is given the
name of POST (Power On Self Test), and if there is any problem with one of these components it is
issued error messages related to the faulty component. In the case of some components, such as
processor, memory, video card, etc. present issues, beeps are emitted that identify
which component is having problems, but in some cases, messages are displayed on the screen of
computer. If everything is in order, the BIOS hands over control of the micro to the System
Operational. It is common to refer to this procedure as Boot.

The BIOS also has another software called Setup. The Setup is the software responsible for a
wide variety of motherboard configurations, that is, it is the software that enables various changes in
motherboard configuration, therefore, a minimum knowledge of its functionalities is required
user program, as some incorrect or improper configuration can cause issues in
use of the system.

Setup is recorded in a small area of a volatile memory called ROM memory, which has
its energy supplied by a small battery attached to the motherboard. This area is defined as CMOS
Complementary Metal–Oxide Semiconductor
8.2.2. PROCESSOR
Figure 15: Processor

The processor, also called Microprocessor or CPU (Central Processing Unit)

Central Processing Unit is the main component of the computer, and for this reason it is
It is common for people to refer to the processor as the 'brain of the computer', as it is the
responsible for executing a series of calculations, logical operations, mathematical operations and
commands, process this input data and return the information in a way that the user can
understand. This information depends on the type of program or instruction you requested.
processing. Ex: text editor, spreadsheet, audio, video, etc.

The latest manufacturing technologies are applied in this component, and this,
consequently, it makes it one of the most expensive components of the computer, depending on the model.
Currently, there are only three companies specialized in the manufacture of this component (Intel, AMD
and VIA), competitively speaking, however, there are a large number of models available, and what
the difference is each one with their respective characteristics, however, the basic functionality is the
the same among all.

The processor is a chip composed of millions of transistors where performance is related.

some characteristics that define processing speed:

[Link]. DECLOCK PULSE (OR DECLOCK CYCLE, OR STILL FREQUENCY)

It regulates the time required for processing each instruction. It is a unit measured in Hertz.
(Hz) (MegaHertz–MHz; GigaHertz–GHz) per second. When a certain frequency is
measured in GHz, for example, we can say that the operation is working with billions of cycles per
second. Cycle corresponds to each interval of time in which the operations are executed, which,
it usually corresponds to a few nanoseconds.
When the first computers emerged, the frequency was the same for all components.
(processor, memory, buses, etc.), and over time, there has been a technological evolution
much greater in the development of processors, however, the same did not happen with the others
components, leaving, therefore, a big difference in the transfer rates between the
components. There was then the need to create different Clock pulses between the processor
and the other components. Basically, the processor operates at two frequencies:

Internal Frequency or Internal Clock - Refers to the internal processing capacity, that is,
speed at which the Cycles will be read internally. For example: when we say that a
the processor operates at 1GHz (1,000,000,000), which means it will process up to 1 billion cycles per
second.

External Frequency or External Clock - Refers to the speed at which the processor will operate.
transfer of information through the local bus of the motherboard. This frequency is imposed.
through the motherboard, via the FSB (Front Side Bus).
 [Link]. DATA READ WIDTH
This term refers to the amount of bits that a given device can read simultaneously.
It can also be called Data Transfer Rate, and it can vary depending on the
employed technology (8, 16, 32, or 64 bits).

Internal Reading or Internal Bits - Refers to the reading rate at which the information is processed.
inside the processor chip or the internal number of bits that is read in each cycle. Ex: Pentium II
= 32 bits.

External Reading or External bits - Refers to the reading rate at which information is transferred
from the processor chip to the motherboard (local bus), that is, the number of bits that the
processor sends or receives through the local bus in each cycle. Ex: Pentium II = 64 bits.

8.2.3. COOLER
Processors are devices that emit a large amount of heat, therefore there is a
need for an efficient cooling system to prevent the component from burning. And it is oCooler
the person responsible for dissipating the heat emitted by the processor.

The Cooler consists of a small fan, also called a cooling fan.

with a base made of copper or aluminum that is responsible for heat dissipation. Through
of clamps or connectors, the cooler is pressed against the processor, assisting in the dissipation of
heat, and to assist in this dissipation, a thermal paste is also used between the processor and the
cooler.
For each socket model, there is a compatible processor model and, consequently, a
specific cooler model. Therefore, we must check which compatible cooler model for
to avoid attempting to install a different model.

This device also requires some other precautions to avoid problems with the computer and
increase your lifespan:

Check if the docooler power cable is connected to the motherboard when assembling the computer.
If this happens, there will be no cooling for the processor, which may cause it to burn out.
The power connector has 3 wires (pins), two for the 12V power supply and the other for
the speed control performed by the BIOS;

Check if the cooler is properly fitted and secure to the socket;

Always perform a cleaning due to the accumulation of dust, which can increase the temperature, leading to
to harm the processor.

Figure 16. Cooler models with power connector.

8.2.4. MEMORIES
We call memory all devices with data storage capacity. We can
divide the storage into two categories: Temporary Storage and Storage
Secondary.

Temporary Storage: They are devices that store certain data while it is
being provided energy to it, that is, when we turn off the computer, this data is
lost. They are also called Volatile Memory. The types of memory belonging to this
categories are RAM (Random Access Memory) and ROM (Read Only Memory)
Memory–Read Only Memory.

Secondary Storage: These are devices that allow permanent storage, that is,
the data will only be deleted if the user or the system performs the deletion. In this category we can
cite the Hard Disk, Pen Drive, CD, DVD, etc.
[Link]. ROM MEMORY (READ ONLY MEMORY)
Memory responsible for storing the BIOS programs. It is a volatile memory, meaning the data
are lost when the computer is turned off, however, the data stored on it cannot be
turned off, as they will be necessary for the execution of some procedures when we turn on the
computer, and to prevent this from happening, it is the function of a battery to keep this memory energized.
This battery is called a CMOS battery or CR-2032, and besides providing the necessary power
to maintain the system settings, it is also responsible for keeping the real-time clock
(real time clock), a normal digital clock, responsible for keeping the system time updated.

In Figure 17, we can see the chip that contains the BIOS and the RS-2032 battery.

Figure 17. CR-2032 Battery and ROM Memory Chip

There are 3 types of ROM memory:

PROM (Programmable ROM) – Memory manufactured without factory programming, making it possible
program it only once. It is no longer used.

EPROM (Erasable PROM) - A type of ROM memory that allows erasure and reprogramming.
through a 'glass window' where high-powered ultraviolet rays hit, causing the
data shall be deleted.

EEPROM (Electrically Erasable PROM) - This is the type of ROM memory currently used. It allows
its reprogramming through the use of floppy disks, or hardware installed in the computer.
This procedure is called 'BIOS update.'

Note: Great care must be taken with BIOS updates, as any problems may occur.
during the update or if it is done incorrectly, the motherboard can become unusable.
[Link]. RAM MEMORY (RANDOM ACCESS MEMORY)
After the computer is initialized and the tests are performed, the Operating System is loaded. All
the necessary information for the execution of the OS and the files and programs opened later
are stored in RAM (Random Access Memory).
RAM is the main memory of the computer and is the device that allows for storage.
data temporary, for this reason it is also called Volatile Memory, that is, the data is
turned off in case of power outage, for example, when the computer is shut down.

The processor does not have storage capacity, so it is in the RAM that it retrieves data.
("reading" operation) or stores the data ("writing" operation), for example, when you
executes a certain program, it is transferred from the hard drive to the RAM memory, where the processor
It will read the data and execute it. Therefore, the more memory your computer has, the more programs
can run simultaneously.

Each motherboard model has sockets that support a certain type of memory. In
some models, when a new type of memory appears, some Motherboards provide two options
of sockets for RAM memory, that is, it is possible to install modules of the old standard or of the standard
new.

[Link].1. CARACTERÍSTICAS
Storage capacity: storage capacity is defined in Megabytes (MB) or
Gigabyte (GB): 512 MB, 1024 MB (1 GB), 2048 MB (2 GB), etc.

Speed: In FPM and EDO memories, speed was measured in ns (nanoseconds) or time of
access (access time is defined by the time at which a certain read or write occurs),
After SDRAM, the speed began to be measured in MHz. Ex: 66 MHz, 100 MHz, 133 MHz, etc.

[Link].2. FORMATS
The formats of RAM correspond to its physical structure, that is, the way it is shaped.
fitted to the Motherboard or its size. There are several formats of RAM, such as:
DIP (Dual In Parallel); SIPP (Single Inline Pin Package); SIMM/30 (SingleInline Memory Module);
SIMM/72 (Single Inline Memory Module), however, the most common formats are as follows:

DIMM/168 (Double Inline Memory Module): These are modules with 168 pins, having contacts on both
sides of the module, 84 on each side. They work with a transfer rate of 64 bits per cycle. It has
module with a capacity of 32, 64, 128, 256, and 512 MB. One of its characteristics that allows
identifying the shape that has two chamfers that subdivide the terminal line.

Figure 18. DIMM/168 Module (very old model, no longer used)

DIMM/184 (Double Inline Memory Module): They are also called DDR (Double Data Rating). They have
92 terminals on each side. From this format, the modules work in synchronization with the processor.
what makes the process faster. Unlike the 168-way module, it has only one groove that
separate the terminal line.
 Figure 19. DIMM/184 Module (DDR) (very old model, no longer in use)

DIMM/240 (Double Inline Memory Module): There are at least three types with this format, DDR2 that
it is a model that is being phased out but is still found in some older models that
DDR3 and DDR4 are still in operation. They are modules used in current motherboards.
the most recent ones are using the DDR3 and DDR4 standard. They have modules with capacity that
varies, with DDR2 ranging from 1024 to 2048 (1 to 2 Gb), while DDR3 and DDR4 have higher capacities.
and varieties. They also have only one bevel dividing the terminal line.

Figure 20. Position of the chamfers between DDR, DDR2, and DDR3

[Link]. CACHE MEMORY

Even with the evolution of technologies applied in RAM memory modules, there is a great
the difference between transmission rates with the processor, in other words, the processor is much faster
as the RAM memories, this prevented the processor from working at its full speed
processing, as it was limited by the speed of the RAM. Due to this difference, they were
new types of memories have been developed with cache controllers that enable work with the
RAM memory without compromising the performance of the processor.

Therefore, when the processor needs some information in the RAM, the controller
transfer this information to the cache memory, which operates at a much higher speed than the memory
RAM.
Currently, there are 3 types of Cache memory:

Cache L1 (Level 1): Memory present inside the processor, which allows for work in
same speed. Its capacity can vary between 16 and 128 KB.

Cache L2 (Level 2): Memory that is also very fast, but slightly slower than L1.
current processors already come with this memory encapsulated inside, but for the older models
in the past it was fixed to the Motherboard. Being slower, it has a cheaper technology, which
allows for the availability of a larger amount, reaching up to 4 MB in some models.

L3 Cache (Level 3): It is the slowest type among the cache memories. Still little used, but
its use is being increasingly utilized with the emergence of new processors.

[Link]. VIRTUAL MEMORY

This type of memory is a sort of extension between the RAM and the hard drive (HD), that is,
when the RAM memory can no longer handle the number of applications being executed, the system
operational checks areas with files that have not been accessed for a long time stored in RAM and transfers them
for an area on the HD. It is also called a Paging File.

The problem is that, since the read/write speed on the hard drive is much slower than in RAM,
when the operating system starts to use virtual memory more frequently, there is a great
drop in performance on the computer, making it quite slow.

[Link]. SECONDARY STORAGE DEVICES

These are devices where information is stored permanently, that is, the data does not
they are deleted when the computer is turned off, allowing for the opening and/or editing of files
later.

There is a large number of devices for these purposes, such as: Memory card, Tape
Magnetic, Disk Packs, HDs, Optical Discs, etc. Currently, the most commonly used forms to
storage is divided into the following categories:

[Link].1. HARD DISKS (HARD DISK - HD)

It is the main secondary storage device of the computer, but today the HD is opening
space for new storage technologies such as SSD and Nvme. Has capacity for
storage far superior to removable disks, reaching several TeraBytes of capacity.
Recording and reading occur through magnetism.

There has been a great evolution since the emergence of the first magnetic disks, because the first
The magnetic storage medium was the Disk Pack, as shown in figure 21, where we can see the
difference compared to a current HDD with the same storage capacity.

Figure 21: Size comparison between HD Disk Packs with the same storage capacity.

It is on the HD that the Operating System/OS of the computer is installed, and it is also
where the files of other programs or files created by users are stored.
The interfaces used as a means of connecting the hard drives went through several adaptations until they reached the
current status. The first motherboards did not have interfaces for connecting disks. When they
I would acquire a hard drive, and it was also necessary to acquire an expansion card, which was installed in
available ISA slots on the Motherboards to enable the use of the Disk.

Currently, this is no longer necessary, as the interfaces are already fixed on the motherboard and it's enough to acquire the
cable corresponding to the type of HD to be installed.

The most commonly used types of hard drives are: IDE (Integrated Drive Electronics); SATA (Serial Advanced)
Technology Attachment);

Regardless of the HD standard, the internal characteristics are the same: they have some
components that allow reading and writing of data, as shown in figure 22.

Figure 22. Inside the Hard Disk

[Link].2. CABLES FOR HARD DRIVE DATA TRANSFER

The communication of the hard drives with the motherboard occurs through different cables depending on the type of

HD interface.

The most commonly used, according to the types of hard drives, are SATA cables and Flat cables (Flat cable) for
IDE devices are no longer used in the new models of motherboards.

[Link].3. REMOVABLE OR FLEXIBLE DISCS:

They are devices, usually with storage capacity less than Hard Drives, and
they can be divided into several categories, as follows below:

Floppy Disks: Type of magnetic disk developed by Alan Shugart

from IBM, in 1967. It consists of a plastic disk with magnetic material that allows recording.
two dice on both sides. There was a variety in the size of these discs since their
emergence, where the first had a diameter of 8", later passing to 5¼", and
then to 3.5", this being the last update of this storage medium. The 3.5" floppy disk
it holds a maximum of 1.44 MB, in addition to its fragility, as it is necessary to keep saved data in this
device it is advisable to have at least one backup. In figure 23 we can note the
difference between the different sizes:
 Figure 23. Floppy Disk 8”, 5.25” and 3.5”.

Zip Drive: Emerged in 1994 as an alternative to the 3.5" floppy disk. It consists of a diskette also of
3.5 inches, however, a little thicker and with a storage capacity of 100 MB. ODrive
is connected to the parallel port of the motherboard without disabling the operation of the printer.

Some time later, there was an improvement where the physical size was maintained, however,
capacity can reach 1 GB. But even so, new devices with capacities have emerged.
much larger and much more practical, making floppy disks an obsolete technology.

Figure 24: Floppy disks for Zip Drive and reader.

Optical Devices: Storage made through laser beams, usually on disks with a diameter of 12 cm.
in diameter. The recording is made through a laser diode that forms small depressions (grooves) in
media surface, which will be used for later reading. The media can be for only
a recording or rewritable (RW), which allows for the re-recording of files by a certain
number of times.

The storage capacities can vary between 700 MB and 100 GB, depending on the type of media.
The available media are: CD (ROM and RW); DVD (ROM and RW); and Blu-Ray.

Figure 25: DVD

Flash Memory: It is a type of EEPROM (Electrically-Erasable Programmable Read-Only Memory).
Memory), non-volatile, meaning that your data is not erased in the absence of electricity.
Currently, there is a wide variety of devices that use this type of memory: Pen Drive,
Memory Cards, Mobile Phones, Digital Cameras, etc.

Normally, devices that use this type of memory are connected via USB ports.
of the computer, or in card readers. One of the great advantages of this type of device
it is the storage capacity, which can reach hundreds of Gigabytes, in addition to practicality
As for the size and form of installation, being plug and play, just connect it to the computer to
be recognized automatically.

Figure 26: Examples of devices that use Flash memory for data storage.

External HD: These are regular hard drives used in microcomputers or notebooks. They are stored in
a type of cover called Case. And they are usually connected to computers via
a USB cable.

Regarding types, there are cases for HDs with IDE or SATA interfaces, and the physical size can be
de3.5", used in most PCs, or de2.5", used in notebooks.

It has some advantages over other removable storage devices, such as

As it is a normal HD, it can be of any available size that the computer supports.
you will be able to read; great way to protect your data with backups; some systems
operating systems allow installation on this HD, enabling the user to access the OS anywhere
computer; easy to transport, as its size is relatively small.

Figure 27. External HD 3.5" and 2.5"

8.2.5. PERIPHERALS
They are devices with extra auxiliary functions connected to the computer. They are divided into devices
input devices, output devices, or input and output devices:
Input Devices: They are the devices that, in some way, feed the system with
data through electrical signals to be processed, then these signals are processed to
the completion of the processing.
Examples of Input Devices: Keyboard, Mouse, Microphone, Scanner, etc.

Output Devices: These are the devices that display or return information to the user.
Example of Output Devices: Printer, monitor, speakers, etc.

Input and Output Devices: These are devices that can act both as
Input as well as Output, that is, they can transfer data to the computer as well as receive data.
of the same. We have as examples of Input and Output Devices: Touch Screen Monitor; CD; DVD;
Pen Drive; Modem; etc.
 9. DISMANTLING OF THE COMPUTER
The disassembly of the computer may vary depending on the type of case or the arrangement of the components.

components, but, normally, in cabinets with the same standard, the mounting structure is
similar, therefore, the disassembly can follow a certain sequence that helps the technician to
keeping the work organized will minimize the risk of damaging any component, especially because the
removal of some components will only be possible after the removal of another. An important note
the assembly of the computer depends a lot on the type of case used. For example, the
The assembly of components inside a tower case is completely different from a case.
horizontal.

Apparently, the task of dismantling a computer is easy and quick, however, some care and
procedures are necessary.

To begin the disassembly, we should have a tool and accessory kit on hand, as,
the use of appropriate tools is essential for us to do a good job and avoid
give to the components, especially the screws, which are present in large quantities and
various formats on a computer.

Below we have a list of some necessary items in a kit, however, the technician may add others.
items that you deem necessary:
•Toolkit for Computer Assembly and Maintenance (Flat and Philips Screwdrivers,
Brush for cleaning components, thermal paste and magnet to hold screws
1 Multimeter
1 Anti-static Bracelet
•1 Contact cleaner spray - Necessary for cleaning the terminals of the boards and slots of the motherboard.

Eraser - Useful for cleaning the terminals of the boards.

Crimping Pliers - Necessary for crimping network cables.
RJ-45 Connector - For assembling twisted pair cables.
•Various data cables (80-pin Flat Cable, SATA Cable, Power Cable, HDMI Cable, VGA Cable,
Cable Flat 34 ways, etc.) - These cables are necessary for any possible need for replacement or
for diagnosing problems with a certain device.
Power Cables
Contact cleaning liquid for boards - Eliminates corrosion and dirt from the contacts of the boards.
•Lint-free cloth - Helps remove residues from the plates.
Vacuum cleaner or canned air – Helps to remove dust from places that the brush cannot reach.
•Various Screws - It is also important to have a good quantity of each type of screw on hand.
used in a computer for possible replacements.
Mica - Insulating material component used between the screw head and the motherboard for
avoid contact of the motherboard with metal components.
Base thread - Type of screw that is used to connect another screw. It must be fixed in the
side cover for securing the motherboard for later securing of the motherboard with the appropriate screw.
 Figura 28: 1-Kit de ferramentas; 2-Spraylimpa-contatos; 3-Cabos Diversos; 4-Alicate de Crimpagem;5-Multímetro.

When dismantling a computer, we must pay attention to the screws removed, as there is a significant
variety and diversity of these components. If you try to use an inappropriate screw for
If we apply a determined component, we can strip the thread of the device or even damage it. In the figure
29 we can see a list of the most commonly used types of screws:

Figure 29: Screws.

With the tools in hand, let's begin the disassembly.
As we have several components connected to the computer, we should look for a location with
plenty of space to place the pieces and, if possible, with a rubber or wooden base for
to avoid any damage to the components.

To disassemble the computer, we will perform the following procedures in the order below:
a. Turn off the computer (if it is on);
[Link] the computer from the outlet;
[Link] the monitor cable;
Disconnect all connected cables (mouse, keyboard, speakers, printer, etc.).
if necessary, identify each cable with its respective connector for later assembly of the
equipment.
Now our computer is completely disconnected from the power grid and peripherals, let's give
sequence to disassembly:
Remove the sides of the cabinet;

Figure 30: Screws on the side of the cabinet.

Note: with the side open, pay close attention to the arrangement of the internal components and how the
they are interconnected a very important tip is if possible to take photos of all connections
before disassembling.

Let's now remove the power supply. To do this, disconnect all the cables from the power supply connected to the
internal devices (motherboard, HDDs, CD/DVD drive, processor power connector,
power connector of the graphics card, etc.). After disconnecting, remove the screws on the part
back of the case and remove the power supply.

Figure 31. Screws to secure the power supply to the case.

Now we can remove all data cables connected to the computer (Flat cables, SATA,
Floppy Disk). Pay attention to the position and device to which each one is connected.

If there are expansion cards (video, network, sound, etc.) connected to the motherboard, remove them.
pay attention to how the board is fixed to the case, because depending on the type of case, the boards are
screwed in and in others they are fitted. To remove, hold the plate with both hands and push it in the direction
contrary to the slot. When removing the modules, avoid touching the contacts directly, due to static electricity.

The next step is to remove the hard drive(s). To do this, remove the screws on the sides and pull out the hard drive.
back.
Now remove the CD/DVD Drives and Floppy Disk. Remove the side screws and push it.
device for the front.
k. Then remove the cables connected to the front panel of the case (Power, Reset, Led
On/Off, LedHD, USB, Audio). Pay attention to the position and the connector where the wires are connected.
The positioning of each wire is also shown in the motherboard manual. Most motherboards
they follow a pattern, but in some cases there may be a change in the order of connection.
 Figure 32. RAM Removal

m. To remove the processor, we must first remove the cooler. The removal of the cooler
it will depend on the model used. The models currently used can be clips, levers or
screws. First disconnect the power cable of the cooler, then detach it from the socket. Note: Stay
pay attention to some motherboard models that have the processor and eCooler fixed and should not be
removed.
After removing the cooler, remove the processor. The removal of the processor also depends on the
model, but normally, it has a lever that must be lifted for the processor
be released, so that we can remove it from the socket. The processor is an extremely
fragile, so be very careful not to hit or drop it, and do not touch its terminals.
the processor also has a kind of chamfer on one of the corners to identify where pin 1 is,
prevent us from installing in the wrong position.

Figure 33: Removing the processor

Now we can remove the motherboard. To do this, remove all the screws that secure the board.
cabinet (usually there are 6, but it can vary depending on the model of the board). This step requires
be very careful, as if the tip of the key is struck during the screw removal procedure
Regarding the board, it may damage some bus bars, making the board problematic or rendering it unusable.
the same depending on the damage caused. After removing the screws, carefully remove the motherboard.
to avoid hitting her.

Ready. The disassembly is complete...

Note: This is just one of the ideal sequences for disassembling the computer, however, the technician
you may use the sequence that best suits you or that best fits the equipment to be
dismantled.

10. COMPUTER ASSEMBLY

The assembly of the computer follows the reverse sequence of what we saw in the disassembly.
Tip: A procedure that is usually performed during assembly is the connection of some
devices before installing them inside the case, because if there is any problem with any device it is
easier to make the replacement, for example, the motherboard, that is, imagine installing the motherboard,
screw, connect all the components to it, and when you turn it on, it shows problems and you have to
remove it. So, what is usually done is the connection of the power supply, processor, RAM, HD, Drive
from CD/DVD, monitor, expansion cards, etc.

After connecting, we plug the power supply into the outlet, and then we turn on the motherboard. If everything works
correctly, we disconnected the components to install them inside the case, as listed
sequence below. If any problem arises, we identify, correct, and carry out the installation.

So, let's start assembling the computer.

Figure 34. Schematic of the connection of the various components of the computer.
To start assembling the computer, just like in disassembly, we must not forget
the Anti-static bracelet.
b. Let's start by installing the processor on the motherboard. To do this, we must take care to
check if the processor is compatible with the motherboard model (consult the motherboard manual)
mother). Being compatible, we installed the processor in the socket, making sure that the fit of
the processor is in the correct position, according to pin 1. Then, we should apply a little bit of paste
thermal paste on the processor to help with its cooling. This paste can be applied with a
stick or cotton swab or even a small spatula, only in the middle of the upper part of the processor, without the
need to spread it, as this will be done automatically when we install the Cooler.
 Figure 35: Schematic connection of the various components of the computer

Next, we will install the cooler. Check which model is appropriate for the motherboard socket.
install it. Ensure that it is well secured to the socket, as if it is loose, it may not
cooling enough, causing the processor to overheat. After securing the Cooler, connect its cable
power supply to the respective pins attached to the motherboard.
After installing the Cooler, we can already install the RAM memory modules. When installing the memory
We must take care that the RAM is compatible with the motherboard socket. This
can be done by checking the position of the chamfer between the contacts of the memory module, which must
be in the same position as the socket, or consult the manual to check what type of memory
compatible or still through the description on the motherboard itself. The RAM memory must be inserted into
its respective socket, first fitting one of the ends, where it must be forced until the module
the latch and the lock close automatically. Then the same procedure must be followed on the other side of the
module, so that, once fitted, the memory module is securely attached to the socket. If there is more
RAM memory modules, follow the same procedures.

Figure 36: RAM Memory Slot.

The next step will be to fix the motherboard to the case chassis. First, place the
base screws, checking the corresponding position on the motherboard, as it usually is
common to the existence of several mounting holes of the motherboard in the chassis. Then we fix the plate
protector on the back of the case, where the onboard connectors of the motherboard are plugged in.
Now we can install the motherboard and secure it by placing the mica protectors and the screws.
Fine screw, suitable for that purpose.

Note: the motherboard can be mounted directly inside the case or on the metal plate (chassis), if
be of the removable type, to later be secured inside the cabinet.
With the motherboard secured, let's connect the front panel cables of the case. Some models
they bring all the connectors together in one connector, however, most bring these wires in connectors
separated, which makes your connection a bit difficult. Each of these connectors is labeled with its
respective function (PowerLED, Reset, HDD Led), what we must do, therefore, is to check the order of
pins on the motherboard and connect them. This order can be identified on the motherboard itself or in your
manual. Next, we must identify the pins for connecting the cables for the USB ports present on the
cabinet and connect them (figure 37).

Figure 37. Front panel connectors; connection diagram; USB connectors.

After securing the front panel cables of the case, we will connect the HD, CD, DVD drives.
etc. However, in the case of IDE Drives, it is necessary to perform a configuration through the Jumpers.
present on the back of the device. The motherboard has 1 or 2 IDE connectors (figure 39),
IDE 0 (primary) or IDE 1 (secondary), where we can install up to 2 IDE devices in
each interface. These devices must be configured as master or slave,
the master is the main device and the slave is the secondary device. Therefore, if we are going to install 2
devices on each IDE interface, we must configure one as master and the other as slave. In case
let's connect only one on each interface, these should be configured only as master.
device settings may vary depending on the brand and model of the hard drive, so,
We can find the corresponding configuration forms on the label of each device.

Figure 38: Jumper Master/Slave; Identification Master/Slave no Setup

With the IDE device settings ready, we can now secure the HD, the 5 Drives.
¼" (CD, DVD, etc.) and oDrive 3.5" (Floppy Disk) in their respective bays. Do not forget to use
the screws corresponding to each device.

With the drives fixed, we need to connect the data cables (Flat cables for IDE devices,
SATA cables for SATA devices). Each Flat cable for IDE devices, as we have already seen,
usually has 3 connectors, with the connector at the longer part of the cable being
connected to the IDE interface of the motherboard and the other two connectors to the IDE devices. If it is
only one device connected to the cable, this should be connected to the connector at the end of the cable,
because this avoids interference problems. These cables have a chamfer that identifies pin 1, and
this is what prevents the connection from going wrong.

The SATA cable only allows the connection of one device per cable, however, on the motherboard it is
It is common to find several connectors, so just connect the cable to the SATA connector on the motherboard.
mother and on the device.
The 34-pin Flat cable of the Floppy Disk should be connected to its connector.
corresponds to the motherboard and the other end of the device. Unlike the 80-pin flat cable, the
a 34-way connector does not have a chamfer that identifies the correct installation position, however, it
it has the first wire of a different color from the others on one side that identifies it as pin 1, and
To connect it, simply connect the side that has this wire to the side of the device where it shows the number.
1.

Figure 39. Flat cable 80 pins and SATA cable; Flat cable in 2 HDs; Flat cable connector.

At this moment, expansion cards can also be connected to their respective slots.
To install these boards, place it over the respective slot and press it to fit properly.
They should still be attached to the cabinet according to the type of cabinet (screw, fitting, etc.).

Figure 40. Expansion board fit

Now we can connect the power supply to the back of the case, paying attention to the
correct installation position and securing it with the 4 screws.

With the source installed, we can now connect the power cables to the respective devices.
according to the image in item 7.1.2. Source - sub-item Source Connectors

To complete the internal assembly of the case, we must close the case by fitting the cover.
side and fastening it to the back of the cabinet.

Figure 41: Cabinet Closure

ATTENTION: After the internal assembly of the computer is completed, we will do a new check.
to ensure that everything is properly installed and connected. Below is a summary of
assembly sequence performed:
• Processor fixation on the motherboard
• Cooler fixation
• Installation of RAM memory modules
• Fixing the motherboard to the case chassis
• Connect the cables of the front panel of the case
• Jumper configuration on IDE devices (this configuration is only for computers
older ones that have this IDE connection, the newer ones use SATA connection.
• Mounting of HD Drives, CD/DVD, Removable Disk, etc.

• Connection of data cables (Flat 40 or 80 way, 34 way, or SATA)

• Installation of expansion cards
• Power Supply Installation
• Connection of the power cables (board connector and 12v connector of the processor).
• Cabinet closure.

With the internal assembly of the case finished, we can now connect the external devices (keyboard,
mouse, printer, speakers, monitor, and computer power cable). Then we turn on the
computer. If everything is connected correctly, the computer will start normally, execute the
POST and show an error message warning that it could not locate the boot disk with the
Operating System in case the operating system is not installed on the HD.

If the computer does not turn on or presents other problems, it will be necessary to identify the issue.
and correct it.
11. SETUP CONFIGURATION

Now that we have our micro properly assembled, let's prepare the computer for the
installation of the operating system starting with the setup configuration (see item [Link] BIOS (Basic
Input Output System.

When we turn on the computer, several pieces of information are displayed on the screen for a few moments, such as:

processor, memory, motherboard, and one of them refers to the key to be pressed to access the
Setup. Normalmente é exibida a tecla a ser pressionada (por exemplo, DEL ou F2 ou F10) e a
Message 'Press DEL to enter Setup', as shown in figure 40 (The information and interfaces may
vary between manufacturers or models.
 Figure 42: System Initialization (POST)

NoSetup, several pieces of information are available, such as: connected HDDs and information about the
same (brand, model, storage capacity, etc.) (HDD), RAM, Floppy Disk (FDD),
date/time, boot sequence, as well as other advanced settings. Note: All information
Details of the setup can be found in the board's manual.

There are two types of interfaces, graphical and text. Some motherboard models provide a
Software with a graphical interface, where it is possible to navigate between options using the mouse, and in
in some models the interface is text mode (figure 43), where navigation is possible through the keys of
direction.

Figure 43: Example of Setup Interface

There are a great variety of possible configurations, but some are of greater importance and
usually, most accessed:
• System Date/Time - Allows the change of Date and Time in Setup.
• Order of Devices (usually in the Advanced tab) - In case there is more than one HD,
The order of the HDs should be defined in order to later determine the boot order.
• Disabling the FDD (Legacy Diskette A) - in case the computer does not have the Floppy Disk Drive
installed, but if it is activated in Setup (Enable), an error message will be displayed, therefore we must
deactivate it in Setup, changing its condition to 'Disable' or 'None'.

• Change of Boot Sequence – Determines the order of Drives in the BIOS

It will search for the Operating System. It is advisable to leave the drive where the Operating System is.
installed as the first device for oboot. The setup method may vary according to the Setup
from the motherboard.

• Security Password – it is also possible to configure a password for access to the Setup,
with the aim of preventing users from changing the settings. The problem in this case is the loss or
forgotten password, as this will prevent even the technician from accessing the Setup. However, there is a
a way to work around this problem, which we will see in the Clear BIOS (Clear CMOS) item later.

• Factory Default Settings (Load Setup Defaults) - An option that, when executed,
returns all settings to factory defaults. An important option in cases where it is performed.
some improper configuration, for example, increasing the processor speed, which can
cause computer startup issues. The problem is that, as the settings revert
For factory default settings, it will be necessary to reconfigure the entire system.
12. PREPARATION OF THE HDD FOR OPERATING SYSTEM INSTALLATION
Now we already have the computer properly assembled and the setup configurations carried out, however,
In order to properly use the computer, it is necessary to install the system.
Operational (OS).

There is a wide variety of operating systems available. The two most used operating systems are Windows and Linux.

Windows is a proprietary hardware developed by Microsoft, meaning that its use requires
a paid license, and Linux is free hardware, that is, it can be installed, changed, distributed,
copied without the need to purchase a license for it.

Each OS has its own particularities for installation. However, some procedures are necessary.
for the installation of any OS. Below we can see a sequence that is usually used
for the OS installation:

a) The first necessary item is a bootable media (CD, DVD, PenDrive, etc.) with the files.
necessary for the installation.

b) Change the configuration in the Setup for initialization by the device used for installation,
for example, if the installation starts from a CD, change the boot sequence to the CD Drive like
being the first option.

c) Insert the media and turn on/restart the computer.

If it is the first installation of the OS on the HDD, it will start normally, but if there is already an OS
installed, a message will be displayed on the screen for a few seconds asking the user to
Press any key to start the installation, otherwise the already installed operating system will be booted.
on the computer.

d) From the beginning of the installation, each OS will request user interventions when necessary.
through messages or windows displayed on the screen. The user only needs to respond to the requests to
continue with the installation.

Partitioning: Hard drives allow for the creation of one or more smaller units.
size. When we create more than one partition, for example, two partitions, it is as if we had
Two disks installed on the computer, and each partition is represented by a letter (C, D, E, ...).
In order to format the disk, it is necessary to first create logical units, the
which allows the OS to recognize the Disk as a storage unit. In this process, the
information regarding the partitions (type, start and end address of each partition) is recorded in
first track of the HD, called Track 02, in an area called Partition Table.
The need for the creation of multiple partitions may be for the installation of more than one system.
operational, or for the organization of files, for example, in one partition we install the OS and in the
the files remain elsewhere, the advantage of this is that we can format only the partition with the OS, if
it may be necessary to reinstall the System, without needing to format the other partition and,
consequently, delete the data.

The installation disks of the operating systems have auxiliary programs that allow partitioning of the
HD, but it is also possible to partition from specific hardware, such as:
Partition Magic, Gparted (Linux), etc.

Formatting: After partitioning the hard drive, it is necessary to format the partition where the
operating system.

Formatting is the process of dividing a given partition into addressable sectors, so that it can be
It is possible to record data in these sectors and subsequently access them in an organized manner.

The final result of this process will be the creation of the File System used by the System.
Operational. Each OS has its type of File System, as shown in some examples in the table.
2:

File System Operating System

FAT 12 Used by floppy disks
FAT 15 MS-DOS, Windows 95, Windows 95 OSR/2
Windows 98, Windows NT
FAT 32 Windows 95 OSR/2, Windows 98, Windows 98 SE
Windows ME, Windows 2000
NTFS Windows NT, Windows 2000, Windows XP
Windows Vista, Windows 7
HPFS OS/2 (by IBM)
EXT2 / EXT3 / EXT4 Linux
Swap Linux swap system (virtual memory)
Table 2: Examples of File Systems
e) Once the installation is complete, it is already possible to use the computer for some tasks, however,
some procedures may be necessary, such as:

• Driver Installation - In some cases, the OS already includes the driver installed in the system, that is, it will
recognize and execute all the features of a given hardware normally, for example, a board
of the video. But, in some cases, the user will need to install this Driver. The Driver can be
obtained from the CD that comes with the motherboard or downloaded from the manufacturer's website. It will be necessary

just for the user to run the doDriver file, or they can use the "Installation Assistant"
of Devices”, provided by the OSs.

• After all the drivers are installed, we can now install the programs (application software) for
the performance of certain tasks (Text Editor, Spreadsheets, Internet Browsers,
etc.), according to the user's needs. The procedures for installing each application may
vary between them, however, for the majority, it is enough to follow the information requested on the screen.
 Basically, these are the necessary procedures for the preparation and installation of the System.
Operational and Applications. However, in some cases, it will be necessary to resolve other issues that
arise at the time of installation, making it necessary, in this case, to apply the knowledge of
technical and/or more in-depth research for resolution.

13. PROBLEM SOLVING

The computer is a machine, and like any machine, it can stop at any moment without any
warning, no matter how good it is, or how well it is functioning. It is the technician's role to seek
understand what is happening with the computer instead of trying to 'guess' what the problem is,
but this may cause even more problems. However, understanding the best way to resolve
a certain situation, or knowing how to identify a problem right from the start, is a knowledge that only
it comes with time, with experience. But, tranquility is a primordial item to understand what
is happening. Some problems are easy and quick to identify, however, there are
complex problems that will require time and a lot of analysis to be solved.

The main objective of computer maintenance is to keep the equipment in perfect condition.
operation and for this objective to be achieved, two types of maintenance can be
developed:
Corrective Maintenance

Preventive Maintenance

13.1. CORRECTIVE MAINTENANCE

Corrective Maintenance is necessary when a certain hardware component
The computer or some hardware presents a failure, causing a total or partial shutdown of the equipment.
Os problemas podem ser divididos conforme o seu nível de gravidade, como mostra a tabela 3:

Severity Level Defective Components

Total shutdown of the equipment Processor; Power Supply; Board-
-mãe; Módulos de Memória; Placa de vídeo
Partial Operation of Hard Drive; Keyboard; Monitor
Equipment
Operating issues of Drive CD/DVD; Floppy Disk; Mouse;
some functions of the computer Printer; Sound card; Fax/modem;
USB connector
Table 3: Severity level of Hardware problems

To fix a computer, it is not always necessary to open the case to perform the
maintenance. Some problems, such as peripherals (mouse, keyboard, monitor, printer, etc.), are
problems solved without the need to open the case, simply by replacing it, so
such problems that can be solved through software, such as: defragmentation, cleaning of
Disks, virus removal, disk checking, etc.
If it is necessary to open up the computer, reserve a good space to work, where you can
disassemble the computer and organize its components so that they are not piled up.
Also note the cables and their respective connectors, if necessary.
 Figure 44: Computer Components

Other precautions should be taken when opening a case and removing components:
• Be careful with the removed screws, as there are several types of screws, and each
It is suitable for one or more types of components, as shown in figure 45.
• When working with boards that have terminals, always use an anti-static wrist strap or
discharge static electricity by touching any grounded metal component for a while,
such as the source connected to the electrical network.

Figure 45: Types of screws. Figure 46: Anti-static wristband

13.2. PREVENTIVE MAINTENANCE

Preventive maintenance refers to procedures aimed at protecting your equipment against
future problems. Some precautions are related to hardware, such as performing scans with
antivirus and anti-spyware, security updates for programs or performing backups
(backup) of the stored files. Other precautions are related to hardware,
for example, using stabilizers or uninterruptible power supplies, protective covers for keyboards, mice,
printer and monitor, or more advanced care, such as physical cleaning for removal
of dust.
 Figure 47: Tips for preventive maintenance (Covers, brush, vacuum/blower, dusty coolers)

Knowing exactly when a certain hardware encounters a problem is essential.

to diagnose the computer problem.

When we turn on the computer, its BIOS comes into action, where a series of tests are performed
procedures that will initiate the operation of the computer and then control is transferred
to the SO. Although the POST, BIOS Setup are Software, they are directly related to the
operation of the hardware. And when the problem occurs during the boot process, it is characterized
as a hardware defect. If it occurs after the OS initialization, it can be both hardware and
of Software.

As already mentioned, the computer is a machine that is subject to various types of problems.
Hardware, which can range from easier levels to complex levels. We will describe below some
most known problems and ways to solve them:

13.3. COMPUTER POWER SUPPLY

Figure 48: Computer Power Supply

Problems with the power supply system can occur when the computer does not turn on or turns on and freezes.
The main causes are:

Problema 1:O Usuário não liga o cabo de alimentação na tomada;

Solution: Plug the power cable into the outlet.

Problem 2: Computer is connected properly but does not turn on;

Solution: Check if the power supply is switched to the same voltage as the electric grid, that is, 110V or
220V. Note: Be careful not to connect the computer with the switch-mode power supply set to 110V in a 220V network.

Problem 3: The computer is plugged directly into the outlet, but it doesn't work;
Solution: Check if the outlet is powered. It can be tested by plugging in another device.
socket
Solution: Check if the power supply is working. It can be tested by trying the supply in another
computer, or replacing the power supply with another.
Problem 4: The computer is connected to a stabilizer, uninterruptible power supply, or power strip, but it does not
However, the power supply is working normally in another outlet.
Solution: Check if the stabilizer, UPS, or power strip is functioning by connecting others.
equipment in the same;

Solution: Check if the device's fuse is not blown;

Solution: Replace the device.
Problem 5: All the electrical parts are functioning, but the computer won't turn on;
Solution: Check if the wire connecting the power button to the motherboard is connected properly.

13.4. NOW CONTACT

The computer has several components connected through cables, slots, and ports, each with
its connection structure. The simple transport of the computer, hits or the organization of
components inside the cabinet and oxidation of the board terminals can cause problems with
I want contact on any of the devices, as shown in the following image:

Figure 49: Components with poor contact issues

Care and troubleshooting for poor contact:

Problem 1: Poor contact of plates or cables;

Solution: Remove the plate or cable with poor contact and reconnect; Note: problems with poor
contact may lead to device burnout.
Problem 2: Oxidation of the device terminals;

Solution: Remove the oxidation using an eraser or contact cleaner spray.

Figure 50: Contact cleaner and eraser for cleaning the terminals of the boards

13.5 RAM defect

Physical problems with the RAM can cause freezing or restarting issues.
computer or they can be identified by the POST during the boot. During the boot, they will be issued
beeps (normally 3 long and spaced beeps).

Care and troubleshooting for RAM malfunctions:

Problem 1: Computer freezing or restarting, or problem during boot;

Solution: clean the terminals with an eraser or contact cleaner spray;

Solution: If there is more than one module, remove all and test each one to identify.
which is having problems.

Solution: Replacement of the defective module.

Problem 2: Module not fitting properly in the slot (poor contact);

Solution: Remove the module and fit it back in correctly.

13.6. PROCESSOR DEFECT

Problems with the processor can lead to system malfunctions in case of
overheating or the POST is not initialized and the BIOS cannot initialize the hardware and the
So, in case of the processor burning out (although it is rare for a processor to burn out). If the
the processor is burned out, only the power supply cooler will work.

Processor care and troubleshooting:

Problem 1: PC freezes or restarts due to processor overheating;
Solution: Remove the processor cooler, clean the excess thermal paste and accumulated dust.
(acúmulo de pó pode causar problemas de superaquecimento), e reinstalar o processador e ocooler.
Note: DO NOT FORGET TO PUT THERMAL PASTE BEFORE REINSTALLING THE COOLER;
Problem 2: The computer does not turn on due to a burned processor.
Solution: Replace the processor.
13.7. VIDEO CARD DEFECT
Problems with the graphics card can lead to system malfunctions with defects in the
image of the monitor or there is no display of images on the monitor. If the problem is identified
During boot, sounds will be emitted, such as 4 or 8 quick beeps or a long beep followed by three beeps.
short.
Care and troubleshooting of the graphics card:

Problema 1:O computador liga, mas não é exibido imagem no monitor;

Solution: Remove the graphics card and place it in another free slot.

Solution: Replace the graphics card.

Problema 2:Imagem com defeito;

Solution: Remove the video card, clean the contacts, and reconnect it.

Solution: Replace the video card.

TIPS
Before swapping the graphics card, test the monitor to make sure the data or power cable is working.
 The food is not having problems.

If the video card is onboard, and it is indeed having problems, disable it in Setup, and install
a new off-board video card. Remember that current motherboards have a system of
automatic identification, that is, when connecting an off-board board, it automatically becomes on-board
is disabled.

13.8. HARD DRIVE (HD) FAILURE

Hard drive problems, in general, can cause the computer to freeze.
Normally, when the hard drive begins to have problems, it makes some noises as if it were having
some loose part inside it, but it can be used for some more time. The ideal in this case
it's that I installed another hard drive where the files should be saved, because the hard drive with the problem may stop working

any moment.

There are several hard drive diagnostic programs that can assist with information about the situation.
and its lifespan, such as HD Tune, Crystal Disk, DiskGUI, etc.
TIPS
As we had discussed, the hard drive, when it starts to have physical problems, emits noises when
it is accessed. This means that the read head is colliding with some part of the HD.

When the hard drive has defective sectors, there is a temporary freeze of the keyboard or mouse.
for a few seconds. When a corrupted file message is displayed, there may be some problem
due to some shock suffered by the cabinet.

Soon, there will be a need to replace this hard drive. Consequently, it will be necessary to
carrying out a backup of the files. We can execute this procedure through some
actions:
Save the files on a CD, DVD, Pen Drive, external HD, etc.
Transfer files over a computer network to another computer;
Install the faulty hard drive as a slave in another computer, whose master hard drive has enough space.
to copy the files.

13.9. HEATING
Due to their structure and composition, some devices are more prone to overheating, such
like the processor, Hard Drive, and the power supply. And each of these devices has
temperature control systems, and when one of these systems fails, it can cause problems
burning of the device, restarting the computer or shutting down.

There are several monitoring programs available on the internet, both for Linux and
for Windows. It is recommended to have one of these software for constant system monitoring.
As shown in figure 51:
 Figure 51: SpeedFan interface (Hardware monitoring)
Care and problem-solving for overheating:
Problem 1: Overheating of the processor or power supply, due to stopping or slowing down in
operation of the docooler fan from the power supply;

Solution: Check if there is no dust buildup on the cooler fan or the power supply. If there is, clean it.
excess with a brush.

Solution: Replace the power supply or cooler.

Problem 2: Excess of equipment sharing the same outlet;
Solution: Distribute the equipment to other outlets.
Problem 3: Excess components using a power supply with insufficient power to support
to everyone;
Solution: Replace the source with a higher power one.

13.10. CLEAR THE BIOS (CLEAR CMOS)

At certain moments it may be necessary to reset the BIOS, that is, clear the BIOS.
the procedure restores the motherboard's default settings, that is, resets all configurations
made by the user and may be necessary in some cases, such as, for example, forgetting the
setup password, increase in processor frequency, causing problems to restart the machine,
problems that prevent the system from starting due to issues with the motherboard, etc.

The motherboard has a jumper called 'Clear CMOS', located near the battery.

Figure 52: Position of the Jumper for CMOS cleaning Figure 53: Jumper Clear CMOS

To clean the CMOS, follow these procedures:

• Turn off the computer;
• Clear CMOS Jumper
• Position the Jumper in the "Clear CMOS" mode (pins 2 and 3);

• Turn on the computer for 20 seconds. (Note: the computer will not show any activity,
does not cool down to trigger);

• Turn off the computer;

• Return the jumper to the "Normal" position (pins 1 and 2);

• Turn on the computer and the CMOS cleaning will be completed.

[Link] PROBLEMS
Just as there is a wide variety of problems related to hardware, the same is true.
withSoftwares.

The problems with software can range from defects with the operating system to the software.
applications or drivers. The resolution will depend on the problem presented, where we can solve.
redoing a certain configuration, reinstalling a program or driver, updating a
determined hardware or OS, or even formatting the computer and reinstalling the OS.

Below we have a list of some problems and their respective resolutions.

Problem: Incompatibility of the Program with the Operating System.

Solution: Look for another version or an equivalent program with the installed Operating System.
on the computer.

Problem: Incompatibility of the Program with the Hardware.

Solution: Adjust the hardware according to the minimum specifications required by the software. Ex: the software

requires 1GB of RAM, however, the computer only has 512MB. To fix this we need to install more
512MB of RAM on the computer.

Problem: It is not possible to install the software because there is another application installed that prevents it.
the installation of the same (Software with defects).

Solution: Uninstall the software that is causing the problem. Sometimes this uninstallation
It should be done manually.

Problem: Virus causing machine operation faults, such as, restarting of

computer, freezing, data loss, etc.

Solution: Depending on what is happening, to solve this problem we need some

procedures are necessary:

• Scanning with a good antivirus and anti-spyware;

• Manual exclusion of the program with the virus that is causing the problem;

• Enter Safe Mode of the operating system (press the F8 key constantly)
durante obootpara entrar no Modo de Segurança doWindows) e executar o antivírus (procedimento
for the SOWindows).

• Schedule a boot scan through the antivirus.

• In some cases, formatting and reinstalling the Operating System will be necessary.
Problem: Accumulation of temporary files generated by Internet access.

When we access the internet, the computer stores a large amount of files, such as
example: videos, text, photos, images, etc., in your temporary file folders, necessary for
 display the web pages.

Like any other file, these files take up space on the hard drive, and their accumulation, with the
It will make the computer slower. It will then be necessary to clean up these files.

Both Windows and Linux have tools that perform this type of function. Besides others.
tools that also have this functionality, as we will see next:

In Windows 7, the following procedures should be performed:

Start / All Programs / Accessories / System Tools / Disk Cleanup.

A survey of the space released will be carried out.

2. A window will then be displayed for the user to select the file options to be removed.
Figura 54: Telas de ferramenta para remoção de arquivos temporário

NoLinuxUbuntu, the following procedures should be executed:

•Locations / Personal Folder / Ctrl L

A dialog box will be displayed

Type: \tmp (to access temporary files)
Select all the files in this folder and delete the files.
In addition to these tools specific to the OS, there are other varieties that can be installed on
computer, and besides file cleaning, usually have various other functionalities,
for example, Advanced System Care, CCleaner, etc.

15. DEFECT SIMULATOR

Defect simulators are important tools that virtually assist the user in
solving problems that actually occur in day-to-day life.

One of these tools is the Intel simulator (figure 55) which consists of checking the problems.
proposed by the simulator and try to fix the problem. So.... Run the simulator and let's
discover the proposed problems...
The Intel simulator can be downloaded at:

Figure 55: Defect Simulator (Intel)