VENTILATION FLUWS

1. Elements and instruments used in ventilation measurements

The ventilation capacity consists of measuring ventilation in the different areas of the
previously established, in order to control, evaluate and calculate air requirements
en la ventilación principal y auxiliar.
Recommendations:
Carry them out when the mine is still and there are no operational activities.
The period for the surveys: in iron mines every 3 months, in coal every month.
The measurement is located at an intermediate site of a segment of the road between two nodes and
where there are no obstacles, junctions, equipment, or any other element that
interrupt the work.
The nomenclature of the gauging points must be numbered as follows:
The numbers: 1.0, 1.1, ..., 1.n for a first lower level.
The numbers: 2.0, 2.1,….2.n for a second lower level.
It is important that this numbering sequence allows for a logical order of the journey. It is
to say, the first station at the entrance of the mine and the last one at the exit.

1.1. Elements
General plan of the mine.
A notebook for recording field data and ventilation calculations.
First, the main fan must be located.
Before the outing, the day before, the notebook must be organized by noting each of the
stations and their respective area. If this is not taken, it must be done before the survey.

1.2. Necessary instrumentation

Anemometer with sensor to measure values between 0.2 and 20 m/s
Ratchet psychrometer
Electronic psychrometer (not Atex)
2 identical weather stations (altimeter and barometer) (not ATEX)
10-meter long tape measure or optical measuring device
Telescopic extender for anemometric probe
Multigas meter (methane, oxygen, H2S, and carbon monoxide)
1.3. Data sheet type

1.3.1.

Figure 1. Template format, taken from:[Link]

AFORO-MINA-EL-PIMINETO-CHILE.

1.3.2.

Figure 2. Ventilation Measurement Format. (2013). Taken frome: [Link]

1.4. MEASUREMENT IN THE FLOW MEASUREMENTS

1.4.1. Flow (q)

Air volume that circulates through a section in a set time. The units of flow
are given in units of volume over units of time (m3/min, m3/s). The amount
the air is calculated as:

Q=V*A

Where:

Q = Flow (m3/min.)

V = Velocidad del aire (m/min)

A = Área de la sección (m2)

1.4.2. Air speed (v)

It is the distance that the airflow from the mine travels in a given time. It can be measured.
with the smoke tubes, the anemometer, and the psychro-hygro-anemometer.

Smoke Tube:

Plastic or glass tube that contains a special chemical substance that upon contact
with the atmospheric air releases smoke.

Anemometer

It is a small device that has a sensitive fan that is powered by the force of the flow.
of air and allows to measure its speed. There are anemometers of:

Winged wheel with integrated clock

Helix without integrated clock

Digital anemometer.
 2. Devices for measuring dry and wet temperature.
2.1. Temperature
We can measure two types of air temperature in the mine:
Dry temperature
2. Humid Temperature
The dry temperature is measured with the dry bulb thermometer in degrees Celsius.
The wet bulb temperature is measured with a wet bulb thermometer in degrees.
Celsius

Figure 3. Dry and wet bulb thermometers. Taken frome: [Link]

wet bulb thermometer

2.1.2. Procedure
Critical points of the mine will be selected where constant monitoring will take place.
consider dry bulb, wet bulb, and effective temperature. The first two will be measured with
a thermo-hygro-anemometer and the effective temperature will be calculated. These temperatures are explained
next:
[Link]. Dry bulb temperature (Tbs)
It is the true temperature of the moist air and is often simply referred to as temperature.
of the air.
[Link]. Wet bulb temperature (Tbh)
It is the temperature that a thermometer gives with the bulb wrapped in damp cotton under a
air current. The air current is produced by a small fan or by placing the
thermometer in a windmill and making it spin. As the water evaporates, it absorbs heat, lowering the
temperature, effect that the thermometer will reflect. The lower the relative humidity of
environment, the water that soaks the cloth evaporates more quickly. It is used to calculate the
relative humidity, this is done using a psychrometric chart.
[Link]. Effective temperature (Te)
It is a criterion that allows measuring the level of well-being to which a person is subjected to.
moment to perform their work in a certain environment. In turn, the permanence of a
person in underground work is limited by this indicator
Effective temperature (te) in a work front is defined as the value obtained by applying the
next formula:

Figure 4. Sikirometer. Taken from:

[Link]
mines/module%201/module%201%20-%[Link]
Once the section where the measurement will be taken is located:

Note date and time

Identify and approximately locate the door or lock on the general plan and signal it.
with paint the measuring point.
Measure approximately the dimensions of the section.
Record the drop in pressure
Measure the speed of the air current
Calculate the flow rate.

2.2. Gas measurement

In the mines, it is common to find the presence of gases, which are produced by different
sources, such as explosives, intrinsic properties of the material in the area, decomposition
of the wood, among others. The measurement of is carried out:

Methane
Oxygen
Hydrogen sulfide
Carbon monoxide
Carbon dioxide
Nitrous

3. HOW TO CALCULATE RELATIVE HUMIDITY PERCENTAGE

3.1. Example of calculating Relative Humidity
It is the relationship of the water vapor content (g/m3) with the maximum possible that it can contain
at a given temperature. For example, if we have a measurement of 10.4 grams per cubic meter of
water vapor, at a temperature of 15 ºC and at normal pressure (760 mm of Hg) the content
the maximum water vapor (at the saturation point) at that temperature is 12.8 g/m3, then
the relative humidity ", sería:

= 10,4/12,8* 100 = 81 %

Relative humidity is also defined as the quotient between the partial pressure of the vapor of
water and saturation pressure, at the same temperature:

= (pv/ ps) * 100 ; %

3.2. To measure the relative humidity of the air, the following instruments are used:

The Psychrometer. It consists of two identical thermometers, one of which has a bulb wrapped in
a damp cloth. The two thermometers are mounted on a holder that has a handle
at a right angle that allows the instrument to rotate. The dry thermometer indicates the temperature
real; while the other thermometer, which has the bulb wrapped with a cloth soaked with
water records the temperature resulting from the evaporation of water. The instrument is rotated
for one to two minutes; the rotation speed accelerates evaporation and cools the bulb. A
the lower the amount of water vapor in the air, the faster the evaporation of water.
wet thermometer and therefore, lower the temperature of this thermometer. When the air
it is completely saturated with water vapor, the reading of the two will be the same.

To determine the relative humidity with the psychrometer, the temperature of the thermometer is given.
dry and with the difference of the two readings (dry temperature and wet temperature, it is entered
tables that give us the percentage of relative humidity.

Currently, there are instruments that generate the evaporation of moisture through a
small fan, this prevents having to spin the psychrometer and thus prevents that with
any blow against the walls, especially inside a mine, breaks the
thermometers.

The Hygrometer. It measures the relative humidity of the air based on the change in length of a hair that does not
it has fat, which is in accordance with the water vapor content in the air, the elongation or
hair shortening is transmitted via a lever system to the indicator of a
graduated scale in percentage of relative humidity.

3.3. Calculation of relative humidity ( ϕ) in mining:

To perform this calculation, the saturation pressures of water vapor must be known for
dry temperature and wet temperature, Example:

Saturation vapor pressure of water at dry temperature (Ps)

Temperatura seca (Ts) = 14,4ºC =Fahrenheit1,8*14,4 + 32 =57,92 FSegúnTabla A.2
Psychrometric Data for Air-Water-Vapor MixturesRef: Goff and Gratch (1946, p. 95)
Howard L. Hartman, Mine Ventilation and Air Conditioning.
Ps = 0.4856 inHg (inches of mercury)

Saturation vapor pressure of water at wet temperature (P’s)

For surface, mine entrance:
Temperatura húmeda (Tw) = 13,4ºC =Fahrenheit1,8*13,4 + 32 =56,12 FSegúnTabla A.2
Psychrometric Data for Air-Water-Vapor Mixtures Ref: Goff and Gratch (1946, p. 95)
Howard L. Hartman, Mine Ventilation and Air Conditioning.
P's = 0.4518 inHg (inches of mercury)

Relative humidity will be:

ϕ = P's / Ps = 0.9304 * 100% = 93.04%

4. NAME OF THE DEVICE FOR MEASURING FLOWS AT THE UBATE STATION

The equipment model used at the mining rescue station located in UBATE is the
Termohygroanemometer TMA-40A, this one is fully digital, and is capable of providing the values of

wet temperature and dry temperature, with which the percentage can be calculated
relative humidity or effective temperature at the measuring points.
 The operating options of the equipment are:

Characteristics
Air speed meter (Anemometer) from 0.4 to 32 m/s - Amprobe TMA40-A
Three types of measurements on the same equipment

Air speed (FPM) or air volume (CFM), RH and temperature

Digital screen with light
Flexible measuring tape for access to difficult areas
RS232 output for data transmission
Measurement of up to 99 different points
Data input of measurements, 2400 points
Measurements shown in metric or imperial system
5. Area of geometric figures
Area of the trapezoid Area of the circle

Area of the square

Area of the rectangle

Area of the triangle

A=
(b*h)/2
 VENTILATION FLOW RATE RESEARCH

LUQUE PEREZ SIXTO ANGEL

COD. 1180958

PRESENTED TO:
ENG. FABIO SOLER

FRANCISCO DE PAULA SANTANDER UNIVERSITY

SCHOOL OF ENGINEERING
MINING ENGINEERING STUDY PLAN
SAN JOSE DE CUCUTA
2017
 Bibliography

[Link]
Pimento Pepper
[Link]
[Link]
[Link]
[Link]
subterranean(ErickVargasSernageomin).pdf