TECHNICAL ADVICE

Equations for Gas Pipelines

1.-MÜLLER EQUATION, AVERAGE PRESSURE

This equation will be used where the supply and distribution of gas have a
Design pressure of 70 mbar ≤ P ≤ 7000 mbar (1.015 Psig ≤ P ≤ 101.5 Psig)

0.575
0.13 (P12– P22) D2,725
Müller equation. Q= (1)
G 0.425
L
Where:
Gas flow rate (m3/h at standard conditions)
G: Specific gravity of the gas (0.6)
P1Absolute gas pressure at the start of the network (Bar)
P2Absolute gas pressure at the end of the network (Bar)
L: Total length of the network (m)
D: Minimum internal diameter of the pipe (mm)

2.- POLE EQUATION OR FORMULA, LOW PRESSURE

In the sections where the operating pressure is equal to or less than 70 mbar (≤1.015 Psig), there
it will use the equation corresponding to the Pole model
0.5
h D5
Pole Equation. Q= 3.04x10-3 C (2)
G L
Where:
Gas flow at standard conditions (m3/h).
Nominal diameter C
G: Specific gravity of the gas (0.6) 3/8 -1/2 1.65
Total length of the network (m). ¾ - 1 1.80
D: Minimum interior diameter of the pipe (mm) 1 ¼ - 1 1/2 1.98
C: Factor based on the diameter (see annex A.4) 2 2.16
h: pressure drop (mbar) 3 2.34
4 2.42

3.- POLE FORMULA FOR PRESSURES LESS THAN 70 MILLIBARS.

The formula is as follows h=2*G*L*Q^2/D^5 (3)

Where
h: corresponds to the pressure loss in millimeters of water column to the
specific gravity of the gas to be used it is the
total length of the pipe to be installed in meters it is the
flow in m3/hour D: is equivalent to

the diameter of the pipe in cm

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Equations for Gas Pipelines

4.- Renoaurd Linear Formula

This formula is valid for relative pressures lower than 0.05 bar (≤ 0.725 Psig). This range of
the pressure is the usual after the regulator.

s x Le x Q1.82 (4)
(P1- P2) = 25078
Being: D4.82
P1Initial relative pressure (mbar)

P2Final relative pressure (mbar) Gas s

Fictitious or calculated density (without units) Natural Gas 0.60
LeEquivalent length of the segment (m) Propane 1.16
Gas flow (m)3/h), under normal conditions. Butane 1.44
D: Inner diameter of the pipe (mm)

This formula is useful for determining or justifying the diameter of the pipes in
gas receiving installations that operate at low pressure. This is usually the case for installations
individuals or private individuals.

5.- The POLE formula is used to perform calculations for installations whose pressure of
the measurement does not exceed 70 millibars, such is the case of residential installations in type L copper and
carbon steel SCH 40 and some short and low power commercial installations.
the practical formula of POLE can be written as follows:

h = k x Q2xLt (5)
Where
It represents the gas pressure losses in millibars. What is it
flow rate of each section in m3/hr Let's go
length of each section in m you are one
constant that depends on the type of gas, the material of the installation, and the diameter of the pipe
The following table shows the constants that are used to calculate installations.
through the POLE formula

Example 1.-
We have a
housing that
himself going to build
with the following
datos:
Pipe a
use: A/C
STD of
diameter
 TECHNICAL ADVICE
Equations for Gas Pipelines
nominal 1/2" (15.8 mm in Di) L= 15 mt : G=0,60 : Q= 1,05 mt3/hr : Di=15.8
mm. Find the pressure at the end. The housing regulator has an outlet pressure
from 12 in H2O.

SOLUTION: δ1.-Applying Eq. (3) h = 2 * G * L * Q^2 / Di^5 we have:

h = 2 x 0.60 x 15 x (1.05)2(1.58)52.02 mm H2O => h = 0.08 in H2O

Q2x Gx L
d2.-Applying equation (2) we have: h =
(3.04x10-3)2x C2x D5

h= 1.052x0.60 x 15 0.4 mbar =>h = 0.16 in H2O

(3.04x10-3)2x (1.65)2x (15,8)5

d3.-Applying Eq. (5) we have: h = k x Q2xLt

h = (0 0242)(1.05)2(15) = 0.4 mbar => h = 0.16 in H2O

s x Le x Q1.82
δ4.-Applying equation (4) we have (P1– P2) = 25078
1.82 D4,82
0.60 x 15 x (1.05)
(P1– P2) = 25078 => h 0.4 mbar => h = 0.16 in H2O
4.82
(15,8)

Average pressure loss = 0.16 inH2O

P1Regulator output pressure = 12in H2O P2
(12-0.16) in H2O = 11.84 in H2The final pressure.

Example 2: We have a house that will be constructed with the following data: Pipe
to use: A/C STD with a nominal diameter of ¾” (20.93 mm in Diameter) L = 15 m :
G=0,60 : Q= 1.05 mt3hr: D=20.93 mm. Find the pressure at the end. The regulator of the
the housing has an outlet pressure of 12 in H2O.

SOLUTION: d1.-Applying equation (3) h = 2 * G * L * Q^2 / D^5 we have:

2 x 0,60 x 15 x (1,05)2
h = ---------------------------------- h = 0.49 mm H2O => h = 0.02 in H2O
(2,093)5

Q2x Gx L
d2.-Applying Eq. (2) we have: h = -------------------------------------
(3.04x10-3)2 C2 D5
 TECHNICAL ADVISORY
Equations for Gas Pipelines

1.052x0,60x15
h=-------------------------------------- h = 0.08 mbar => h = 0.03 in H2O
(3.04x10-3)2(1,8)2x (20.93)5

d3.-Applying Eq. (5) we have: h = k x Q2xLt

=> h=(0.00499)(1.05)215 = 0.08 mbar => h = 0.03 in H2O

s x Le x Q1.82
d4.-Applying Eq. (4) we have (P1– P2) = 25078
0.60 x 15 x (1.05)1.82 D4,82
(P1– P2) = 25078 = 0.11 mbar => h = 0.04 in H2O
4.82
(20.93)

Average pressure loss = 0.03 inH2O

P1Regulator output pressure = 12in H2O P2
= (12-0.03) in H2O = 11.97 in H2Or Final Pressure.

Example 3: We have a house that will be built with the following data: Pipe
to be used: A/C STD with a nominal diameter of 1” (26.64 mm in diameter) L = 15 m :
G=0,60 : Q= 1,05 mt3hr : D=26.64 mm. Find the pressure at the end. The regulator of the
the house has an outlet pressure of 12 in H2O.

SOLUTION: δ1.-Applying Eq. (3) h=2*G*L*Q^2/D^5 we have:

h= 2 x 0,60 x 15 x (1,05)2(2,664)50.15 mm H2O h = 0.0058 in H2O
δ2.-Applying Eq. (2) we have: h = Q2x Gx L
(3,04x10–3)2x C2x D5
(1.05)2x0.60 x 15
h= ------------------------------------------ = 0.025 mbar=> h = 0.01 in H2O
(3,04x10-3)2x 1,82x (26,64)5

δ3.-Applying equation (5) we have: h = k x Q2xLt

h = (0.00149) (1.05)2(15) = 0.025 mbar = h = 0.01 in H2O

s x Le x Q1.82
d4.-Applying Eq. (4) we have (P1- P2) = 25078
1.82 D4,82
0,60 x 15 x (1,05)
(P1– P225078 = 0.033 mbar => h = 0.01 in H2O
(26,64)4.82
 TECHNICAL ADVISORY
Equations for Gas Pipelines
Average pressure loss = 0.01 inH2O
P1Regulator output pressure = 12in H2O P2
(12-0.01) in H2O = 11.99 in H2Final Pressure.

A/C pipe Φ= 1", STD, Di = 26.64 mm. Each house has a

Exercise 4:
kitchen. Calculate the pressure loss. G=0.60
Solution: SECTION AB:QAB1.05 x 8 = 8.4 m3/hr
3v D 2
Applying Equation (3) of POLE we have: h = k x Q x Lt
2
=> h = (0.00149)(8.4) (50)h = 5.26 mbar = 0.08 Psi
h = 2.11 in H2O
Section BC. Applying the equation we have:
2h = 0,74 mbar = 0,01 Psi
50 meters => h = (0,00149)(3,15) (50)
h = 0.3 in H2O
Loss from A to D: h=2,14 Psi
h = 2.11 + 0.3 = 2.43 in H2O
2
BC section. => h = (0.00149)(2.1) (30) = 0.08 in H2O
C 30 mt
●B 3v If I apply the Renoaurd Line equation we have:
2v s x Le x Q1.82
(P1-2) = 25078
D4.82
Section AB. Applying Eq. we have:
(0,60) (50) (8,4)1.82
50 m (P1– P2) = 25078 = 4.87 mbar
(26,64)4.82
(P1-2) = 0.07 Psi = 1.96 in H2O
Section BC. Applying the equation, we have:
(0,60) (50) (3,15)1.82
(P1- P2) = 25078 0.82 mbar
4,82
(26,64)
(P1– P2= 0.011 Psi = 0.33 in H2O
A
Loss from A to D: h=0.081 Psi = 2.29 in H2O
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Equations for Gas Pipelines