1

TECHNICAL HIGH SCHOOL

VICENTE LEON

THEME:
APA SEVENTH EDITION STANDARDS AND FRAMEWORK
THEORETICAL.

ENGINEER:
VERÓNICA PEÑAHERRERA

SUBJECT:
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
SEMESTRE:
FIRST SEMESTER

BELONGS TO:
SILVIA PATRICIA RODRIGUEZ TARCO
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1. Work format .............................................................................................................5

[Link] order ...............................................................................................5

[Link] .........................................................................................................6

[Link]

[Link] (typeface) .......................................................................................7

[Link] (line spacing) ...................................................................................7

2. Alignment and indentation .................................................................................................8

2.1. Paragraph Alignment .......................................................................................8

[Link] Indentation .............................................................................................8

3. Titles .......................................................................................................................10

[Link] and quotes.....................................................................................................10

4.1. When to use italics? .....................................................................................10

4.2. When to use quotation marks? ....................................................................................1

[Link] .....................................................................................................................11

[Link] expressed in words ......................................................................11

[Link] expressed in numbers ......................................................................12

6. Cover page and header .................................................................................12

[Link] page ...............................................................................................12

6.2. Header ........................................................................................................13

[Link] and figures ...........................................................................................................13

[Link] .................................................................................................................14
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8.2 What is self-plagiarism? .................................................................................................17

8.3. Basic principles of citations....................................................................................18

8.4. How many citations to use? .................................................................................................19

8.5. General format of the citation.................................19

8.6. Paraphrase or indirect quote..........................................................................................19

8.6.1. Citation in parentheses...........................................................20

8.6.2. Narrative citation...........................................................................20

8.6.3. Long Paraphrasing…………………………………………………………………..20

8.7. Direct quote…………………………………………………………………………20

8.7.1. Short direct quotes of less than 40 words..................................21

8.7.2. Block quotes more than 40 words……………………………………………....21

8.8. Citations within direct quotes……………………………………………………….22

8.9. How to cite if there are multiple authors or institutional authors………………………..22

8.9.1. Citations with a single author..................................................22

8.9.2. Citations with two authors.......................................................22

8.9.3. Citations with three or more authors.................................................22

8.9.4. Avoid ambiguity in citations with three or more authors……………………………….22

8.9.5. Citations from multiple sources or documents........................................23

8.9.6. Citations with corporate or institutional author...............................23

8.10. How to cite when there is a complete date or when there is no date?....................23

Only year .......................................................... 24

8.10.2. Year, month, and day (full date)................................................24

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8.11.1. When the document has page numbers..............................25

8.11.2. When the document does not have page numbers...................................25

9. List of references.................................................................26

9.1. General format……………………………………………………………………...26

9.2. Types of work………………………………………………………………………...27

9.3. The four elements of a reference ................................................. 27

9.4. The author……………………………………………………………………………....28

The date...............................................................31

10. The title…………………………………………………………………………………31

10.1. The source…………………………………………………………………………...31

10.2. Journalistic Publications..................................................31

10.3. Publications in publishing house .................................................................................... 32

10.4. Social media publications..........................................................32

11. Theoretical Framework………………………………………………………………………….32

11.1 The objectives of any theoretical framework can be summarized…………………………….33

11.2. Structure of a theoretical framework

11.3. How to create a theoretical framework?..............................................................................34

12. Conclusions…………………………………………………………………………...35

12. Recommendations.........................................................36

13. Bibliografía……………………………………………………………………………..36
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INTRODUCTION

The APA style is a set of guidelines for clear and precise academic communication that

helps authors, both new and experienced, to achieve excellence in writing.

It is used by millions of people around the world in psychology and also in fields that

they go from nursing to social work communications, education, business, the

engineering and other disciplines for the preparation of manuscripts for publication, as well as

for the writing of student papers, dissertations, and theses.

The APA style provides a foundation for effective academic communication because it helps the

authors to present their ideas clearly, concisely, and in an organized manner. The uniformity and

coherence allows readers to focus on the ideas presented rather than the format and

quickly scan the key points, findings, and sources. The style guidelines

they encourage authors to fully disclose essential information and allow readers

to set aside minor distractions, such as inconsistencies or omissions in punctuation, the

uppercase letters, the reference citations, and the presentation of statistics. When the style works

better, the ideas flow logically, the sources are properly credited and the articles are

are organized in a predictable and coherent manner. People are described using a language that

affirms its value and dignity.

The authors plan for ethical compliance and report critical details of their protocol.

research to allow readers to evaluate findings and other researchers to

potentially replicate the studies. The tables and figures present the data in a way

attractive and consistent.

The theoretical framework is the collection of background, previous research, and considerations.

theoretical frameworks that support a research project, analysis, hypothesis, or experiment.

The theoretical framework, also called the reference framework, is the theoretical, contextual, or legal support.

of the concepts that were used for the problem statement in the research.
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The theoretical framework is also characterized by defining the discipline to which the object belongs.

chosen study, the relevant concepts, and the phenomenon in which one wants to delve deeper or that one

intends to study.

Its importance lies in that it allows to justify, demonstrate, support, and interpret the hypotheses and the

results of an investigation in an orderly and coherent manner. In addition, the theoretical framework provides us

help to reliably formulate the conclusions of a project or, failing that,

replantear las preguntas con mayor profundidad

General format of the work

Consistency in the order, structure, and format of a document allows readers

focus on the content of a document rather than its presentation. To format a

APA style document, writers can generally use the settings

default and the auto-formatting tools of your word processing program

texts or make only small adjustments.

The guidelines for the paper format apply to both student assignments and

manuscripts submitted for publication in a journal. If you are using APA guidelines

to create another type of work (for example, a website, a poster, or a presentation of

PowerPoint), you may need to format your work differently to optimize your

presentation, for example, using different line spacing and font. Follow the guidelines of

your institution or publisher to adapt the APA Standards as necessary.

1.1. Page order

All documents, including those of the students, generally include a title,

content and references. They may include additional elements such as tables and figures, depending

of the task. When the work is extensive, for example, a thesis or a

publication of a research, it is suggested to organize the pages of the document in APA style
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Text or content

References

Footnotes

Tables

Figures

Appendices

The order of the pages shown above is flexible in the following cases:

Tables and figures: You can place the tables and figures within the text, between a paragraph and

another, after they are mentioned for the first time. You can also put them at the end.

of the document, as an independent section, after the references.

Footnotes: You can place the footnotes directly on the page of the text where you

they are mentioned. It can also develop a dedicated section

Exclusively the footnotes at the end of the document, after the references.

Works such as dissertations and theses may require additional elements that are not

list them here. Follow the guidelines of your educational institution or your tutor to arrange the pages,

in case it is necessary.

1.2 Paging

Page numbers must be inserted using automatic numbering.

word processor. They must be located in the upper right corner and appear on all

pages of the document. In this line of thinking, the cover page is numbered 1. These

numbers must be Arabic, that is, 1, 2, 3, etc.

1.3Margins

The top, bottom, left, and right margins of documents in APA style must be

of 2.54 cm (1 inch). However, institutions or advisors may set

different margins. Consult with your institution or tutor.

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1.4 Sources (font type)

A variety of fonts is allowed in documents with APA style. The options are:

Sans Serif Fonts:

11-point Calibri

11 point Arial

Lucida Sans Unicode 10 point

Serif Fonts

Times New Roman 12 point

Georgia by 11 points

Computer Modern normal 10 point

These fonts are readable and are available in practically any word processor.

In addition, they include special characters such as mathematical symbols and Greek letters. The choice

the font depends on the writer's preference. The most important thing is to always use the same one

source within the entire document. The following exceptions are accepted:

Figures: It is recommended that the figures, if necessary, use a Sans Serif font.

Footnotes: When inserting footnotes, use the default settings of your

word processor. The font of the footnote may be smaller than the font of

text (and have a different line spacing), and it is not necessary to change it.

1.5. Espaciado (interlineado)

In general, it is necessary to use double spacing in all parts of the document: summary, text,

citations, table and figure numbers, titles, reference list, etc. Do not add extra space

before or after the paragraphs.

The exceptions to the double space are the following:

Tables: The body of the tables, that is, the cells, can have the spacing that is.

requires (simple, one and a half spaces, etc.) for the information to be transmitted

indeed.
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Footnotes: The default spacing of the setup should be used.

word processor for footnotes.

Equations: A greater spacing (triple or quadruple) can be used in circumstances

special, like before and after an equation.

2. Alignment and indentation

The APA style includes guidelines for paragraph alignment and indentation to ensure that the

documents should be formatted in a coherent and readable manner. All writers must follow

these guidelines.

2.1. Paragraph Alignment

The paragraphs should be aligned to the left margin. Leave the right margin uneven or

irregular. Do not use full justification for the works submitted for publication.

Tampoco inserte guiones (saltos manuales) en palabras al final de la línea. Esto es aceptable

only if the word processor automatically inserts breaks in long hyperlinks

as URL.

2.2. Paragraph indent: Always indent the first line of each paragraph of the text.

1.27 cm (0.5 inches) from the left margin. To do this, just use the tab key.

your computer. Do not use the space bar to create the indentation.

The exceptions to the paragraph indent requirement are the following:

Cover page: No element on the cover page has paragraph indentation.

Resumen:La primera línea del resumen no deben tener sangría.

Block quotes: A direct quote of more than 40 words should have an indentation of 1.27 cm.

for the entire block. Additionally, the first line of each quote must contain a

additional indent of 1.27 cm. The first line of these quotes, then, is at 2.54

cm from the left margin.

Titles: Level 1, 2, and 3 titles do not have paragraph indentation. Level 4 and

5 carry the paragraph indentation that they introduce (See title table later).

Tables and figures: The titles of tables and figures should not be indented.
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Appendices: The titles of the appendices must be centered and in bold.

Below, you will see an image that illustrates the main formatting rules presented.

in chapters 1 and 2 of this document:

General APA Format

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3. Titles

The titles identify the content of each section of a text. In APA style,

There are 5 levels of titles. Level 1 is the highest hierarchy, level 2 is the next one, and so on.

successively. Below is the format that the titles should have

agreement with your level:

1 Centered, in bold, with uppercase and lowercase

2 Left aligned, bold, with uppercase and lowercase

3 Aligned to the left, in bold and italic, with uppercase and lowercase

4 With indentation, in bold, with uppercase and lowercase letters, ends with a period.

Immediately after the period, the paragraph begins.

5 With indentation, in bold and italic, in uppercase and lowercase, ends with

dot.

LEVEL FORMAT

Some additional considerations about the titles:

Although the APA style suggests not to use numbers or letters to label titles,

Student work and theses can include them, if necessary.

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4. Italics and quotes

Italic and quotation marks are used to draw attention to a point in the text. A

Next, it will show how and when to use these two resources:

4.1. When to use italics?

The main functions of italics are for emphasis and to indicate to the reader that a phrase

or a common word may seem foreign to you because it is a neologism, part of

From a jargon or slang, adopting an incorrect form or functioning as a metalanguage, that is, not

to be part of the speech with its own meaning.

4.2. When to use quotation marks?

Quotation marks should be used in the following cases:

To refer to a letter, word, phrase. To refer to these as a linguistic example.

He wrote the letter "j"

The third person plural "they" responded "yes" to the question.

Word or phrase used as an ironic comment, as slang, or as an invented expression or

minted.

This behavior is considered "normal"

5. Numbers

Numbers are used in all types of academic work to provide figures, percentages,

numerical information about the participants in a research study, etc. Below, it

they will announce the rules for writing numbers according to APA style.

5.1. Numbers expressed in words

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Numbers that begin a sentence, title, or heading.

EXAMPLE

Numbers that begin a sentence, title, or heading:

Fifty percent of the students received the intervention, and the other 50% was part of

a control condition.

Veinte personas se inscribieron, pero 15 abandonaron.

5.2. Numbers expressed in digits

In general, numbers should be used to write from 10 onwards. However, there are some

exceptions shown in the following table. Thus, it is always necessary to use numbers in the

following cases:

EXAMPLES

Numbers that immediately precede a unit of measurement:

6. Cover page and header

6.1. Cover page

In general terms, a cover or title page is required for all documents in

APA style. Below is the student version of a title page.

according to the manual:

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6.2. Header

If the teacher established that it is not necessary to create a cover page for your work,

So it's enough to put a clear header with the main data at the top of the

first page of the document. Below is an example of a header:

Header

Vicente León Superior Technological Institute

Research Methodology

Tema:Normas APA séptima edición y Marco Teórico

Presented by: Patricia Rodríguez and Blanca Magallanes

Presented to: Eng. Verónica Peñaherrera

7. Tables and figures

Tables and figures allow authors to present a large amount of information with

the purpose of making their data easier to understand. Generally, tables show values
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Both tables and figures should be numbered with Arabic numerals in order of

appearance within the document. Below is more detailed information for the

correct preparation of tables and figures.

7.1. Tables

The table number (for example, Table 2) appears above the title and the body of the table.

in bold.

The title of the table appears one line below the table number. Assign each table a

_Brief but Descriptive Title_

The body of the table is the content of the rows and columns. It is recommended to use

line spacing and single spacing to facilitate reading. The information can be

presented centered or aligned to the left depending on the author's preference and

the readability of the information.

After the table, there should always be a note where clarifications can be made about

the body of these definitions of abbreviations, explanations, copyright, etc.

If the table was created by the author of the document, the note must include the

own preparation

If the table was taken from another document, credit must be given to the original author in the note.

through an appointment see later. For this purpose, the expression "Taken

by Author date, page.

If the table is too wide to fit on a page, use the settings of

text processor of your computer to change the page orientation of

vertical to horizontal.

Below is how a table should look according to APA style:

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Note: Taken from APA Standards.

7.2. Figures

A figure, in APA, is considered to be anything that is not made up of rows and columns. Thus,

line graphs, bar graphs, flow charts, pie charts, drawings

maps, photographs, infographics, etc. can be taken as figures.

The figure number (for example, Figure 5) appears above the title and the body of the

bold table.

The title of the figure appears one line below the figure number. Place each figure

_A SHORT BUT DESCRIPTIVE TITLE._

Figures may have legends, that is, texts that provide clarifications or
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If the figure was created by the author of the document, the note should include the

own elaboration

If the figure was taken from another document, the note should give credit to the original author.

by means of a citation (see later). For this purpose, the expression can be used

Taken from Author (date, page)

Below is how a figure should look according to APA style:

Example of figure

Note: Taken from APA Standards

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8. Citation

In academic writing, it is essential to recognize how other authors contributed to your work.

A proper citation ensures that readers understand what the author's contribution is to the

existing literature, and what information was taken from other sources. The APA standards

they provide guidelines to help writers determine what the appropriate level of

citations and to avoid plagiarism and self-plagiarism.

8.1. What is plagiarism?

Plagiarism is the act of presenting someone else's words, ideas, or images as if they were one's own.

thus, denies the authors or content creators the credit they deserve. Whether intentional or

No, plagiarism violates ethical standards.

Although many cases of plagiarism are simple (for example, pieces of text or copied images

without crediting the author), there are other more complicated cases. These relate to the use

incorrect citation (for example, misplacing surnames or document dates), that

does not allow finding the source in the references list. In either of the two cases that are

they have just presented, each institution has a regular procedure that must be followed when a

student falls into plagiarism: the penalties can range from a review and reworking of the text

until the nullification of the grade of the work or the expulsion of the student from the institution.

8.2. What is self-plagiarism?

Self-plagiarism is the presentation of a previously published or presented work as

This is also considered a lack of ethics, as the reader is being deceived.

make it seem like there is more information than there really is. Some institutions

educators consider that there is self-plagiarism when a student presents the same text as
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Appropriately the citation, that is, the way in which credit is given to the author of ideas or words

not owned used in any type of document. Below, we explain in detail how to

must quote.

8.3. Basic principles of citations

APA guidelines use an author-date citation system, in which a brief citation appears within the text.

directs readers to a complete entry in the reference list. The citation appears

Within the body of the document in a paragraph, in a table, in a figure, etc. identify

briefly the cited work with its author and its publication date.

IMPORTANT: Each cited work must appear in the reference list and each work in the

The list of references must be cited within the text or in a table, figure, or footnote.

following are some guidelines that should be followed for writing in-text citations.

The spelling of the authors' names and the publication dates must match.

exactly with those on the reference list.

Only cite the work ideas that you have incorporated into your writing. Do not put them in the list.

of references works that have not been cited within the text.

Include only the necessary quotes to support your point. Do not over-quote.

Cite primary sources whenever possible and cite secondary sources sparingly.

Always cite sources to document all facts and figures that are not from

common knowledge.

Even when a source cannot be easily found (for example, theses not

available to the public, unpublished interviews, etc.) must cite it and include it in the

list of references.
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8.4. How many quotes to use?

The number of citations used in a paper depends on its purpose. For most

In reports, it is wise to cite one or two of the most representative sources for each key point.

Provide proper credit to the source whenever you quote in any of the following ways:

Paraphrase, that is, to write in your own words the ideas of other authors.

Direct quote, that is, to copy exactly the words of other authors.

Data or datasets taken from other authors.

Copy or adaptation of a table or figure taken from other authors. This includes images.

free downloaded from the internet.

Avoid arousal and overstimulation. Arousal consists of citing fewer sources than those that

requires the information it presents, which can lead to plagiarism. For its part, the

Overexcitement consists of using an excess of sources, such that the reading of the text becomes

difficult. Overexcitement also occurs when repeating the same source in every sentence or

Paragraph when the quote and the subject have not changed. Below is an example of a

appropriate level of citations within a paragraph:

8.5. General format of the citation

In most cases, after providing information taken from an external source, it is necessary to

open a parenthesis that includes: author, date, and page, as follows:

8.6. Paraphrase or indirect citation

Paraphrasing is when a writer or researcher expresses ideas from other authors in their own words.

words. This type of citation allows for summarizing and synthesizing information, focusing on information
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8.6.1. Citation in parentheses

To make this type of citation, the writer must open a parenthesis at the end of the information.

paraphrased and include the author and date. Although it is not mandatory to include the number of

page, it is suggested to do it to facilitate the search for information for readers. Example:

Play is fundamental in the early stage of human life. It has been demonstrated

that, thanks to play, children develop skills and knowledge needed to face

adequately the challenges that will be presented to them in adolescence and adulthood Guillén. 2017,

p.45

8.6.2. Narrative quote

In this type of citation, the author is taken out of the parentheses and placed as part of the text at the beginning of.

the idea or information that is paraphrased. Immediately after the author's last name, one

open the parenthesis with the date. At the end of the information, another parenthesis opens that carries

only the page number. Example:

For Guillén 2017, play is fundamental in the early stage of life for human beings. It has been

it has been demonstrated that, thanks to play, children develop necessary skills and knowledge

para enfrentar adecuadamente los retos que se les presentarán en la adolescencia y en la adultez .

8.6.3. Long paraphrasing

Sometimes paraphrases can encompass several sentences and even several paragraphs. In these cases,

it is enough to start the paraphrase with a narrative quote and extend it as far as necessary. It is

to say, once the work has been cited, it is not necessary to repeat the citation as long as the context

From the writing, I made it clear that the same document continues paraphrased.

8.7. Direct quote

The direct quote consists of literally reproducing the words found in others.

jobs. It is suggested to paraphrase the sources instead of quoting them directly because paraphrasing
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When the writer wants to reproduce the exact wording of the source

Direct quotes are classified into two types: short quotes (fewer than 40 words) and block quotes.

(more than 40 words). Below are the options available to authors for

elaborate direct quotes of the two types.

8.7.1. Short direct quotes of less than 40 words

For quotes of less than 40 words, quotation marks should be added around the words and

incorporate the information within the paragraph that is being written; no need for any

additional format. In the end, the parenthesis should be opened with the following information: author,

date and page. Example:

Effective teams are hard to describe because high performance in one domain does not

translate into high performance in another (Barcelona et al., 2018, 2014)

These short quotes allow for a narrative citation. In that case, the author is 'taken out of parentheses' and is

put as part of the writing at the beginning of the idea or the information that is paraphrased.

Immediately after the author's surname, the parenthesis with the date opens. At the end of the

information in quotes, another parenthesis opens that contains only the page number.

Example:

According to Barcelona et al. (218), effective teams are difficult to describe because 'the high

performance in one domain does not translate into high performance in another” (p. 215).

8.7.2. Block quotations of more than 40 words

Block quotations of more than 40 words must comply with the following

features:

Do not use quotation marks to enclose the quote.

Start the quotation on a new line and indent the entire block by 0.5 inches.

1.27 cm.

Maintain double spacing throughout the block.

Do not add extra spaces or lines before or after.

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8.8. Quotations within quotations or secondary citations

The secondary citation occurs when one wants to replicate information that is cited in the work that...

is consulting, without the need to refer to the original document. When this happens, the citation

The secondary source is preserved exactly as it appears, and only the work that

It is read that it is preceded by the preposition below, an example of a quote is shown.

from the quote:

8.9. How to cite when there are multiple authors or institutional authors?

When making citations and references, there are often doubts about how to format them.

authors of the sources that are being cited. Below, it specifies how to cite in case of

case.

8.9.1. Citations with a single author

For citations with a single author, only the author's last name is included, followed by the date and

(Fernández, 2013, p. 90)

8.9.2. Citations with two authors

For citations with two authors, the surnames of both authors should be included. In the middle,

put the conjunction "and". Example: (García and Díaz, 2019, p.67)

8.9.3. Citations with three or more authors

For citations with more than three authors, the expression et al. should always be placed after

surname of the first author. Thus, if the authors are Ramírez, Flores, Luna, Jaramillo, and Garavito, the

(Ramírez et al., 2005, p.50).

8.9.4. Avoid ambiguity in citations with three or more authors

Et al. should not be used if this creates ambiguity in the citation. For example, if you want to cite the work

by Pérez, García, Sánchez, and Rodríguez (2020) and the work of Pérez, Martínez, Ferrería, and Rodríguez

(2020), the previous rule would create ambiguity because the two citations would be: Pérez et al. (2020) and

Pérez et al. (2020). The reader would not be able to know which work is being referenced. To avoid this

the problem is to write the necessary number of last names to achieve it

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8.9.5. Citations from multiple sources or documents

This only applies to paraphrased quotes. If the idea being written is supported by

different documents or sources, the rules that have just been mentioned must be followed.

Additionally, the sources must be separated by a semicolon.

8.9.6. Citations with corporate or institutional author

When there are no people as authors of a document (this happens especially on pages

on the web), the full name of the institution or corporation to which the document

belongs. If the institution has an acronym that represents it, this should be placed in brackets.

squares. Examples:

Below is a table with examples of author variations that can be

to present within a quote:

CASE EXAMPLE

A single author (Fernández, 2013, p. 90)

Two Authors (García and Díaz,

2019, p. 67

Three or more authors (Hermosillo and Ferreira, 2015; Velling, 201; Suarez et al.

et al., 2019

Corporate author or First time:

institutional Colombian Institute of Family Well-Being

[ICBF[ 20115,P.12)

8.10. How to cite when there is a complete date or when there is no date?

When making citations and references, many times there are doubts about how to put them.

publication date of the documents, since this can appear in different forms. A

Next, it specifies how to set the date on a case-by-case basis.

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8.10.1. Only year

In many documents, only the year of publication appears. In that case, the citation should...

put that year and nothing more, like this: (López and Suárez, 2015, p.32).

8.10.2. Year, month and day (full date)

In some documents such as newspapers, YouTube videos, and blogs, there appears a

exact date of publication, that is, it contains year, month, and day. In this case, the citation must

put the complete date using the preposition 'de' to connect the elements, like this: (The

Time, May 14, 2019, p.8

8.10.3. Year and month

Some periodicals, such as magazines, are published every few months.

For that reason, the year and month appear on the date. In this case, the citation must be

Put both the month and the year using the preposition 'de' to join the elements, as follows:

(Ramírez and Calle, August 2019, p. 32)

8.10.4. Undated

If the document does not have a publication date, 'n.d.' (no date) should be placed within the

(Londoño, n.d. p. 40).

A table with examples of date variations that may occur within an appointment:

The following is shown:

CASE EXAMPLE

Full date (Fernandez, June 25, 2013, p.90)

Date with month or season (Fernández, August 2019) / (Fernández,

Spring of 2012

Without date (García and Díaz, n.d., p.67)

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8.11. How to cite when the quote spans multiple pages or the document is not paginated?

When making citations and references, there are often doubts about how to put them.

pages from which the information was taken. The following specifies how to put the

case-by-case pagination.

8.11.1. When the document has page numbers

If the document has page numbers, only the page or pages from which it is

he extracted the information for the citation, following these rules:

For a single page, the abbreviation 'p.' is used, as follows: Albornoz, 2014, p.35

For multiple pages, the abbreviation 'pp.' is used and the range of pages is separated with a

script, as follows: Albornoz, 2014, pp. 35-36 or Albornoz, 2014, pp. 35-40.

If the pages are discontinuous, a comma should be placed between the page numbers, as follows:

Albornoz, 2014, pp. 32, 34, 38.

8.11.2. When the document does not have page numbers

If the document does not have page numbers, another way must be provided to the reader to

find the quote. The most common way, and which effectively works for web pages,

It is to indicate the paragraph number, as follows: Pinto, 2012, paragraph 7. Below, it is shown

other cases:

For very long textual works, where it is not easy to locate the paragraph number,

the name of the subtitle or section from which the quote was taken can be written like this:

(Becerra and Vallejo, 2013, section on Human Rights.)

 26

For eBooks, do not use the section number that the e-reader configures.

according to the reader's preferences, but the original pagination of the work, which

It is also always indicated on the e-reader.

For audiovisual material, provide a timestamp in hours, minutes, and seconds.

instead of providing a page number, like this: Cuddy, 2012, 3:18.

Below is a table with examples of pagination variations that can be

to present within a quote:

CASE EXAMPLE

They were summoned.

varis (Fernández, 2013, pp. 90-95)

pages

The

document (García and Díaz, July 15, 2012,

it is put on the paragraph 4)

number of

paragraph

9. List of references

The list of references at the end of the document provides the necessary information to

identify and retrieve each work cited within the text. A list of references includes works

that specifically support the ideas, concepts, and assertions of a work. For the above reason,

remember to include in the reference list only the works you cited (through citations

direct or indirect) within the text. The guidelines for the

creation of reference list entries.

9.1. General format

The following guidelines should be considered to properly format the list of

references:
 27

The entries in the list must be sorted alphabetically by author.

The reference list should be double-spaced, just like the rest of the work.

At the beginning of each entry, it is necessary to put a hanging or French indentation.

of 1.27 cm (0.5 inches). This means that the first line of each of the entries

it will stand out to the left. To set this indent, you can use the function of

format of the paragraph of the word processor being used.

Below is how a reference list in APA style should look after

follow the general formatting guidelines:

9.2. Types of work

Before starting to prepare any entry for the reference list, the writer must think

What type of work are you consulting and citing? Thus, you should be clear whether the work is a book, a

["newspaper article","magazine article","report","web page","document on page"]

web, an audiovisual resource, etc. The type of work often determines how it should be

present the information of the entry in the list of references. The above is vital

importance since, although all the documents are available on the internet, that does not mean

that everyone must be included in the references list in the web page format.

After determining the type of work that will be included in the reference list, the writer must

take into account the four elements that must be included in a reference, which will be explained

continuation.

9.3. The four elements of a reference

A reference generally has four elements: author, date, title, and source. Each

one of these elements answers a question:

• Autor:¿quién escribió esta obra o es el responsable de esta obra?

• Fecha:¿cuándo se publicó esta obra?

 28

Taking into account these four elements and answering these four questions will always help to

create a reference for any type of work or document, even if it cannot be found

ejemplo específico que coincida con esa obra o documento. A continuación, se muestra cómo se

You should see a reference in APA format:

As shown in the example, the four elements of the references are separated by

midway through. Now, some specific details about each of the four will be presented.

elements.

9.4. The author

The author refers, in general terms, to the person(s) or group responsible for a work.

Thus, the author can be a person, several people, a group, institution, organization.

governmental, company, etc. or a combination of people and groups. Next, there

presentan algunas pautas básicas para dar un formato correcto al autor según las normas APA:

Below is a table with examples of author variations that can be

present within a reference:

CASE
EXAMPLE

An author: puts on the

last name and the initial of Fernández, M.J.

name or names.

Various Authors: separate

, with commas before the end, García, M., Luna, L.A. and Jiménez, F
 29

format of last name e

initial the name

Institutional

Corporativa: Nombre

complete from the institution Colombian Institute of Family Well-Being.

without acronyms and abbreviations

Redes Sociales: Nombre

by the author formatted

normal and name of Revlon Colombia [@revloncol]

user in brackets

with @

9.5. The date

The date element refers to the publication date of the consulted document and works the same.

for references and for citations. Below is specified how to put the date case by case.

case.

In many documents, only the year of publication appears. In that case, in the

The reference should list that year and nothing else, like this: López, M. and Suárez, L. (2015).
 30

Some periodicals, such as magazines, are published at certain intervals.

months. For that reason, the year and month appear on their date. In this case, in the reference appears

you must include both the month and the year using the preposition 'de' to connect them

elements, thus: Ramírez, T. and Calle, L. (August 2019).

Some periodicals, such as magazines, publish an issue in each season.

of the year. For that reason, the date includes the year and a season. In this case, in the citation

both the station and the year should be included using the preposition 'of' to connect them

the elements, as follows: Ramírez, T. and Calle, L. (autumn 2019).

If the document does not have a publication date, 'n.d.' (no date) should be include

from the parenthesis, as follows: Londoño, F. (n.d.).

Below is a table with examples of date variations that can be

present within a reference:

CASE EXAMPLE

Alone Fernández, M, J (2020).

Full Date Fernández, M.J (July 2015).

Date with only month or Fernández, M.J (July 2015)

station Fernández, M.J. (autumn 2015).

No Date Fernández, M.J (n.d)

10. The title

The title refers to the name of the work being cited. Titles are divided into two main categories.

categories:
 31

Work that is part of a larger set: book chapter, journal article, episode of

series or, newspaper article, social media post: In this case, the chapter title,

article or episode is italicized. Immediately after, separated by a point and in

Italics should be used for the name of the book, magazine, series, or newspaper from which the work was taken.

cited.

10.1. The source

In a reference, the source indicates where readers can find the cited work. This

element varies significantly according to the type of work being consulted. A

continuation, the possible variations are shown.

10.2. Periodicals

For periodical publications, magazine and newspaper articles, bulletins or logs it is

necessary to provide: italics for the title of the publication, volume number and edition, and

page range covered by the cited work.

In newspaper publications, volume, edition, or numbers are not usually found.

from the page. In that case, the information is omitted as it does not exist.

After the page range, in case the document has been extracted from

Internet, it is necessary to put the URL.

10.3. Publications with publisher

For publications with editorial complete books, book chapters and reports only should be

put the name of the publisher. For this, the name of the publisher is used as it is

find in the consulted work, thus:

Fernández, M. J. (2018). La maestría en finanzas. Penguin Books.

After the name of the publisher, in case the document has been extracted

from the internet, it is necessary to enter the URL.

10.4. Social media posts

For social media posts, the source element should include the name of the network.

social. Then you must put the URL of the post like this:
 32

Theoretical framework

"Theoretical framework" is the result of the first two steps of a research (the idea and

statement of the problem), since once it is clear what will be investigated. It consists of

analyze and present the theories that exist about the problem to be researched, also includes the

works and research that exist and all the background on what is going to be developed

as research.

A theoretical framework must be a coherent, orderly, and concise exposition of the theory that supports.

The work. Attention must be paid to the data and bibliographic references.

In simpler terms, it is a section of the research work in which the

authors must demonstrate which authors and books they base their research path on

what they chose. Explicit the theoretical and conceptual support they consulted in order to formulate the

investigation as they did. This implies:

Background. They are previous investigations on the same topic.

Theory. They are the consulted works of the great scholars of the subject.

The meticulousness, transparency, and diligence will allow the reader of this section to acquire

a unified body of criteria to understand and analyze the proposed topic. Thus, you will be able to appreciate
 33

Report on the innovative features of the research and its contributions to the field.

existing bibliography and the works that precede it.

Locate within a framework of conceptual and theoretical references the problem that will be addressed.

the monograph.

Provide the reader with useful definitions and concepts to delve into the body of the work of

research without issues. For this, a glossary can even be used.

Justify the methodological, conceptual, and instrumental choice in relation to the way others have

investigated the same subject.

11.2. Structure of a theoretical framework

Normally, a theoretical framework consists of two sections, which may vary depending on the case.

always write oneself as one single entity:

Background of the research. First of all, researchers must consult various

sources and databases regarding which previous investigations addressed the topic in

issue, to know what the state of the matter is at the moment. And this is, precisely, what is

should explain in this section, making explicit and concrete references to the most prominent

background that exists, and explaining how their research will differ from what has been presented by

they.

Theoretical concepts. In this case, it is a sort of terminological and conceptual glossary.

necessary to understand the development of the research, in which it will be explained which authors and

books served to precisely frame the research conceptually, providing support to

its viewpoints, procedures, or underlying reasoning. Citations, references, and will be used

explanations as necessary in each case.

This structure can be proposed freely in the way that is most convenient for you.
 34

Broadly speaking, the steps to develop a theoretical framework are:

Bibliographic review. The first step, if we haven't already done it when drafting the framework

Theoretical, is to conduct an extensive literature review. This involves using different databases and

search services, especially in university libraries, academic institutes or in

specific area of our research.

First, find the works that address the topic of our research, in order to determine

What they did, in what way, and what results they obtained. We will note down the data for each case.

bibliográficos, revisaremos la bibliografía consultada (sus antecedentes, también) y tomaremos

note on how it resembles and how it differs from our research each one. Not always

it will be necessary to read the entire document, it will be enough to go to a summary and take a look at the

introduction, conclusions, and bibliography, at a minimum.

Second, once we know which authors our predecessors used in their frameworks

theoretical and which authors are essential for what we want to do, we must

to consult them and document ourselves regarding who the voices of authority are in the specific field

of our concern. That is, what theoretical texts should we read for our research, and

take note of them.

Remember that in both cases it will be crucial to take quotes, with their respective references.

bibliographical, to support us during the writing of the theoretical framework.

Theoretical research. Once we know which theorists we will use for our work, we must

read them, study them, and determine in each case what they are useful for:

What key concepts do these theorists develop?

What categories of your own studies serve ours and why?

How do we expect your work to influence ours?

As soon as we know this information, we will be able to start drafting.

 35

The background. Where we will basically recount what we discovered during the first stage of

Archeology, what important precedents were there and why, and to what extent is our work?

it is a contribution regarding what is already obtained in the libraries.

The theory. That is, which key authors we will use for our research approach and why.

attempting to answer the questions we asked ourselves during its reading.

Theoretical framework. Author: Editorial team, Etecé. From: Argentina. For: [Link]. Available

en: [Link] Last edition: July 16, 2021. Consulted: 20 of

August 2021

12. CONCLUSIONES

In conclusion, the APA Format Manual is a support tool that will help us to

write better and in a simple way our documents. By using the manual, we make that

our readers become familiar with what they read and that they themselves can recover

information based on what they read.

It is very important to use it constantly so that, based on study and repetition, it is mastered.

basic of said manual.

It facilitates the understanding of the APA Manual for students, teachers, researchers.

administrative staff and all those who want to enter the world of writing.

In order to unify the way written work is presented internationally,

designed specifically for thesis projects or any type of documents

research.
 36

On the part of the students, it is the ease and irresponsibility in handling information.

13. RECOMMENDATIONS

Students are recommended to become aware of the importance of APA Standards.

Continue studying by analyzing all types of research on APAS Standards.

It is recommended to research this very important topic that helps us improve.

our writing quality.

It is recommended because with all these regulations, no one can plagiarize our documents.

Students should put this regulation into practice because it helps us as future...

professionals to be efficient in our reports or narratives that we want to carry out.

14. Bibliography

Moreno, D. and Carrillo, J. (2020). APA 7th edition guidelines: Citation and referencing guide.

[Link]. [Link]

[Link] [Link]. (n.d.). Summary Guide of the Publication Manual with Standards

APA: Seventh edition. [Link] Sánchez, C. (April 2, 2019). APA Standards

updated (7th edition). [Link]

"Marco teórico". Autor: Equipo editorial, Etecé. De: Argentina. Para: [Link]. Available in:

[Link] Last edition: July 16, 2021. Consulted: August 20.

2021
 37

Finally
The use of APA standards in an academic work is not something complicated to apply; it should only be
take into account the styles that certain elements of the document should have, such as the text,
titles, bibliographic references, citations; and the characteristics that these styles must have, such as
the size of the font, spacing, type of letter, use of indents among others.

Using a custom configuration in Word styles is perhaps one of the best practices that
It should be applied before starting to write a document, as the use of this can save us.
a large amount of work before starting to write.

Read more at: htps://[Link]/apa-standards/