Tema 2:Texto Argumentativo, ejemplos

Reading is the great provider of arguments, the key for others to listen to you.

José Miguel Monzón

Welcome
Dear students, we are starting the second week of the course, we are already adapting to the
work that we must carry out.

This week we will study the topic of argumentative text, which is part of our daily lives;
we are constantly arguing to present our opinions, to defend a position against
a certain situation, etc., it is important to know what it is about in order to improve its use and utility in
our life.

Introduction
Nosotros vivimos inmersos en contextos argumentativos. Existe un inmenso repertorio de temas
about what we argue about daily. For example, the failure of a football team, the statement
of a politician, the behavior of a public figure, etc. In contexts like these, we have the
the need to evaluate rationally and critically the ideas with which we attempt to persuade, and sometimes
we are looking for more suitable procedures to present our points of view, with the only
objective of being accepted or shared.

A good argument, a well-founded argument, is one that withstands criticism and for which
A case may arise that meets the required criteria to deserve a verdict.
favorable.

In this sense, the objective of the topic is to propose strategies for the didactics of production.
texts written based on an argumentative superstructure. Therefore, we will develop the
theme of argumentation, we will also exemplify its types and typologies.

Expected Learning
Let's now explore the skills and attitudes to be developed on this topic:

Capacity

. Identify the textual structure of the argumentative text.

. Uses various types of arguments in the academic texts it produces.

Attitudes

. Reflect on the importance and content of the arguments used.

Conceptual Map

Content development
2.1. Concept
A great advantage that we must have as good readers is to have a clear understanding and
appropriate for the type of text that will be analyzed, interpreted, and critiqued.

The texts vary according to their textual structure. How to identify an argumentative text?
What is the intention of the argumentative text? What is its textual structure? Let's start with
define what an argumentative text is.

The argumentative text is the one whose communicative intention is to defend ideas and
express opinions. It aims to influence the reader's opinion to show them that the
the author's point of view or opinion is correct or valid.

Regarding its textual structure, the argumentative text contains thesis statement +
formulation of arguments + derivation of conclusions.

Let's read the following text carefully:

 VIDEO GAMES

Video games are increasingly gaining more importance in our society. Surely
they will agree with this statement. They are no longer just a distraction for a few. Even the
Creator of the Nintendo DS, Shigeru Miyamoto has said: "Video games make us better."

A pesar de esto, son diversos los sectores que no apoyan esta opinión. Por eso catalogan los
video games are harmful and do not hesitate to say that they worsen the education of children. And that is
a big lie. Why? Video games stimulate a part of the brain, improve the
psychomotricity in children and the mental speed in young people. The drawback of this topic is that
they can be addictive like all other forms of leisure. Parents, if they do not pay attention
necessary that a child needs, playing video games can cause him moral harm
over 18 years old. Another point against is the worsening of eyesight due to excessive hours
in front of the television or laptop screen. By the age of twelve, I was already playing with my console to kill
little Martians. But not everything surrounding the world of video games is negative, because consoles
How the famous NINTENDO WII helps the child in the perception of their surroundings and in mobility.
about dolls and hands. Another point in favor of this method is that children find them very
funny.

Ultimately, innovations are our daily bread and help us in everyday life.
To say, they are good. Video games are very important innovations that bring new things every day.
that in the near future will bring us pleasant surprises. Therefore, we must banish the idea
that video games are only intended for a sector of society. Video games have
time they have arrived and they have come to stay.

Is it argumentative? Why
What?

If your answer is affirmative, you are correct. We will analyze the textual structure of this text.

First, say:

Video games are increasingly gaining greater importance in our society...

is proposing a thesis.

Second, he says:

Despite this, there are various sectors that do not support this opinion. That is why they categorize the
video games are harmful and do not hesitate to say that they worsen children's education. And that is
a big lie. Why? Video games stimulate a part of the brain, improve the
psychomotricity in children and mental agility in young people. The downside of this topic is that
they can be addictive like all other forms of leisure. Parents, if they do not pay attention
necessary that a child needs, playing video games can cause him moral harm to this
over 18 years old. Another drawback is the worsening of vision due to excessive
hours in front of the television or laptop screen. I was already playing with my console at the age of twelve.
to kill little martians. But not everything surrounding the world of video games is negative, because
consoles like the famous NINTENDO WII help the child in perceiving their surroundings and in
the mobility of the wrists and hands. Another advantage of this method is that children
they seem very funny to them.
Ultimately, innovations are our daily bread and help us in everyday life.
to say, they are good. Video games are very important innovations that contribute every day.
news that in the near future will bring us pleasant surprises...

is formulating arguments

Third, it says:

Therefore, we must banish the idea that video games are only intended for a
sector of society. Video games have been around for a while and they are here to stay.
is drawing conclusions

Therefore, if a text contains: thesis statement + formulation of arguments + derivation of

conclusions must be identified as an argumentative text

2.2. What is arguing?

Perhaps we have tried to convince our parents and friends about a certain matter. For example,
What do we say to our parents in order to convince them to accept our decision to
Choose a professional career? Or how do we convince our friends to go have fun at the
lugarxy not at the place?

It's not difficult to accept that we use argumentation every day, but when we want to
Formulating an argumentative paragraph makes this task difficult for us.

As speaking subjects, we must recognize the dominance of argumentation in our lives.

academic and professional. How do we convince the teacher that instead of 12 points in
the answer to the exam question do you deserve 20? You can be sure of it, but
You have to persuade him/her to think like you.

With everything expressed above, we are in a position to answer this question.

What is arguing? Arguing is understood as the presentation of reasons to support.
any idea or opinion on a topic. When we use argumentation, what we aim for is
convince our recipient. To do this, we must be sure of the idea that
we defend. This idea is called thesis and it is the thematic idea or axis of the entire argumentative text.

According to Weston A. (1999), arguing is offering a set of reasons or evidence in support of

a conclusion.

Bassols and Torrens (2003), cited by Manayay, Milton (2007), say that argumentation is made
necessary when someone disagrees with an opinion; with a proof, with a
interpretation; with its value or its relation to the problem we are talking about.

Let's look at the following idea:

The world is a great market, where honors, wills, and conscience are bought.

We can either agree or disagree with what is said in the previous sentence, however, what is relevant is
logically substantiate the assertion. How to do it? Through necessary arguments to
defend the idea or thesis. And what is an argument? It is the reason presented to prove or refute
a thesis. It is important that for each argument we present evidence. They can be events,
data, examples, definitions or opinions of people considered authorities on the subject.
 SELF-EVALUATED ACTIVITY TO PRACTICE AND REINFORCE WHAT HAS BEEN LEARNED

Read the following text carefully and identify the thesis statement, the formulation.
from the arguments and the derivation of the conclusions

THE INVERTED UNIVERSE OF REALITY SHOWS

The history of media in the new century is witnessing the proliferation of a new format of
programas televisivos: “Los reality shows”, “Expedición Robinson”, “Gran Hermano”, “El Bar”,
Blind trust, etc.

The objective of this type of broadcasts is to show life live. It involves gathering a group of
people with certain characteristics who must coexist for a long period of
time in a house or island, creating conflicts that attract attention and keep it
curiosity and intrigue of the viewers.

First of all, we are faced with people who become famous for doing nothing, but for doing it in the...
view of everyone. Famous and rich at any cost seems to be the goal. But they are not popular.
for how they are or for what they were and now have to tell. The chosen ones, people who can
generate controversy or with some stormy past, must possess physical virtues to enter
no intellectual quality. These seem to be the fundamental conditions.

Secondly: Is it fair that in times of economic adjustment a person earns three months of
What a citizen cannot earn in their whole life? Live life is to work, to carry out.
paperwork, maintaining a family. Ultimately survive.

Thirdly: Who benefits from these types of programs? Participants? Viewers? Or

In reality, the producers? This is a business that generates millions: product sales, ratings,
thanks to those of us who see them. As a famous writer says: "Television has become a..."
a cheap mirror, where the participants are both gladiators and lions, where their mission is
to devour each other until only one is left alive.

In summary, television is used to expose the negative aspects of people, this

is consumed massively by our society, which is mostly not prepared for
differentiating the negative from the positive values of human beings whether due to ignorance,
indifference, or due to the underlying problems that affect us such as education, health,
unemployment. Meanwhile, television makes its business.

2.3. What types of arguments can I use to validate my thesis?

To validate our thesis, it is necessary to use arguments, such as arguments based on generalization.
arguments based on analogy, causal arguments, authoritative arguments, and arguments based on exemplification.
What does each of them consist of? Don't worry, we will explain and exemplify each one of them next.

Arguments based on generalization. We generalize some data, information, or idea based on the
abstraction of the common and essential of things. For example: applying underlining in my written texts, I
help to understand them. For this reason, applying reading strategies fosters reading comprehension.

Arguments based on analogies. We seek the similarity between situations or events based on
compare or relate. For example: Knowing how to read (reading competence) and knowing how to write (writing competence)
editorial) are modalities of communicative competence.

Causal arguments: The reasons for a fact are presented by proving the causes. Example: The
Students in some cases use reading strategies; because of this, they do not understand what they read.

Arguments from authority: We use some supporting resource for our opinion to strengthen it.
argumentation. Example: According to the dictionary of the Royal Spanish Academy, to argue means 'to dispute'
to discuss, to challenge someone else's opinion. We use sayings, maxims, proverbs, sentences or aphorisms.

Arguments based on exemplification: We illustrate arguments through cases.

particular. Example: In the case of school violence, those who suffer are the young people in the classrooms:
in the district, a 5th-grade high school student filed a complaint for continuous assaults by his...
companions.

2.4. A basic model of argumentation

The Toulmin model presents a basic structure of the argument. According to this model, everything
The argument must contain the following parts: the assertion (the thesis that will be defended, proven)
to support), the evidence (essential information or data), the guarantee (validation of the assertion
and evidence), support (code, belief, statistics, scientific or authoritative studies), the
modal qualifier (degree of certainty and limitation of the assertion) and the reservation (anticipation to
objections).

BASIC TOULMIN MODEL

Rodríguez Bello (2004) proposes the following example under the Toulmin model:

Example 1 of the Toulmin model

In the classroom, the students' desks and the teacher's desk and chair
Assertion
they should be replaced by round tables for group work.
Sitting at their desks, the students are forced to work isolated from
Evidence group.v The desk hinders cooperative work.v The desk helps to mark a
difference between the teacher's space and that of the students.
Guarantee The performance of group work is superior to that of individual work.
The cooperative approach as a methodological strategy allows for the realization of
Backup
academic tasks, with greater ease (Johnson and Johnson).
Reservation Unless an activity or type of work is necessarily individual.
Qualifier
I should
modal

Reading for Activity

TEXT FOR ACTIVITY

Below is a text followed by proposed activities, which must be

developed and entered in your Virtual Classroom, through the Task icon that appears in the
second week.

Remember that it is important to conduct an analytical reading in order to develop

appropriately proposed.

The woman actively participates in all aspects of modern society. She does not settle for
to look and to hear. That is a thing of the past. It forms a large part of the entire workforce.
nation. Every day they contribute in schools, in factories, in government offices, in the
shopping malls, in the courts, in the hospitals, in the universities, in the fields of
cultivation... the list is almost endless. Thus, they contribute to the economy. They are also
household managers. Many of them have the dual task: to work outside the home, but
They also perform household tasks. Many are heads of the family. They contribute significantly to
the education of society: they study with their children, and there is also a considerable group
dedicated to teaching. They are union leaders. The struggles of workers are no longer
are not only in the hands of men, but many women hold leadership positions.
We find them in politics. They have been candidates for all existing positions: governorship,
legislature, mayorships. In this way, a public forum is opened to hear their feelings. Correct to
sometimes, sometimes not, but with a voice and a vote. Likewise, we find them in religious institutions,
some offer them more power; others, less. They are also on the radio, on television, and, in
many occasions, they are prominent figures in high-quality programs, so scarce in those
mass media. They are in the courts: they make decisions or influence them. And
much more than we think, they do community work: with the least
privileged, due to the environment, 'seeking water' for the marginalized community, feeding,
clothing, health, and shelter for other people: the marginalized, the one from the edge. We could mention
so many instances in which women contribute! As a consequence, the discourse must be considered
female when planning the homeland. This is how a fairer society is built.

By Ramonita Mayté Reyes Rodríguez

Activities

1. Identify the thesis statement.

 2. Identify the arguments that support the thesis. You can summarize them, but do not forget that they must contain

the essential idea presented.

3. Identify the conclusion of the paragraph.

Writing Exercises
The following activities are proposed that will allow you to self-assess your progress and understanding of the topic covered this week.
which must be developed and submitted in your Virtual Classroom, through the Task icon that appears in the second week.
These activities must be presented in a single file along with the Reading activity.

I. Draft an argumentative paragraph in which you develop the following idea:

The programming broadcasted through television, apart from entertaining, can be harmful.

a. Determine the thesis and write it.

[Link] the arguments to demonstrate the thesis.

[Link] the conclusion.

d. Organize your text with all the elements

II. Write an argumentative paragraph in which the following idea is developed:

Advances in 21st Century Education: Virtuality

a. Write the thesis

[Link] the arguments

c. Write the conclusion

d. Organize your text with all the elements

III. Select a topic of your interest and write an argumentative paragraph. Remember to apply what
you have learned this week.

Conclusions
To try to convince or persuade an audience we need our competence.
argumentative. Argumentation can be considered as a dialogue with the thinking of the other.
to transform their opinions. It is argued when it comes to convincing someone.

In conclusion, developing our argumentative competence is a necessity and demand.

Metacognition
The following questions will help you reflect on your own learnings, the purpose is
regular our actions and mental processes

. Do you think you learned the content of the topics?

 . Did you have difficulty with any topic or activity? How did you solve them?

. What actions did you take to learn?

Recommended Readings
. Document 1: Argumentative text
[Link]

Brief Description: This document presents the definition of argumentative text.

organizational procedures, discourse procedures, and linguistic procedures.

. Document 2: Example of argumentative text

[Link]

Brief Description: This document presents an example of argumentative text and

the process to elaborate it.

. Documento 3: Tipos de textos

[Link]

Brief Description: The document is a great effort by the specialists Teodoro.

Álvarez, David Perello and Marta Pintos, to differentiate these two types of texts and add
in addition, how to transform an expository text into an argumentative one.

Bibliography
. Lomas,C. (1999). How to teach to do things with words: theory and practice of education
Linguistics, Vol. 1, Barcelona: Paidós, Pedagogy Papers.

. Manayay Tafur, M. (2006).Lectura y redacción. Chiclayo, Perú. Aire Escrito Ediciones.

. Manayay Tafur, M. (2006).Guía didáctica de Lectura y redacción. Chiclayo, Perú. Universidad Señor
Sipán: Distance Education Program.

. Rodríguez, Luisa (2010). El modelo de Toulmin en la escritura de artículos de investigación

educational. In UNAM Magazine. Consulted on October 25, 2010. Available at:
[Link]

. Weston, Anthony (2005).Las claves de la argumentación. España. Ariel. 10 edición.