LEADER

INVENTOR
1. Primary role of a leader
1. First step in creating a successful Leading people
entrepreneurial venture 2. Impact of company culture
Identifying customer needs Can boost productivity
2. Essential tool for structuring a 3. Best way to find the right
functioning business employees
Business Model Canvas Combination of all methods
3. Primary goal of brainstorming 4. Importance of diversity
Generate as many ideas as Improves decision-making
possible without judgment 5. Behavior a leader must avoid
4. Handling criticism during Micromanagement
brainstorming 6. How to handle workplace conflicts
Leave criticism at the door; treat See them as opportunities for
ideas with curiosity growth
5. Choosing 1–3 challenges to develop 7. Purpose of the “five whys”
Pick challenges with the most Find the root cause of a problem
potential for impact 8. Creating a healthy work
6. Key principle in using a Business environment
Model Canvas Encourage open communication
Update it regularly as you learn 9. Effective coaching
7. Purpose of a value proposition Ask supportive, guiding
Explain why customers should questions
choose your product 10. Maintaining a fair and proactive
8. Definition of a niche market workplace
An underserved, easily Lead by example
identifiable segment
9. Significance of prototyping
Identify and solve issues early
10. Focus when considering revenue
streams
Create sustainable revenue
aligned with customer value
 SALESMAN 13. Traction Slide purpose
Show proof of achievements
1. Advantage of word-of-mouth 14. Ask Slide purpose
marketing State what you need (funding,
Free and based on trusted help, expertise)
referrals 15. Preparing negotiation points
2. $500 ad generating $3,000 sales Know desired outcomes and
example research the other party
Profitable sales method 16. Key negotiation skill
3. Purpose of a marketing campaign Listening
Achieve a targeted sub-goal 17. When to walk away
(visibility, downloads) If no win-win solution and core
4. Why storytelling is powerful goals are compromised
Creates emotional connection 18. Final step after verbal agreement
and memory Confirm in writing
5. Tailoring a story for an audience 19. Purpose of a company tagline
Consider their wants, needs, Short, memorable catchphrase
characteristics expressing brand essence
6. Characteristic of effective business 20. Selling is also a
writing Mindset
Concise with a clear purpose 21. Handling technical malfunctions
7. Definition of a pitch Have a Plan B; deliver pitch
Short, precise description of without slides if needed
value creation 22. Overview Slide purpose
8. Adjusting pitch content Teaser summarizing the
Tailor for the audience opportunity
(investors vs. customers) 23. Importance of calculating total
9. Best practice for slide text sales cost
Use only keywords and eye- Understand customer
catching numbers acquisition + retention cost
10. “Problem Slide” answers: 24. Financials Slide should include
What problem customers face Revenue projections, costs, key
and why solutions fail metrics
11. Business Model Slide 25. Principle of successful negotiation
Shows value creation and Find mutual benefit
revenue mechanics
12. Competitor Slide approach
Highlight your strengths, not
attack competitors
 BANKER 15. Why angels want an early exit
strategy
1. Purpose of managing costs To know how they’ll recover
Operate effectively and their investment
determine funding needs 16. Similarity of incubators and
2. Revenue $50k, costs $65k → status accelerators
Operating at a loss Both help early-stage businesses
3. Rent that stays constant regardless grow
of production 17. Benefit of rewards-based
Fixed cost crowdfunding
4. Break-even point Fund production in exchange for
Revenue equals expenses the product
5. Key financial statement 18. VC funding is common at
Income Statement Startup and Growth stages
6. Meaning of sweat equity 19. IPO definition
Founder’s time and effort Selling shares to the public for
invested the first time
7. Advantage of bootstrapping 20. Why think of personal exit early
Independence from outside Align investor timelines; set
investors personal goals
8. Critical factor in choosing a co- 21. Acquisition exit option
founder Sell entire company or
Aligned vision and mission controlling shares
9. Difference between debt and equity 22. Liquidation exit purpose
Debt repaid with interest; equity Pay debts and reimburse
sells ownership shareholders
10. $200k for 20% stake → valuation 23. Key personal factor when choosing
$1,000,000 an exit
11. Rights of common shareholders Future plans after exiting
Voting rights + possible 24. Risk of too-high valuation
dividends Can be as damaging as too-low;
12. Stage with consistent revenue unrealistic
growth 25. Why choosing investors matters
Growth and Establishment Stage Long-term impact on the
13. What investors look for besides company
numbers
Founder’s passion
14. Angel investors are
Wealthy individuals investing in
early-stage ventures
 ANG TIBAY CASE (Teodoro vs. goodwill, and advertising without
Ang) effort. This is unfair competition.
• Trademark law protects identity
Who won? and trust.
Toribio Teodoro (Respondent) The law does not only safeguard
the physical product—it protects
Why Teodoro Won (Explained): business identity, safeguards
customer trust, and prevents
• “Ang Tibay” is a valid trademark. deception.
The Court ruled that the phrase is • Field of trademarks is vast.
not merely descriptive of strong Since there are many possible
shoes; instead, it is distinctive and marks, copying someone else's
capable of identifying the source of well-known trademark strongly
the goods. suggests bad faith.
• 22 years of continuous use
created strong brand Legal Principles Involved:
association.
Teodoro had used the mark since • Distinctiveness: A trademark
1910, fully registered by 1915 and must identify a source; “Ang Tibay”
1933. With heavy advertising and does.
wide popularity, the public already • Secondary Meaning: Long,
connected “Ang Tibay” with his exclusive use made the public
shoes. This created secondary associate the mark with Teodoro.
meaning, meaning the public links • Confusion of Origin: Even
the term to a specific business. different goods can confuse buyers.
• Confusion is possible even if • Unfair Competition (Sec. 7, Act
products differ (shoes vs. shirts). 666): Ang tried to benefit from
The Supreme Court said trademark Teodoro’s reputation.
protection does not require that • Protection of Goodwill: A
goods be of the same class. Shirts business’ reputation is property
and pants can still cause confusion that must be protected.
if sold under the same famous
mark, because consumers may
believe the goods come from the
same source.
• Preventing unfair ride on
goodwill.
Allowing Ang to use the same
famous mark would let her benefit
from Teodoro’s reputation,
 ABI vs. SMC (Asia Brewery, Inc. ABI placed its manufacturer’s name
vs. San Miguel Corporation, properly and visibly on the bottle
and labels. This reduces any
1993) G.R. No. 103543
possibility that consumers might
think the product is from SMC.
Issue:
• Beer is bought by brand name,
• Trademark infringement not by bottle appearance.
• Unfair competition Consumers ask for the brand (e.g.,
“San Miguel,” “Beer na Beer”).
Who won? Because of this habit, the likelihood
Asia Brewery, Inc. (ABI) of confusion is minimal.
• No intent to deceive = no unfair
Why ABI Won (Explained): competition.
Since ABI neither copied “San
• Dominant feature was not Miguel” nor attempted to look
copied. identical, the Court found no bad
The main identifier of SMC’s beer is faith, and thus no unfair
the name “San Miguel.” ABI did not competition.
copy this. The product names • Fair competition is encouraged.
clearly differ: Competing with a popular brand is
o “San Miguel Pale Pilsen” allowed. What is prohibited is
(SMC) fooling customers. ABI competed,
o “Beer Pale Pilsen” (ABI) but did not deceive.
• “Pale Pilsen” is
generic/descriptive. Doctrines Applied:
The term describes a style of beer
and refers to a place of origin • Test of Dominancy: Focuses on
(Pilsen). It cannot be monopolized the dominant, striking features of a
by anyone, including SMC. Anyone trademark.
can use the term legally. • Generic Terms Rule: Common
• Standard bottle characteristics descriptive terms cannot be owned.
cannot be owned. • Unfair Competition Test:
The amber-colored bottle, long Requires intent to deceive or pass
neck, and overall shape are off one’s goods as those of another.
functional, not artistic. Since most • Consumer Behavior Principle:
beer companies use similar bottles, Beer is ordered by brand, so bottle
SMC cannot claim exclusive rights similarities matter less.
over the look.
• ABI clearly labeled their
product.
Note:
A dissenting opinion argued that ordinary
buyers rely on first impressions and might
not examine labels carefully. However, the
majority held ABI did not cross the line
into deception.