VIETNAM AVIATION ACADEMY
AIR OPERATIONS
Objectives:
Describe how international regulations affect
aviation operations.
Identify several types of operations in general
aviation activities.
Explain the characteristics of airline operations
and the role of aviation professionals in this field.
CONTENTS
1 INTERNATIONAL REGULATIONS
2 GENERAL AVIATION OPERATIONS
3 AIRLINE OPERATIONS
1
PART 1:
INTERNATIONAL REGULATIONS
Objective:
Describe international regulations that affect
aviation operations
Aviation operation
Primary objective
Transporting people and goods by air
These activities contribute approximately USD 2.7 trillion to the global economy
and provide over 10 million jobs worldwide
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3 TYPES OF AIR TRANSPORTATION
• General aviation
• Flight instruction, corporate flying, aerial work, small commuter operations, most helicopter
operations, and pleasure flying
• A smaller branch of general aviation is aerial work: flights for private commercial purposes
(such as survey flights, photography, agriculture, rescue missions)
• Commercial aviation • Military Aviation
• Commercial transportation of passengers, • Serving military purposes: combat
goods, and luggage: organized to provide flying, reconnaissance flying,
paid services and operate for profit. transporting troops and supplies,
• Most flights are scheduled: flight dates and humanitarian rescue flying, and
times are predetermined and repeated. other logistical support services.
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STANDARDS IN CHICAGO CONVENTION
• Annex 1: Personel licensing
• Specific requirements for training and issuing
certificates for pilots, maintenance engineers, air
traffic controllers, and flight dispatchers.
• Annex 6: Aircraft Operation
• Overview of safe operational practices for aircraft
operation in international air transportation
• One of the key standards specified in Annex 6 is Air
Operator Certificate (AOC)
• Annex 18: Transport of Dangerous Goods by Air
• Description of the operational practices for handling
hazardous materials on aircraft.
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International regulations
Annex 1
Pilots, air traffic controllers, maintenance engineers, and flight dispatchers must possess
professional certification.
Flight attendants do not require professional certification.
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AVIATION PROFESSIONALS LICENSING
• Purpose
• To ensure that flight crews and ground operations teams
have the necessary competencies to perform their
specialized tasks
• Standards
• The certification
• Differences
authorities in ICAO
• Since some countries only stipulate minimum
member countries are
requirements, holding a certificate from one country does
responsible for these
not guarantee acceptance in all countries.
certifications; however,
minimum standards
• Proficiency in English
must be ensured as per
• English is the designated language for international
the SARPs in Annex 1.
aviation communication.
• Pilots operating international flights and air traffic
controllers managing international flights must ensure
proficiency in English.
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MEDICAL ASSESSMENTS
• Assessment
• Physical health
• Mental health
• Awareness of vision and color
• Hearing
Pilots MUST inform Designated Medical Examiners (DEMs) if there was changes with
their health.
• Duration of Certification
• The health certification indicates that a person is fit to perform their duties.
• The health assessment is conducted by a physician specially trained in aviation
medicine (DEMs)
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MEDICAL ASSESSMENTS
• ICAO designates three levels of medical assessments
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CERTIFICATION FOR AIRLINE STAFF
Private, commercial,
airline, multi-crew
10
LICENSING OF AVIATION PROFESSIONALS
Pilot Privileges Experience required Additional
licence requirements
Minimum age: 17
General aviation aircraft – 40 flight hours
To act unpaid as pilot-in command
Private pilot with 10 hours of solo flight time including 5
(PIC) of an aircraft on non-revenue English language
licence hours of solo cross-country
flights during daylight hours in good proficiency
(PPL)
(visual) weather conditions
Airship – 25 flight hours
Class 2 medical
To exercise all privileges of a PPL Aeroplane – 200 flight hours including 100
and to be paid to function as PIC of hours as PIC, 20 hours of cross-country,
commercial flights certified for and 10 hours of instrument flight
single-pilot operations (or co-pilot of
Minimum age: 18
a two-pilot aircraft) Helicopter – 150 flight hours including 35
Commercial
hours as PIC, 10 hours of cross-country,
pilot English language
Notes: and 10 hours of instrument flight
licence proficiency
The CPL can be considered the
(CPL)
junior professional licence for Airship – 200 flight hours, including 50
Class 1 medical
pilots. hours as an airship pilot, 30 hours as PIC
Night rating is required for night with 10 hours of cross-country, 10 hours of
flying night fl ight, and 40 hours of instrument
flight
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LICENSING OF AVIATION PROFESSIONALS
Pilot Additional
Privileges Experience required
licence requirements
To exercise all privileges of a CPL and to act Aeroplane – 1500 flight hours,
as PIC of aircraft that require more than one including 500 hours as PIC, 200 hours
Minimum age: 21
pilot of cross-country, 100 hours of night
Airline
flight, and 75 hours of instrument flight
transport English language
Notes:
pilot licence proficiency
The ATPL can be considered the senior Helicopter – 1000 flight hours,
(ATPL)
professional licence for pilots. including 250 hours as PIC, 200 hours
Class 1 medical
Instrument rating privileges are included with of cross-country, 50 hours of night
the ATPL– aeroplane. flight, and 30 hours of instrument flight
To exercise all privileges of a PPL and to act
as co-pilot of an aircraft that requires a co-pilot
Minimum age: 18
Multi-crew 240 hours as pilot flying and pilot-not-
pilot Notes: flying (actual and simulated flight)
English language
licence Additional experience is required to exercise
proficiency
(MPL) privileges of a CPL. Must achieve advanced level of
Equivalent to an ATPL but restricted to multi- competency
Class 1 medical
crew operations. Instrument rating privileges
are included for multicrew operations only
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LICENSING OF AVIATION PROFESSIONALS
Experience Additional
Licences Privileges
required requirements
To exercise the privileges of the
licence as prescribed by the State
4 years’ experience in
Aircraft
inspection, servicing,
maintenance Note:
and maintaining
mechanics, As discussed in Chapter 2, licensed
aircraft or components Minimum age: 18
technicians, AMMTEs require additional
and engineers endorsements to complete certain
2 years’ experience for
(AMMTEs) types of tasks, and to have
a restricted licence.
certifying privileges
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LICENSING OF AVIATION PROFESSIONALS
Additional
Licences Privileges Experience required
requirements
2 years’ service as flight
crew member, meteorologist
To control and supervise
in organization dispatching
flights
aircraft, or air traffic
controller OR
Dispatcher To provide briefings and Minimum age: 21
assist the pilot-in-command in
1 year as an assistant
identifying a safe and
dispatcher
expeditious route for the flight
OR completion of a training
course
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LICENSING OF AVIATION PROFESSIONALS
Additional
Licences Privileges Experience required
requirements
Completion of training course and at least 3 months of
To provide or supervise service in actual air traffic under supervision of rated
Air traffic control
control service for the ATC Completion of training course
officer (ATCO)
airport or unit for which AND
Licence
they are rated Experience working under supervision of rated air
traffic controller (within 6 months preceding
Ratings
Notes: application) as follows:
• Aerodrome control
As will be discussed in Aerodrome control rating: 90 hours or 1 month within
• Approach control
Chapter 4, ATC licences an aerodrome control service at the unit for which the
procedural
themselves carry no rating is sought
• Approach control
privileges – they must be
surveillance
added with ratings. Approach control procedural, approach control
• Area control
surveillance, area control procedural, and area control Minimum age: 21
procedural
Ratings become invalid surveillance ratings: at least 180 hours or 3 months of
• Area control
when controller has control service for which the rating is sought English language
surveillance
ceased to exercise proficiency
• Approach precision
privileges for a period that Approach precision radar control rating: not fewer than
radar control
shall not exceed 6 200 precision approaches (at least 50 carried out at Class 3 medical
months. the unit and on the equipment for which the rating is
sought).
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Psychoactive Substances
Restricted Psychoactive Substances
Psychoactive substances can impair a person’s mental processes and create a safety risk.
Licence holders are not permitted to use them.
16
STIMULANTS/ADDICTIONAL SUBSTANCES
• Psychoactive substances include:
• Alcohol
• Opioids
• Cannabinoids
• Sedatives and hypnotics
• Cocaine
• Other psychostimulants
• Hallucinogens, and
• Volatile solvents.
* Coffee and tobacco are excluded from this category as their use is
generally considered acceptable
* Prescription medications are accepted with the approval of the Aviation
Medical Examiner
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Which employees can perform the task safely?
I drank quite a I am in treatment I had two glasses I smoked and
lot of alcohol for anxiety and of wine at lunch drank 4 cups
an hour ago. fatigue, AME before starting my of coffee in
approved. afternoon work. the last hour.
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ANNEX 6 – AIRCRAFT OPERATIONS
• Air Operator Certificate (AOC)
• An air operator needs an AOC to be able to provide air transport
services.
• How to obtain an AOC
• An operator must demonstrate to the national authority that
they have the organization, training, flight operations, ground
services, and maintenance capabilities to ensure safe
operations.
• Who approves?
• The country where the operator is registered, typically the Civil
Aviation Authority of each country, will determine whether they
can operate safely. If the company is deemed unable to operate
safely, the certifying authority will revoke the AOC.
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ANNEX 18 – DANGEROUS GOODS
• Forced to transport
• These goods play a crucial role in many sectors of
society.
• Aviation is a suitable transportation solution
• Air cargo transportation issues
• Pressure, altitude, vibration, and turbulence are
challenges in the process of transporting
hazardous goods.
• Safe Operations
• Procedures and requirements must be met (based
on Annex 18) to handle these goods properly.
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INDEX
1 INTERNATIONAL REGULATIONS
2 GENERAL AVIATION OPERATIONS
3 AIRLINE OPERATIONS
22
PART 2:
GENERAL AVIATION OPERATIONS
Objective:
Identify types of operations in general
aviation
GENERAL AVIATION
The largest sector of aviation
•General aviation refers to professional and private aviation activities that are not part of the
airlines or military sectors.
•There are approximately 350,000 aircrafts and 700,000 pilots in general aviation operations
worldwide (compared to approximately 60,000 aircrafts and 400,000 pilots working at airlines).
•This field discusses personal aviation and business aviation.
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Aircraft Owners and Pilots Association - AOPA
AOPA
77 AOPAs of these associations around the world
Th e International Council of Aircraft Owner and Pilot
Associations represents these national organizations at ICAO.
These Associations are extremely important in:
• Preserve airspace for the use of private aviation
• Promote safety practices
• Distribute educational and training materials
• Maintain economic viability for smaller regional and local airports
• Advocate for the interests of aircraft owners
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ANNEX 6 – AIRCRAFT OPERATIONS
• Fixed-based Operator - FOB
• FOB describe a company providing general aviation
services at an airport. Services may include:
• Flight instruction
• Aircraft tie-downs
• Refuelling
• Aircraft rentals
• Maintenance
• Helicopter Operation
• The majority of civil helicopter operations are in
general aviation.
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GENERAL AVIATION
Business Aviation– The Industry of Private Flight Operations
• Quickly respond to transportation needs using private aircraft (piston engines, turboprop
engines, jet engines, and helicopters).
• Provide convenience for companies with key individuals needing to travel or for companies with
multiple headquarters. 27
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INDEX
1 INTERNATIONAL REGULATIONS
2 GENERAL AVIATION OPERATIONS
3 AIRLINE OPERATIONS
30
PART 3:
AIRLINE OPERATIONS
Objective:
Explain the characteristics of airline
operations and the role of aviation
professionals in this field.
AIRLINE OPERATIONS
An indispensable part of today's world
• In 2016, the world’s airlines safely moved 3.3 billion people on 32.8 million flights through a
network of 52 000 routes.
•Airlines are defined as operators providing scheduled commercial air transport services.
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AIRLINE BUSINESS MODEL
TRADITIONAL CARRIERS LOW COST CARRIERS REGIONAL/LOCAL
• These are referred to as traditional, • International routes with wide-body CARRIERS
• Operating regional
legacy, or full-service carriers aircraft.
routes
• International flight network and fleet • Providing passenger services, cargo • Operating small
operations with large aircraft services, and both. aircraft: typically
• Providing passenger services, cargo • The business model allows them to smaller than 120
seats.
services, or both. offer passengers lower ticket prices
• They can be
• Offer a range of amenities, such as (by using only one type of aircraft to independent or a
meal service, in-flight entertainment, reduce costs). subsidiary of a larger
checked baggage allowance, and full • They provide fewer amenities. airline.
• They operate shorter
customer service departments • They often operate a point-to-point
routes than major
• Use a hub-and-spoke model to flight network, directly connecting airlines.
organize their networks. cities.
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34
AIRLINE OPERATIONS
Pilots
•Modern aircrafts in airlines typically require two pilots.
•The Captain is the commander of the aircraft and sits on the left side of the cockpit, while the
First Officer sits on the right and is the second in command of the aircraft.
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ROADMAP TO BECOME A PILOT
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AIRLINE OPERATIONS
Unions: Protecting Pilots' Rights
Pilots are supported by strong unions.
There are several domestic unions, but over 100,000 pilots worldwide are members of
IFALPA – the International Federation of Airline Pilots Associations.
The role of IFALPA is to advocate for the piloting profession. 37
AIRLINE PROFESSIONALS
Flight Attendants Flight dispatcher Airline Manager
• They provide customer • They work for the airline and • On behalf of the
service, represent the assist pilots in identifying the shareholders, they
airline's brand, and safest and most efficient flight plan, organize, and
support flight safety. routes. supervise the airline.
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AIRLINE OPERATIONS
An airline's financial success is often beyond the control of its management, as it is directly linked to public travel
demand. Travel demand is frequently influenced by:
• Economy
During Economic Downturns
• People reduce travel
• Work is conducted remotely
• Cargo transport also decreases
• Viruses and Pandemic Potential
If a disease spreads globally, people will:
• Limit travel to affected areas
• Restrict travel as a precautionary measure
• Terrorism and War
• If people fear terrorism in aviation, they will
reduce the demand.
• People also avoid flying to war zones.
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AIRLINE OPERATIONS – COSTS
• System Operations:
• A range of support activities
contributing to an airline's success
(sales, promotion, and administrative
management)
• Ground Operations
• Costs for the ground service team,
maintenance, and fees for the use of
airport facilities
• Flight operations
• The cost of operating an aircraft
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IATA International Air Transport Association
Protection for Airlines
IATA, founded in 1945, is the trade association representing airlines around the world.
Their mission is to promote safe, secure and profitable air transport.
IATA’s membership includes 265 airlines from 117 countries, representing 83% of global air
traffic. 41
Mass industry Difference in Operations Growing Industry
• Civil aviation is a $2.7 • Civil aviation operations • The number of flights per
trillion industry. vary widely: from small day is expected to double to
• This sector provides aircraft owners offering 200,000 by 2030.
livelihoods for millions of sightseeing flights to • This necessitates that
employees, who serve large airlines with fleets of aviation professionals
more than 100,000 flights wide-body aircraft and continually improve
each day. thousands of employed practices and invest in
pilots. training and development.
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PART 4: REVIEW
Objective:
Reinforce the main content of the lesson
1 – Match the Annexes and their corresponding content
Annex 18 Describes safety practices for aircraft operations in
international air transport.
Specifies requirements for training and certification of
Annex 6
pilots, air traffic controllers, and flight dispatchers
Includes recommended practices for the
Annex 1 safe transport of dangerous goods by air.
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2- AOCs are issued by ICAO
True
False
3 – Which of the following is NOT specified by ICAO as a
consideration for certification?
Language
Experience (in hours or days)
Health
Ages
Weight
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4– Which of the following is true of regional/local airlines?
Most flights are charter flights.
Operate small jet aircrafts (under 120 seats)
Many in-flight amenities
Long-haul flights over the oceans
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5- Which of the following statements is true?
In the pilot training pathway, most pilots are flying with major airlines two years after
starting their training programs.
In the ab initio training program, most pilots become first officers in about two years.
In the ab initio training program, once a pilot starts working as an captain, they can easily
transition to other airlines.
In the traditional pilot training program, pilots do not have to pay for their training
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7- Choose the correct statements with the airlines:
The costs of an airline can be divided into three types: flight operations, ground
operations, and system operations
Dispatchers create flight plans for pilots
The profitability of an airline is closely related to the economic environment
Airline management must carefully balance revenue and expenses
The flight crew is trained to handle emergency situations
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