LITHIUM ION BATTERIES

PRESENTATIOIN
BY
ADITYA KUMAR 220201081002
[Link] ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING
 What exactly is Lithium-Ion Battery?

Batteries definition:
➢ Two or more electrochemical cells, electrically interconnected, each of which
contains two electrodes and an electrolyte. The redox (oxidation-reduction)
reactions that occur at these electrodes convert electrochemical energy into electrical
energy.
➢ In everyday usage, 'battery' is also used to refer to a single cell. The solid-state
batteries are the batteries in which the electrolyte is in solid state, which is
responsible for the conduction of ions from one electrode to other electrode.
➢ In 1800, Alessandro Volta invented the first modern battery.
 Overview
➢ What exactly is Lithium-Ion Battery?
➢ Types of Batteries
➢ Lithium Battery
➢ Types of Lithium based Batteries
➢ Lithium-Ion Battery
➢ Principle of Working
➢ Construction of Li-ion Battery
➢ Working of Li-ion Batteries
➢ Advantages & Disadvantages
➢ Applications of Li-ion Batteries
➢ Future:
 Types of Batteries

Basically, batteries can be classified as two types, primary batteries and secondary batteries.

Primary batteries
In primary batteries, the electrochemical reaction is not reversible.
During discharging the chemical compounds are permanently changed and electrical energy is released
until the original compounds are completely exhausted. Thus the cells can be used only once.
Secondary
In secondary batteries, the electrochemical reaction is reversible and the original chemical compounds can
be reconstituted by the application of an electrical potential between the electrodes injecting energy into
the cell.
Such cells can be discharged and recharged many times.
 Lithium Battery

➢ Lithium is the lightest of metals and it can float on water.

➢ The electrochemical properties of lithium are excellent and it is also a highly reactive
material.
➢ These properties gives Lithium the potential to achieve very high energy and power
densities in high-density battery applications such as automotive and standby power.
➢ Lithium batteries are primary batteries in which lithium metal (or) lithium
compound acts as a Anode. A lithium cell can produce voltage from 1.5 V to about
3 V based on the types of materials used.
Types of Lithium based Batteries

There are two types of lithium-based batteries available.

1. . Lithium batteries
2. Lithium-ion batteries

➢ In lithium batteries, a pure lithium metallic element is used as anode. These types of
batteries are not rechargeable.
➢ In lithium-ion batteries, lithium compounds are used as anode.
➢ These batteries are known as re-chargeable batteries. Therefore, Lithium ion batteries are
considered as best than pure Lithium based batteries.
 Lithium-Ion Battery

Li-ion batteries are secondary batteries.

➢ The battery consists of a anode of Lithium, dissolved as ions, into a carbon.
➢ The cathode material is made up from Lithium liberating compounds, typically the
three electro-active oxide materials,
▪ Lithium Cobalt-oxide (LiCoO2)
▪ Lithium Manganese-oxide (LiMn2 O₂)
▪ Lithium Nickel-oxide (LINIO₂)
Lithium-ion batteries are common in home electronics. They are one of the most
popular types of rechargeable batteries for portable electronics, with a high energy
density, tiny memory effect and low self-discharge.
 Principle of Working

➢ During the charge and discharge processes, lithium ions are inserted or extracted
from interstitial space between atomic layers within the active material of the
battery.

➢ Simply, the Li-ion is transfers between anode and cathode through lithium
Electrolyte.

➢ Since neither the anode nor the cathode materials essentially change, the operation
is safer than that of a Lithium metal battery.
Principle of Working
 Construction of Li-ion Battery

➢ Li-ion cell has a four-layer structure.

➢ A positive electrode made with Lithium Cobalt Oxide has a current collector made of thin aluminum
foil cathode
➢ A negative electrode made with specialty carbon has a current collector of thin copper foil anode
➢ A separator is a fine porous polymer film.
➢ An electrolyte made with lithium salt in an organic solvent.
➢ The electrolytes are selected in such a way that there should be an effective. transport of Li-ion to the
cathode during discharge.
➢ The type of conductivity of electrolyte is ionic in nature rather than electronic
 Working of Li-ion Batteries

The traditional batteries are based on galvanic action but Lithium ion secondary
battery depends on an "intercalation" mechanism.
This involves the insertion of lithium ions into the crystalline lattice of the host
electrode without changing its crystal structure.
These electrodes have two key properties. One is the open crystal structure, which
allow the insertion or extraction of lithium ions and the second is the ability to accept
compensating electrons at the same time. Such electrodes are called intercalation hosts.
The chemical reaction that takes place inside the battery is as follows, during charge
and discharge operation:
Advantages of Li-ion Batteries

➢ They are less weight

➢ They produce high voltage out about 4 V as compared with other batteries.
➢ They have improved safety. i.e. more resistance to overcharge
➢ They have high energy density than other rechargeable batteries
➢ No liquid electrolyte means they are immune from leaking.
➢ Fast charge and discharge rate
Disadvantages
➢ They are expensive
➢ They are not available in standard cell types.
Applications of Li-ion Batteries

➢ The Li-ion batteries are used in cameras, calculators, smart phones and most of the
consumer electronics device.
➢ They are used in cardiac pacemakers and other implantable device
➢ Electric vehicles: Because of their light weight Li-ion batteries are used for
propelling a wide range of electric vehicles such as aircraft, electric cars, Pedelecs,
hybrid vehicles. advanced electric wheelchairs, radio-controlled models, model
aircraft and the Mars Curiosity rover.
➢ Power tools: Li-ion batteries are used in tools such as cordless drills, sanders, saws
and a variety of garden equipment including whipper-snippers and hedge trimmers.
Future: Tesla Motors

Tesla Motors, Inc, is an American automotive and energy storage company that
designs. manufactures, and sells electric cars, electric vehicle powertrain
components, and battery products.
Tesla Motors is named after electrical engineer and physicist Nikola Tesla. The Tesla Roadster uses an AC
motor descended directly from Tesla's original 1882 design. The Tesla Roadster, the company's first
vehicle, was the first production automobile to use lithium-ion battery cells and the first production EV
with a range greater than 200 miles (320 km) per charge. Between 2008 and March 2012, Tesla sold more
than 2,250 Roadsters in 31 countries. Tesla stopped taking orders for the Roadster in the U.S. market in
August 2011. In December 2012. Tesla employed almost 3,000 full-time employees. By December 31,
2015, this number had grown to 13,058 employees. Tesla unveiled the Tesla Model S all-electric sedan on
March 26, 2009, and began deliveries in June 2012. First deliveries of the Model X began in September
2015. Global sales of the Model S passed the 100,000 unit milestone in December 2015, three years and a
half after its introduction. The Tesla Model 3, the company's first model aimed for the mass market, was
unveiled in March 2016. One week after the unveiling event, global reservations totaled over 325.000 units,
representing potential sales of over US $14 billion.