Sultan Moulay Slimane University

National School of Commerce and Management

Beni Mellal

Module: Quantitative Instruments (1)

Basic Computing

Pr. Houda MOUDNI

2021/2022
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Procedure

Hourly Volume:
▪ 8 PM
▪ TD: 4 PM

Evaluation :
▪ Continuous assessments + Quiz + Assignments to submit + Attendance = 40%

▪ Examen final:60%

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Course outline

Chapter 1 - Introduction to Computer Science

Chap. 2 - Notions of information coding;

Chap. 3–Introduction to Networks and the Internet;

Chapter 4 – Algorithms and Programming.

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Chapter 1: Introduction to Computer Science

1. Introduction;

2. Evolution of the computer

3. Computer Architecture

4. Operating System

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What is computer science?

Computer Science = Information + Automation

automatic processing of information by machines

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Definitions
Information: Element of knowledge, can be stored, processed and
communiqué.
Different forms: text, sound, image, video ...
Processing: Transfer of information called data to others
information said results.
Examples: addition, multiplication, translation...
Computer: A machine that allows processing information: to acquire and
to store information (acquisition, storage) to carry out
treatments (calculation), to restore the stored information (result)
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Definition of computer science (1)
Computing can be defined as the set of sciences and techniques in
relationship with information processing.

Information technology generally refers to the design and practice of

common usage programs: word processors, spreadsheets, browsing on
Internet...

We can observe that any program can be described by two aspects.

fundamentals :
✓ the data he manipulates
✓ the treatments that it allows to perform on this data. 7
Different types of computer programs

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∗ Software: a set of programs that allows a computer to perform a task.
particular
Different disciplines of computer science
✓ Storage, indexing, and data analysis

✓ Web/mobile application development

✓ Information processing (text, image/video, sound)

✓ Networks and machine-to-machine communication

✓ Security and protection of computer data

✓ Computing is often applied to everyday problems: medicine (Imaging

medical), road traffic, video surveillance, ....

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The evolution of the computer

The evolution of computers is generally divided into four periods.

major, marked by significant technological advancements and the

improvements made to facilitate their use.

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First generation (1936 - 1956)
Computers were built with vacuum tubes.

They were characterized by:

‒ A large size: a computer occupies large rooms

‒ A significant electrical consumption
‒ A very high operating cost

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First generation (1936 - 1956)
Atanasoff-Berry Computer (ABC) in 1937

Officially, the first electronic digital computer. The first to implement three
fundamental concepts:
✓ Use of binary for all data representation
✓ Calculations performed by electronics rather than mechanical elements,
✓ A separation between memory and the computing unit. 12
First generation (1936 - 1956)
The Colossus Mark I in 1943

It was used by the British for cryptanalysis during World War II. It has been
built in 10 copies. It was made up of 2400 vacuum tubes and performed 5000 operations.
per second.
The Colossus Mark II in 1944 (faster) 13
First generation (1936 - 1956)
Harvard Mark I by Howard Aiken (American) in 1944

It is an electromechanical machine that performs the multiplication of 23-digit numbers.

in 6 seconds and the addition in 3 tenths of a second. 14
First generation (1936 - 1956)
ENIAC by John Eckert and John Mauchly (Americans) in 1945

It's Electronic Numerical Integrator And Calculator.

18,000 tubes, 30 tons, surface 500 m2, 5,000 additions per second
Based on the decimal system with manual connection and disconnection of cables
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First generation (1936 - 1956)
EDVAC by Von Neumann (with Eckert and Mauchly) in 1946

It's Electronic Discrete Variable Automatic Computer

6000 empty tubes and 12000 diodes, consumes 56 kW, area of 45.5 m2 and weighs 7
850 kg. Commissioned in 1951
Binary system unlike ENIAC, uses memory that serves both for
storage of the program and data. 16
First generation (1936 - 1956)
EDSAC by Maurice Wilkes (British) in 1949

It is the Electronic Delay Storage Automatic Calculator, inspired by the ENIAC.

15,000 mathematical operations including 4,000 multiplications in 1 minute.
Automatic calculator with electronic memory delay. First computer to retain
in memory of its work programs. 17
First generation (1936 - 1956)
UNIVAC by Eckert and Mauchly (Americans) in 1951

it is a UNIVersal Automatic Computer

5,200 vacuum tubes, 13 tons, area 36 m2 for 1,905 operations per second.
First computer marketed in America (for government agencies).
data is stored on a magnetic tape. 18
Second generation (1957 - 1963)
This generation started with the first computers built
with transistors
As transistors are much smaller, they consume less
energy and generate less heat than vacuum tubes, the new
computers were faster, smaller, and more reliable than the
first generation machines

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Second generation (1957 - 1963)

Appearance of software: appearance of operating systems and

evolved languages like FORTRAN (FORmula TRANslator 1957)
and COBOL (COmmon Business Oriented Language 1959)
Emergence of the industry: IBM, DELL, HP,....

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Third generation (1964 - 1971)
Invention of the integrated circuit allowing the placement of dozens of
transistors on a silicon chip.
These computers were more reliable and compact than computers.
made with transistors, and they are cheaper to manufacture.
The machines are characterized by low energy consumption.
and a reduced bulk.

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Third generation (1964 - 1971)
In 1964, IBM announced the 360 series, the first range of computers.
compatible with each other and the first range also to cover the entire
fields of commercial and scientific applications

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Fourth generation (1972 - . . .)
Miniaturization of circuits: the era of micro-computing.
First microprocessor INTEL 4004 (1971).
Reduction of the space occupied by a computer.
Development of the personal computer.
Significant increase in processing power

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Fourth generation (1972 - . . .)
The beginning of the personal computing era appears in 1980:
IBM Personal Computer
who uses an Intel 8088 processor running at 4.77 MHz and can do
run three different operating systems.

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Computer Architecture
A computer is made up of a central unit and peripherals.

All devices are connected to the central unit.

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The central unit

The central unit contains the main elements necessary for

operation of the computer which are: the motherboard, the processor, the
memory, the hard drive, the graphics card, the sound card...

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The motherboard
The motherboard is the central component of the computer on which are

assembled and connected all the hardware components. It allows for

all its components to function together efficiently

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The microprocessor
It is referred to as the brain of the computer, the processor allows for manipulation and
process the data provided to him.
The processor is composed of two essential elements:

✓ A control unit that gives orders and synchronizes operations.

✓ a processing unit that performs operations (arithmetic,

logics,...).

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Random Access Memory (RAM)

It temporarily stores the data to be processed by the processor.

It is volatile, it loses its content when the computer is turned off.

Contains the programs and data currently running

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The ROM (Read Only Memory)
It is read-only; it is impossible to write or save information.

on top.
It is permanent or dead, but retains its content even if the computer is turned off.

Contains programs written by the manufacturer allowing the startup of

The computer manages devices such as the screen and the keyboard (the startup)
(of the computer).

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The peripherals
A "peripheral" is any electronic equipment that can be connected to a

computer

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The peripherals

The computer communicates with its user through these peripherals.

These devices can be classified into three types:

1. Input devices
2. Output devices
3. Input/Output Devices

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Input devices
They are used to provide information to the computer like a keyboard.
(text typing), a mouse (pointing), a scanner (scanning of
paper documents, a microphone, a webcam, etc.

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Output devices
They are used to retrieve information from the computer such as a screen, a
printer, speakers, etc.

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Input/Output devices
They provide information, but also come out of
computer information: a hard drive, a CD reader/recorder
ROM or a USB key, for example, allow for storing both
data (output) than to read them (input).

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 Computer

Computer Hardware + Software

(Material Part) (Software Part)

The peripherals The central unit Basic Software Software

(System Application
exploitation

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Operating system
An Operating System (OS) is a
set of basic programs that serve as an interface between the
hardware and application software.

Computer: without the software,

machine without purpose.
It's the first program that can
contain a computer.
It allows you to manage the equipment and the
other software.
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The different types of operating systems
Operating systems can be divided according to their use into two
groups :
1. operating systems for computers:
These are operating systems designed to run on a
computer.

2. mobile operating systems:

these are operating systems designed to work on a
mobile device.
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 The most commonly used operating systems on PCs

Statistics in July 2021.

Windows is the system
the most widely used exploitation.

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Source : [Link]
Virtualization (1)

Computer programs are designed to work with a

particular operating system.
Question :
What should we do if we want to execute two or more
applications, each requiring a different operating system?

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Virtualization (2)
Two possible solutions:
1. Install each application on an operating system on two
different computers.
2. However, there is another way in which a single computer can
support multiple operating systems running
independently. This approach is called virtualization.

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Virtualization (3)
●Lorsqu'un seul ordinateur physique exécute un programme spécial appelé

virtualization software, it works as if there were two or

several independent computers, called virtual machines.
Each virtual machine appears to the user as a computer.

distinct independent with its own operating system.

The operating system of the physical machine is called system.

host operating system.

The operating system of each virtual machine is called the system

guest exploitation.
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Virtualization software
There are several programs that allow you to create and execute
virtual machines such as:
▪ Parallels Desktop
▪ VMware Workstation Player
▪ VirtualBox

▪ Hyper-V

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 The operating system
The operating system is composed of:
from a kernel: which ensures the
process management: It's the heart of
system.
other software components ensuring
the functions of the system: Like the
file management, memory management,
the management of input-output, interface
user ...
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Process management
•Processus :Un processus est un programme en exécution.
The operating system is responsible for loading, starting,
of the execution and termination of processes on the computer.
Each computer program we run is a process.
Processes can also start other processes for the
supporting them in their tasks.

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Management of inputs/outputs

•Interpretation of keystrokes and movements or

mouse clicks.

Visualization of information on the screen.

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The files

A file represents a unit of storage on a computer.

All information is in the form of files: applications,
documents, images, etc.
File names:
[Link]
•Example:
[Link]
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Files and directories

Files are grouped in directories (folders).

Directories can contain files or other directories.

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File management (2)

The file system provides the user with a homogeneous and structured view.
data and resources: disks, memories, peripherals.
The system manages the creation of files, their destruction, their
correspondence with physical devices. It organizes them into a
tree structure.
This folder structure allows the user to find
quickly this information

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The concept of the path

Root: folder located at the highest level.

Access path: list of directories allowing you to reach a

file from the root.

The absolute path: list of directories and subdirectories starting from the
root to the target.

The relative path: list of directories and subdirectories starting from the
current directory up to the target
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Example of hierarchy

Access path:
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Rep1 Rep3 File1 Windows
Provide a user interface
One of the functions of an operating system is to provide an interface.

interaction with the user.

It is a program that allows you to communicate with the computer.

The operating system allows receiving input instructions via

peripherals such as the keyboard, mouse, touchscreen, and microphone.

There are two basic types of user interfaces:

the graphical interface

2. The order is invited.
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