Kaliningrad

Kaliningrad,[a] known as Königsberg[b] until 1946, is the largest city

and administrative centre of Kaliningrad Oblast, a Russian exclave Kaliningrad
between Lithuania and Poland, 663 kilometres (412 mi) west of the Калининград
bulk of Russia on the Pregolya River, at the head of the Vistula
City[1]
Lagoon, and the only ice-free Russian port on the Baltic Sea. Its
population in 2020 was 489,359.[11] Kaliningrad is the second-largest
city in the Northwestern Federal District, after Saint Petersburg, the
third-largest city in the Baltic region, and the seventh-largest city on
the Baltic Sea.

The city had been founded in 1255 on the site of the ancient Old
Prussian settlement Twangste by the Teutonic Knights during the
Northern Crusades, and named Königsberg in honor of King Ottokar II "Fishermen's village" in pseudo-historic
of Bohemia. A Baltic port city, it successively became the capital of the style
State of the Teutonic Order, the Duchy of Prussia and the provinces of
East Prussia and Prussia. From 1454 to 1455, the city under the name
of Królewiec belonged to the Kingdom of Poland, and from 1466 to
1657 it was a Polish fief. It was the coronation city of the Prussian
monarchy, though the capital was moved to Berlin in 1701. Königsberg
Cathedral King's Gate Christ
was the easternmost large city in Germany until World War II.
Saviour
Church
The city was heavily damaged by Allied bombing in 1944 and during
the Battle of Königsberg in 1945; it was then captured by the Soviet
Union on 9 April 1945. The Potsdam Agreement of 1945 placed it
under Soviet administration. The city was renamed Kaliningrad in
1946 in honor of Russian Bolshevik leader Mikhail Kalinin and
Railway bridge and Seamen's Palace of
repopulated by Russians starting in 1946 in the ruins of Königsberg, in port Culture
which only Lithuanian inhabitants were allowed to remain. Meanwhile,
the German population was expelled.

Since the dissolution of the Soviet Union, Kaliningrad has been

governed as the administrative centre of Russia's Kaliningrad Oblast,
the westernmost oblast of Russia.[12] As a major transport hub, with Flag Coat of arms
sea and river ports, the city is home to the headquarters of the Baltic
Location of Kaliningrad
Fleet of the Russian Navy, and is one of the largest industrial centres in
Russia.[13] It was deemed the best city in Russia in 2012, 2013, and
2014 in Kommersant's magazine The Firm's Secret,[14] the best city in
Russia for business in 2013 according to Forbes,[15] and was ranked
fifth in the Urban Environment Quality Index published by Minstroy in
2019.[16] Kaliningrad has been a major internal migration attraction in
Russia over the past two decades,[17] and was one of the host cities of
the 2018 FIFA World Cup.

History
The history of the city may be divided into four periods: the Old
Prussian settlement known as Twangste before 1255; the Polish city of
Królewiec from 1454 to 1455 and then fief of Poland from 1456 to
1657; the German city of Königsberg from 1657 to 1945; and the
Russian city of Kaliningrad from 1945 to present.

Twangste Kaliningrad

Location of Kaliningrad within

Kaliningrad Oblast

Old Prussian clans in the 13th

century (Sambia - orange)

Königsberg was preceded by a Sambian (Old Prussian tribe) fort called

Twangste (Prussian word tvinksta means "a pond made by a dam").[18] Kaliningrad
During the conquest of the Sambians by the Teutonic Knights in 1255,
Twangste was destroyed and replaced by a new fortress named
Königsberg in honor of Bohemian king Ottokar II. The declining Old
Prussian culture finally became extinct around the early 18th century
with the Great Plague,[19] and the surviving Old Prussians were
integrated through assimilation.

Location of Kaliningrad within Russia

Königsberg
The settlement on the site of present-day Kaliningrad was founded as a Kaliningrad
military fortress in 1255 after the Prussian Crusade by the Teutonic
Knights against Baltic Prussians. The new settlement was named in
honor of the Bohemian (Czech) King Ottokar II. The crusade was
followed by a settlement of Germans and the city became
predominantly German, with Polish (up to 30% in the 17th Location of Kaliningrad within Europe
century),[20] Lithuanian and Latvian minorities.

In 1454, the city integrated within borders of Poland for a year thanks
to King Casimir IV Jagiellon as the capital of the Królewiec
Voivodeship, and became a fief of Poland from 1466, also considered
Kaliningrad
part of "one and indivisible" Kingdom of Poland.[21] After the
secularization of the Teutonic Order in 1525, Königsberg became the
capital of the Duchy of Prussia, remaining under Polish suzerainty, and
the black Prussian eagle had a crown around its neck bearing the letter
"S" from the Latinized name of Polish King Sigismund I the Old. The
multi-ethnic city was an important center of Polish and Lithuanian
Kaliningrad (Europe)
culture, especially as one of the pioneering centers of Polish and
Lithuanian printing, and also thanks to the University of Königsberg,
the second-oldest university of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth.
In 1618 the Duchy of Prussia fell under the control of the Electors of
Brandenburg and in 1657 it became controlled in personal union with
Brandenburg (sometimes referred to as Brandenberg-Prussia). The city
had strong ties with Poland, and Polish authorities several times
confirmed and extended its rights in support against absolutist
ambitions of the Prussian dukes, and after 1657 the city actively
opposed secession from Poland.[22] The city acted as an intermediary
in maritime trade between the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth and
the Netherlands, England and France, with the 17th-century stock
exchange including a painting depicting a townswoman buying goods
from a Pole and a Dutchman, embracing the notion that the city's
prosperity was based on trade with the East and West, particularly
Poland and the Netherlands.[23]

From 1701, Brandenberg-

Prussia became a Kingdom and
the entire area was referred to
as the Kingdom of Prussia.
While the Brandenberg portion
was a part of the Holy Roman
Empire and later the German Kaliningrad
Confederation, Prussia (later
Anointment of Frederick I after his
called East Prussia) was not Kaliningrad (Baltic Sea)
coronation as King in Prussia in
Königsberg, 1701
included within those territorial Coordinates: 54°42′01″N 20°27′11″E
boundaries. In 1734–1736,
Country Russia
during the War of the Polish
Federal subject Kaliningrad
Succession, it was the place of stay of Polish King Stanisław Oblast[1]
Leszczyński and many of his prominent supporters.[24]
Founded 1 September
1255[2]
In the context of the Seven Years' War, the city was conquered and
occupied by the Russian Empire (1758–1762),[25] whose initial plan Government
was to offer the city and region to Poland as part of a territorial • Body City Council of
exchange desired by Russia.[26] Immanuel Kant is famous for having Deputies[3]
• Head[3] Elena Ivanovna
sworn allegiance to Empress Elizabeth of Russia.[25]
Dyatlova[4]

In the ensuing two centuries the city, first as part of the Kingdom of Area[2]
Prussia, then from 1866 as part of the North German Confederation, • Total 223.03 km2
and then from 1871 as part of the German Empire, continued to (86.11 sq mi)
flourish and many iconic landmarks of Königsberg were built. The city Elevation 5 m (16 ft)
had around 370,000 inhabitants and was a cultural and administrative Population (2010 Census)[5]
center of Prussia and the German Empire. Immanuel Kant and E. T. A. • Total 431,402
Hoffmann, notable sons of the city, were born before this time. The • Estimate (January 2025)[6] 488,843
first civil airport in Germany (Devau near Königsberg) opened 1919. • Rank 40th in 2010
In that time a new central railway station and modern buildings for the • Density 1,900/km2
harbour and trade fair were built. (5,000/sq mi)
Administrative status
• Subordinated to city of oblast
World War II significance of
In World War II, the city's Polish and Jewish populations were Kaliningrad[1]
persecuted by Nazi Germany with mass arrests and deportations to • Capital of Kaliningrad
concentration camps, and Poles and Jews were among forced labourers Oblast,[7] city of
oblast
in the city. The Polish resistance movement was active in the city, significance of
which served as one of the region's main transfer points for smuggled Kaliningrad[1]
Polish underground press.[27] The city was heavily damaged by a
Municipal status
British bombing attack[19] in 1944 and the massive Soviet siege in • Urban okrug Kaliningrad
spring 1945. At the end of World War II in 1945, the city became part Urban Okrug[8]
of the Russian SFSR (as part of the Soviet Union). • Capital of Kaliningrad
Urban Okrug[8]

Soviet Union Time zone UTC+2 (MSK–1

[9]
)
Under the Potsdam Agreement of 1 August 1945, the city became part
Postal code(s)[10] 236001 -
of the Soviet Union pending the final determination of territorial 236999
borders. This final determination eventually took place on 12 Dialing code(s) +7 4012
September 1990 when the Treaty on the Final Settlement with Respect OKTMO ID 27701000001
to Germany was signed. The excerpt from the initial agreement
City Day 4 July; observed
pertaining to the partition of East Prussia, including the area on the first
surrounding Königsberg, is as follows (note that Königsberg is spelt Saturday of July
"Koenigsberg" in the original document): Website [Link] ([Link]
[Link])
VI. CITY OF KOENIGSBERG AND THE
ADJACENT AREA Historical affiliations
The Conference examined a proposal by the Soviet Old Prussians (until 1255)
Government that pending the final determination of Teutonic Order 1255–1454
territorial questions at the peace settlement, the section Kingdom of Poland 1454–1455
of the western frontier of the Union of Soviet Socialist Teutonic Order 1455–1466
Republics which is adjacent to the Baltic Sea should Kingdom of Poland / Teutonic Order
pass from a point on the eastern shore of the Bay of (fief of Poland) 1466–1525
Danzig to the east, north of Braunsberg – Goldep, to the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth /
meeting point of the frontiers of Lithuania, the Polish Duchy of Prussia (fief of Poland) 1525–1656
Republic and East Prussia. Sweden 1656–1657
Duchy of Prussia 1657–1701
The Conference has agreed in principle to the proposal
Kingdom of Prussia 1701–1758
of the Soviet Government concerning the ultimate
Russian Empire 1758–1762
transfer to the Soviet Union of the city of Koenigsberg
Kingdom of Prussia 1762–1918
and the area adjacent to it as described above, subject to
German Empire 1871–1918
expert examination of the actual frontier.
Weimar Republic 1918–1933
The President of the United States and the British Prime Nazi Germany 1933–1945
Minister supported the proposal of the Conference at the Russian SFSR (as part of the Soviet Union)
forthcoming peace settlement.[28] 1945–1991
Russian Federation 1991–present

Königsberg was renamed Kaliningrad in 1946 after the Chairman of

the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR Mikhail Kalinin, although Kalinin was
unrelated to the city, and there were already cities named in honour of Kalinin in the Soviet
Union, namely Kalinin (now Tver) and Kaliningrad (now Korolev, Moscow Oblast).[29][30]
Kalinin was one of six Politburo members who signed the order to execute more than 21,000
Polish prisoners of war at Katyn and elsewhere in 1940.[31][32]

Some historians speculate that it may have originally been offered to the Lithuanian SSR
because the resolution from the conference specifies that Kaliningrad's border would be at
the (pre-war) Lithuanian frontier. The remaining German population was forcibly expelled
between 1947 and 1948. The annexed territory was populated with Soviet citizens, mostly
ethnic Russians but to a lesser extent also Ukrainians and Belarusians.[33]

The German language was replaced with the Russian language. In 1950, there were The monument to Kalinin
1,165,000 inhabitants, which was only half the number of the pre-war population. on the Kalinin Square
(former Reichsplatz), built in
From 1953 to 1962, a monument to Stalin stood on Victory Square. In 1973, the town hall 1959
was turned into the House of Soviets. In 1975, the trolleybus was launched again. In 1980, a
concert hall was opened in the building of the former Lutheran Church of the Holy Family.
In 1986, the Kreuzkirche building was transferred to the Russian Orthodox Church.

For foreigners, the city was completely closed and, with the exception of rare visits of friendship from neighboring Poland,
it was practically not visited by foreigners.[34][35]

The old city was not restored, and the ruins of the Königsberg Castle were demolished in the late 1960s,[36] on Leonid
Brezhnev's personal orders,[36][37] despite the protests of architects, historians and residents of the city.[38][39][40]
 The reconstruction of the oblast, threatened by hunger in the immediate post-war
years, was carried out through an ambitious policy of oceanic fishing[41] with the
creation of one of the main fishing harbours of the USSR in Kaliningrad city.
Fishing not only fed the regional economy but also was a basis for social and
scientific development, in particular oceanography.[42]

In 1957, an agreement was signed and later came into force which delimited the
border between the Polish People's Republic (a Soviet satellite state at the time) and
Demolition of Königsberg Castle the Soviet Union.[43][44]
with explosives, 1959. The last
remnants were destroyed by 1968. The region was added as a semi-exclave to the Russian SFSR; since 1946 it has been
known as the Kaliningrad Oblast. According to some historians, Joseph Stalin
created it as an oblast separate from the Lithuanian SSR because it further separated
the Baltic states from the West.[45] Others think that the reason was that the region was far too strategic for the USSR to
leave it in the hands of another SSR other than the Russian one.[42] In the 1950s, Nikita Khrushchev offered the entire
Kaliningrad Oblast to the Lithuanian SSR but Antanas Sniečkus refused to accept the territory because it would add at least
a million ethnic Russians to Lithuania proper.[33][46]

In 2010, the German magazine Der Spiegel published a report claiming that Kaliningrad had been offered to Germany in
1990 (against payment). The offer was not seriously considered by the West German government which, at the time, saw
reunification with East Germany as a higher priority.[47] However, this story was later denied by Mikhail Gorbachev.[48]

Russian Federation
The town of Baltiysk, just outside Kaliningrad, is the only Russian Baltic Sea port
said to be "ice-free" all year round, and the region hence plays an important role in
maintenance of the Baltic Fleet.

Kaliningrad Oblast was an exclave of the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist

Republic and with the collapse of the Soviet Union in 1991 it became separated from
the rest of Russia by independent countries. This isolation from the rest of Russia
became even more pronounced politically when Poland and Lithuania became
members of NATO and subsequently the European Union in 2004. All military and
civilian land links between the region and the rest of Russia have to pass through
members of NATO and the EU. Special travel arrangements for the territory's
inhabitants have been made through the Facilitated Transit Document (FTD) and
Facilitated Rail Transit Document (FRTD).[50]

While in the 1990s some Soviet-era city names commemorating communist leaders
The Königsberg Cathedral, restored
were changed (e.g., Leningrad reverting to Saint Petersburg and Kalinin, also named
in the 1990s[49]
after Mikhail Kalinin, reverting to Tver), Kaliningrad remains named as it was,[51]
though the city is sometimes colloquially referred to as König or Kyonig (Russian:
Кёниг).[52] The question of the name of the city has been raised multiple times; in 2009, the head of the city administration,
Felix Lapin, said he personally supported the return of the historical name of the city,[53] and in 2011, the governor of
Kaliningrad Oblast, Nikolay Tsukanov, suggested a referendum could be held to resolve the issue, but stated that he was
against renaming.[54][55] No further plans have been announced since, and in 2022 the government officially confirmed that
renaming the city would be "inappropriate".[56]

Some of the cultural heritage, most notably the Königsberg Cathedral, was restored in the 1990s, as citizens started to
examine the previously ignored German past.[49]

Since the early 1990s, the Kaliningrad oblast has been a Free Economic Zone (FEZ Yantar). In 2005 the city celebrated its
750th anniversary.[57] In July 2007 Russian First Deputy Prime Minister Sergei Ivanov declared that if US-controlled
missile defence systems were deployed in Poland, then nuclear weapons might be deployed in Kaliningrad. On 5 November
2008 Russian president Dmitry Medvedev said that installing missiles in Kaliningrad was almost a certainty.[58] These plans
were suspended, however, in January 2009.[59]
During late 2011, a long range Voronezh radar was commissioned to monitor missile launches within about 6,000
kilometres (3,728 miles). It is situated in the settlement of Pionersky (formerly German Neukuhren) in Kaliningrad
Oblast.[60]

Kaliningrad was one of the host cities for the 2018 FIFA World Cup held in Russia.[61]

In February 2025, Kaliningrad's power grid became disconnected from Russia's power grid as the Baltic states interrupted
the interconnector at Viļaka. An estimated 1 billion dollars had to be spent (partially on additional gas-powered plants) to
balance the grid internally.[62]

Geography
Kaliningrad is at the mouth of the navigable Pregolya River, which empties into the Vistula Lagoon, an inlet of the Baltic
Sea.

Sea vessels can access Gdańsk Bay and the Baltic Sea by way of the Vistula Lagoon and the Strait of Baltiysk.

Until around 1900, ships drawing more than 2 meters (6 ft 7 in) of water could not pass the bar and use the city's docks;
larger vessels had to anchor at Pillau (now Baltiysk), where cargo was transferred to smaller vessels. In 1901, a ship canal
between Königsberg and Pillau, completed at a cost of 13 million German marks, enabled vessels of a 6.5 m (21 ft 4 in)
draught to moor alongside the town (see also Ports of the Baltic Sea).

Climate
Kaliningrad has an oceanic climate (Cfb, depending on the isotherm chosen for class C climates) or a humid continental
climate (Dfb, depending on the isotherm chosen for class D climates), with cold and cloudy (though moderate compared to
most of Russia) winters and mild summers with frequent showers and thunderstorms. Average temperatures range from
−1.5 to +18.1 °C (29.3 to 64.6 °F) and rainfall varies from 36.0 millimeters (1.42 in)/month to 97.0 millimeters
(3.82 in)/month. In general, it has maritime influences and therefore damp, variable and mild, with vast temperature
differences between July and January.

The seasons are clearly differentiated. Spring starts in March and is initially cold and windy, later becoming pleasantly
warm and often very sunny. Summer, which begins in June, is predominantly warm but hot at times (with temperatures
reaching as high as +30–+35 °C (86–95 °F) at least once per year) with plenty of sunshine interspersed with heavy showers.
The average annual hours of sunshine for Kaliningrad is 1,700, similar to other northern cities. Autumn comes in September
and is at first warm and usually sunny, turning cold, damp and foggy in November. Winter includes periods of snow.
January and February are the coldest months with the temperature sometimes dropping as low as −15 °C (5 °F).
 Climate data for Kaliningrad (1991–2020, extremes 1848–present)

Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year

Record high 12.7 16.9 23.3 28.5 30.6 34.0 36.3 36.5 33.8 26.4 19.4 13.3 36.5
°C (°F) (54.9) (62.4) (73.9) (83.3) (87.1) (93.2) (97.3) (97.7) (92.8) (79.5) (66.9) (55.9) (97.7)

Mean daily
1.1 2.1 6.1 13.1 18.2 21.3 23.5 23.3 18.4 12.2 6.2 2.6 12.3
maximum
(34.0) (35.8) (43.0) (55.6) (64.8) (70.3) (74.3) (73.9) (65.1) (54.0) (43.2) (36.7) (54.1)
°C (°F)

Daily mean −1.2 −0.6 2.4 7.9 12.7 16.1 18.5 18.1 13.5 8.4 3.9 0.4 8.3
°C (°F) (29.8) (30.9) (36.3) (46.2) (54.9) (61.0) (65.3) (64.6) (56.3) (47.1) (39.0) (32.7) (46.9)

Mean daily
−3.5 −3.0 −0.8 3.4 7.5 11.3 13.9 13.3 9.4 5.2 1.7 −1.8 4.7
minimum °C
(25.7) (26.6) (30.6) (38.1) (45.5) (52.3) (57.0) (55.9) (48.9) (41.4) (35.1) (28.8) (40.5)
(°F)

Record low −32.5 −33.3 −21.7 −5.8 −3.1 0.7 4.5 1.6 −2.0 −11.1 −18.7 −25.6 −33.3
°C (°F) (−26.5) (−27.9) (−7.1) (21.6) (26.4) (33.3) (40.1) (34.9) (28.4) (12.0) (−1.7) (−14.1) (−27.9)

Average
68 54 49 38 52 69 91 91 73 86 76 69 816
precipitation
(2.7) (2.1) (1.9) (1.5) (2.0) (2.7) (3.6) (3.6) (2.9) (3.4) (3.0) (2.7) (32.1)
mm (inches)

Average
extreme 7 7 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 5 7
snow depth (2.8) (2.8) (1.2) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0.8) (2.0) (2.8)
cm (inches)

Average
14 13 14 14 14 16 15 16 17 18 18 16 185
rainy days

Average
15 15 10 3 0 0 0 0 0 1 7 13 64
snowy days

Average
relative 85 83 78 72 71 74 75 77 81 83 86 87 79
humidity (%)

Mean
monthly
35 61 120 171 253 264 257 228 158 96 38 26 1,707
sunshine
hours

Source 1: [Link][63]

Source 2: NOAA (sun 1961–1990)[64]

Demographics
The original German population fled or was expelled after the end of World War II,
Historical population
when the territory was annexed by the Soviet Union, and in the following few years.
In October 1945, only about 5,000 Soviet civilians lived in the territory.[65] Between Year Pop. ±%
October 1947 and October 1948 approximately 100,000 Germans were forcibly 1897 162,000 —
moved to Germany,[66] and by 1948 about 400,000 Soviet civilians had arrived in the 1959 203,570 +25.7%
1970 296,962 +45.9%
Oblast.[65]
1979 354,788 +19.5%
Today the overwhelming majority of Kaliningrad's residents are Russians settled 1989 401,280 +13.1%
after 1945, and their descendants. A minority of the population are from other Slavic 2002 430,003 +7.2%
2010 431,902 +0.4%
ethnic groups, including Belarusians and Ukrainians. Kaliningrad today is also home
2021 490,449 +13.6%
to small communities of Tatars, Germans, Armenians, Poles, and Lithuanians.
Source: Census data

Ethnic composition, Russian 2010 census:

 Ethnicity total population % of the population

Russians 351,186 87.4%

Ukrainians 16,053 4.0%

Belarusians 15,077 3.7%

Armenians 3,062 0.8%

Tatars 2,075 0.5%

Lithuanians 1,789 0.4% Local residents in Kaliningrad at
"Immortal regiment", carrying
Germans 1,676 0.4%
portraits of their ancestors who
Polish 1,114 0.3% fought in World War II
Other ethnicities 10,041 2.5%

All 401,649 100.0%

Cityscape

Architecture
The pre-war city center (Altstadt and Kneiphof) consists of
parks, broad avenues, a square on the site of the former
Königsberg Castle, and the restored Königsberg Cathedral on
the Kneiphof island (now "Kant island"). Immanuel Kant's
grave is situated next to the cathedral. The never-finished House
of Soviets ("Dom Sovyetov") sat roughly on the site of the
former castle before its demolition in 2023-24. Many German-
era buildings in the historic city centre have been preserved and
Church of the Holy Friedrichsburg Gate
even rebuilt, including the reconstruction of the Königsberg
Family
Synagogue. The new city centre is concentrated around Victory
Square. The Cathedral of Christ the Savior, consecrated in 2005,
is located on that square.

The oldest building in Kaliningrad is the Juditten Church (built

before 1288). Also worth seeing are the former Stock Exchange,
the surviving churches, and the remaining city gates. In counter-
clockwise order these gates are: the Sackheim Gate, King's Sackheim Gate Juditten Church
Gate, Rossgarten Gate, Attack Gate (German: Ausfallstor, or
Sally Port), Railway Gate (Eisenbahntor), Brandenburg Gate,
and Friedland Gate (Friedländer Tor (Kaliningrad)). Apart from the Dohna Tower, which houses the Amber Museum, the
Wrangel Tower also remains as a reminder of the former Königsberg city walls. Only the gate of the former Fort
Friedrichsburg remains.

Monuments
Notable monuments include the statue of Immanuel Kant in front of the Immanuel Kant State University of Russia. The
statue was made by notable sculptor Christian Daniel Rauch and unveiled in 1864. The statue was destroyed in 1945, but
was remoulded in 1992 on the initiative of Marion Dönhoff, a native East Prussian who became prominent in the West. Also
worth seeing is the Cosmonaut monument, which honours the Kaliningrad cosmonauts Alexey Leonov, Yuri Romanenko
and Aleksandr Viktorenko. Other statues and monuments include the statue for Duke Albert, the statue for Friedrich
Schiller, the statue for communist functionary Mikhail Kalinin for whom the city is named,[67] the statue for Tsar Peter the
Great, Vladimir Vysotsky, the "Mother Russia" monument, and the Monument for the 1200 Guardsmen, remembering the
Battle of Königsberg.
Parks
Kaliningrad is a "green" city with many parks[68] and areas with many trees and lawns. Parks range from tiny city squares
to massive parks.

The Youth Recreation Park is one of the most popular parks in the city. The park was established in the 1920s–1930s in the
English style. It reopened its doors post-war and was popular among citizens in the 1980s–1990s with its boat house and
tennis courts, as well as merry-go-rounds.[69] The park had a massive reconstruction in 2004 adding a cafe, carting, and
various modern entertainments. It is located in the quiet area of the city, in Leningradsky area, and is connected to the
Lower Pond. Youth Recreation Park provides entertainment for all age groups. There is also Interpersonal Communications
Development Central located in the park.

The Kaliningrad Zoo was opened as the Königsberg Zoo in 1896. The collection, which extends over 16.5 ha (40 acres),
comprises 315 species with a total of 2,264 individual animals (as of 2005). The Kaliningrad Zoo is also an arboretum.

Ponds
Centrally located in the city is Lower Pond, an artificial lake. Lower Pond is surrounded by a promenade and is an area for
recreation especially in summer. North of the Lower Pond is the larger Upper Pond in northern Kaliningrad.

Bridges
Leonhard Euler's 1736 paper on the puzzle of the Seven Bridges of Königsberg was a seminal work in the fields of graph
theory and topology. Only two of the structures from his era survive.

Kaliningrad Stadium
In 2018, the Kaliningrad Stadium, located on Oktyabrsky Island, near the embankment of the Staraya Pregolya River, was
opened. The stadium has a seating capacity of 35,000.

Culture

Museums in Kaliningrad
There are many museums in Kaliningrad.

Museum of the World Ocean

Kaliningrad Regional Museum of History and Arts
Kaliningrad Regional Amber Museum
Kaliningrad State Art Gallery
Friedland Gate Museum Museum ship "Vityaz" from the
The Kaliningrad Regional Museum of History and Arts is the oldest museum in collection of the Museum of the
Kaliningrad, founded in 1946. In addition to the main building, the museum has four World Ocean
branches in Kaliningrad (including "Blindage" and "Fort No. 5") and two elsewhere
in the region.

In 1979, the Kaliningrad Regional Amber Museum was opened in the building of the Don, a former defensive tower.
Initially, it was a branch of the Historical and Art Museum, but since 2004 it has operated independently.

The Kaliningrad State Art Gallery, which opened on November 24, 1988, is one of the youngest and fastest-growing
museums in Russia, known both domestically and abroad. Up to 40 exhibitions of domestic and foreign art are held
annually in eight exhibition halls with a total exhibition area of more than 3,000 square metres (¾ acre).

At the beginning of the 21st century, the Museum of the World Ocean, which was unique in Russia at the time, was
gradually created, and now offers exhibitions and six museum vessels:
 Research ship-museum "Vityaz"
Submarine B-413
Space communication vessel "Cosmonaut Viktor Patsaev"
Fishing boat-museum "SRT-129"
Floating lighthouse "Irbensky"
Icebreaker "Krassin" - moored in St. Petersburg.
The branches of the museum are the King's Gate and the preserved gate of Fort
Friedrichsburg.

A museum of ancient archaeological finds has been created. It is located at the

Friedland Gate, which itself is a monument of antiquity.
Kaliningrad Regional Amber
In 2009, the Museum of E. T. A. Hoffmann, a famous writer born in this city, was Museum
created. The museum is located in the building of the former Leningrad Cinema;
now this building houses a regional music school named after Hoffman.

On 5 June 2016 the Einstein Museum of Entertaining Sciences was opened on the
first floor of the Mega-Market shopping centre, which offers interactive exhibits that
illustrate various fields of science and demonstrate the manifestation of their
laws.[70]

Kaliningrad's museums were visited by roughly 920,000 people in 2013.[71] In terms

Königsberg Cathedral on Kneiphof
of museum attendance, the region of Kaliningrad ranks seventh among the regions of
island
Russia.[72]

Theaters and concert halls

There are several theaters in the city:

Kaliningrad Regional Drama Theater

Kaliningrad Regional Musical Theater
Kaliningrad Regional Puppet Theater
The organ hall of the Kaliningrad Regional Philharmonic is located in the
historic building of the former Catholic Church of the Holy Family.
A large concert hall with two organs located in the Königsberg Cathedral.
The Variety Theater, located in the House of Arts.
Kaliningrad Regional Drama
The musical life of the city is rich and diverse. Annual music festivals of various
Theater
styles and trends are held throughout the year. Under the patronage of the
Kaliningrad Regional Philharmonic Society, international festivals and competitions
of classical, jazz, organ music (dedicated to Johann Sebastian Bach and Mikael Tariverdiev) are held. Since 2006, the Don
Cento Jazz International Jazz Festival has been held in the summer. The city also hosts two major rock festivals: the Night
Wolves bike show (July) and Kaliningrad In Rock (August). The Baltic Seasons art festival is held annually.

In 2013, Kaliningrad's theaters were visited by almost 345,000 people.[71]

Libraries
Kaliningrad Regional Scientific Library
Central City Library. A.P. Chekhov
Kaliningrad Regional Youth Library. V. Mayakovsky
Kaliningrad Regional Children's Library. A.P. Gaidar
Kaliningrad Regional Specialized Library for the Blind
Also, there are 20 municipal city libraries in the city. As of 2015, more than 100 thousand residents of Kaliningrad regularly
visit the city's libraries.[73]
Music
The modern city of Kaliningrad is home to the Kaliningrad Regional Philharmonic
and Symphony Orchestra, the Lik male chamber choir and the Garmonika Russian
music ensemble,[74] as well as the Kaliningrad Chamber Orchestra.[75]

Cuisine
Kaliningrad has its own vodka and beer brands, Stari Königsberg and Ostmark
respectively. Since the early 1990s many new restaurants have opened in the city. Kaliningrad Regional Scientific
These restaurants offer culinary specialities of former East Prussia, like Library
Königsberger Klopse, and also fish and salad dishes, pizza and sushi. Königsberger
Fleck, a bovine tripe soup and yet another culinary specialty from former
Königsberg, no longer belongs to the culinary culture of Kaliningrad.[76]

The people of Kaliningrad generally imported their respective culinary traditions to

the region when they settled in the area after 1945. Borscht and okroshka may be
served as in the rest of Russia. Many Italian and Asian restaurants (or fusions of both
traditions) are in operation all over the city. Pizza and sushi are among the most
popular dishes today. Fast food is widely available from various chains, including
those of foreign origin. Shawarma is also gaining considerable prominence.

Königsberger Klopse are a Prussian

Sports specialty of meatballs in a white
sauce with capers that can be found
in many restaurants in Kaliningrad.
The Russian football club FC Baltika Kaliningrad is based in Kaliningrad and plays
in the Russian Football National League. The home stadium is the Kaliningrad
Stadium, built for the 2018 FIFA World Cup.

During 2006 to 2013, the Dynamo-Yantar men's volleyball club played in the
Russian men's volleyball Championship. They played their home games at the
Yantarny Sports Palace, which can accommodate over 7,000 spectators. From 2010,
Yantarny had regularly hosted matches of the Russian men's national volleyball team
in the FIVB Volleyball World League and the FIVB Volleyball World Grand Prix. The Kaliningrad Stadium hosted the
2018 FIFA World Cup games
In the past, the city was also represented by the football clubs of West, Baltika-2 and
FC Baltika-Tarko Kaliningrad, as well as the rugby club West Zvezda (winner of the
1994 Russian Cup, prize winner of the 1994 and 1995 Russian championships). The football club Volna Kaliningrad took
part in the third tier of the 2000 Lithuanian championship, LF II Lyga, and won in the western zone (22 games: 20 wins, 2
draws, goal difference 101–9).[77][78]

Since November 2013, the city has had an American football team called Amber Hawks. In 2015, the Amber Hawks
reached the semifinals of the Polish League 8x8.[79] In 2016, Amber Hawks took the silver medal of the prestigious Eastern
League of American Football (VLAF).[80]

In June 2014 the Kaliningrad Regional Hockey League (KRHL) was created. League competition is the official
championship of the Kaliningrad region of hockey.

In 2018 Kaliningrad hosted some games of the World Cup.

On 9 April 2018 the creation of a women's volleyball team, the "Lokomotiv Kaliningrad Region" was announced. At the
end of the 2018–2019 season the club took the second place in the Russian Championship, losing one point to the leader
team, the WVC Dynamo Moscow.
Administrative and municipal status
Kaliningrad is the administrative centre of the oblast.[7] Within the framework of administrative divisions, it is incorporated
as the city of oblast significance of Kaliningrad — an administrative unit with status equal to that of the districts.[1] As a
municipal division, the city of oblast significance of Kaliningrad is incorporated as Kaliningrad Urban Okrug.[8]

City districts
As of 2014, the city was divided into three administrative districts:

Inhabitants
City district Russian name Notes
2010 Census[5]

Moskovsky Московский 152,165 Named after the Russian capital, Moscow

Leningradsky Ленинградский 159,771 Named after Leningrad, now Saint Petersburg

Tsentralny Центральный 119,966 Lit. central, as it lies to the northwest of the historical city center

Two administrative districts were abolished in June 2009:

Inhabitants
City district Russian name Notes
2002 Census[81]

Baltiysky Балтийский 68,664 Named after the Baltic Sea

Oktyabrsky Октябрьский 43,252 Named after the October Revolution

Authorities

Local government
Local self-government in the city is carried out on the basis of the Charter, which
was adopted by the City Council of Deputies of Kaliningrad on July 12, 2007.

Bodies and officials of local self-government in the city (formally – in the city
district) Kaliningrad are:

Council of Deputies (representative body of a municipal formation)

Head (chief executive)
Administration (executive and administrative body of the municipality) Kaliningrad City Hall in the Victory
Square
Chamber of Control and Accounts
The City Council of Deputies consists of 28 deputies elected by city residents in
municipal elections according to a mixed mandate distribution system for a period of
5 years. The chairman of the Council is elected by deputies from among its
members. The current 6th convocation was elected on September 18, 2016. The
Chairman of the Council is Andrey Kropotkin from United Russia.

The head of the city heads the administration of the city district. Elected by the City
Council of Deputies from among the candidates presented by the Competition
Commission based on the results of the competition, for the term of office of the Flags of Russia (center), Kaliningrad
City Council of Deputies. Since April 2018, the head of the city is Alexey Oblast (left), and Kaliningrad (right),
Silanov.[82] over the City Hall

The Kaliningrad administration and the Council of Deputies are located in the
building of the mayor's office at the Victory Square.[83]
From 1996 to 2007, the Charter of the City of Kaliningrad dated September 25, 1996 was in force in Kaliningrad, according
to which the local self-government bodies were:

The head of the city (mayor) – the highest official of the city;
City hall (executive and administrative body);
City Council of Deputies (representative body).
In 2007, due to the reform of local self-government, the functions of local self-government bodies were changed, and a new
position was introduced – the head of the administration.

In 2008–2012, the local government body, carrying out executive and administrative functions, was the city district
administration, headed by the head of the administration (city manager). The head of the administration was appointed to
the post by the decision of the District Council of Deputies following a competition. On May 14, 2008, Felix Lapin was
appointed to this position for a period of 2 years. On June 15, 2011, deputies of the Kaliningrad District Council approved
Svetlana Mukhomor as head of the city administration (she is the first deputy head of the city administration).[84]

In November 2016, the Kaliningrad Regional Duma adopted a law abolishing direct elections for the mayor of
Kaliningrad.[85] The elections were replaced by the selection procedure of candidates by a competition commission from
which the city Council of Deputies selects one by secret ballot. In 2018, out of ten people who submitted documents for
participation in the competition, only three were admitted to the competition.[86]

Regional government
All legislative, executive and judicial authorities of Kaliningrad Oblast are located in
Kaliningrad. The Government of Kaliningrad Oblast and the Governor's
Administration are located in the same building on Dmitry Donskoy Street, the
Kaliningrad Regional Duma on Kirov Street, the Kaliningrad Regional Court on
Sergeeva Street, and the Arbitration Court of Kaliningrad Oblast on Rokossovsky
Street.
Building of the Government and
Administration of the Governor of
Federal government Kaliningrad Oblast
In Kaliningrad, there are representative offices of federal authorities in the region:

Prosecutor's Office of Kaliningrad Oblast

Investigation Department of the Investigative Committee of Russia
Ministry of Internal Affairs of Kaliningrad Oblast
Ministry of Emergency Situations
Military Commissariat
Kaliningrad Regional Customs of the North-West Customs Department of the Federal Customs Service of
Russia
Branch of the Pension Fund of the Russian Federation
Management of the federal postal service - branch of FSUE "Russian Post"
Branch of the Social Insurance Fund of the Russian Federation

Economy
In 1996, Kaliningrad was designated a Special Economic Zone, referred to as FEZ Yantar. Manufacturers based there get
tax and customs duty breaks on the goods they send to other parts of Russia. Although corruption was an early deterrent,
that policy means the region is now a manufacturing hub. One in three televisions in Russia are made in Kaliningrad
(including Ericsson brand by Telebalt Ltd. and Polar by an eponymous firm located in the city of Chernyakhovsk) and it is
home to Cadillac and BMW related car plants (produced by Avtotor). Kaliningrad is also the location of the ITAR Distillery.
Kaliningrad's major industries are manufacturing, shipping, fishing and amber products. In 2006, Moscow declared it would
turn the region into "the Russian Hong Kong".[87]
Education
Today, there are 21 higher educational institutions in Kaliningrad (together with
branches of universities in other cities), of which state-owned are:

The Kaliningrad branch of the St. Petersburg University of the Ministry of

Internal Affairs of Russia, previously the Kaliningrad Law Institute of the
Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia (KYUI), even earlier – the Kaliningrad
Higher School of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the Russian
Federation, which was formed on the basis of the Kaliningrad Special
Secondary School of Police of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the
USSR.
Immanuel Kant Baltic Federal
Immanuel Kant Baltic Federal University. Until 2011 – Russian State University
University. I. Kant. The name of Kant was given on the eve of the city's
750th anniversary in 2005. Previously – Kaliningrad State University
(KSU). Occupies the building of the former German University of
Königsberg.
Baltic State Academy of Fishing Fleet (BFFSA). Until 1991 – Kaliningrad
Higher Marine Engineering School (KVIMU).
Kaliningrad State Technical University (KSTU). Previously – Kaliningrad
Technical Institute of the Fishing Industry and Economy (KTIRPiH).
Kaliningrad Border Institute of the Federal Security Service of the
Russian Federation. Previously – Kaliningrad Higher Engineering School Kaliningrad State Technical
of Engineering Troops named after [Link] (KVIUIV). University
The FF Ushakov Baltic Naval Institute, now a branch of the military
educational and scientific center of the Russian Navy "Naval Academy
named after Admiral of the Fleet of the Soviet Union N. G. Kuznetsov."
Previously – Kaliningrad Higher Naval School (KVVMU).
Also in Kaliningrad there is a branch of the North-West Academy of Public
Administration and National Economy, from secondary educational institutions –
three gymnasiums, six lyceums and forty-seven secondary schools. There are
educational institutions of secondary vocational education: Kaliningrad Regional
College of Music. S. V. Rachmaninova, Kaliningrad State College of Urban
Development, Kaliningrad Marine Fisheries College and others; to the IKBFU I.
Baltic Naval Institute
Kant included the Kaliningrad Technical College, the Communal Construction
College. In addition, there is one cadet corps – KSH "Andrew the First-Called Cadet
Naval Corps" (APKMK).

In August 2019, construction began on a branch of the Nakhimov Naval School. The opening is scheduled for September 1,
2020, the number of students will be over 560 people.[88]

Transport

Roads
Kaliningrad is a major transport hub. The most important roads of the city are:

Kaliningrad – Chernyakhovsk–Nesterov to the Lithuania–Russia border (on to Vilnius, Minsk, route

M1 "Belarus") It is a part of the branches of the trans-European transport corridors No. 1-A "Riga–
Kaliningrad–Gdansk" and No. 9-D "Kiev–Minsk–Vilnius–Kaliningrad", and
Kaliningrad – Gvardeisk – Neman to the Lithuania–Russia border (on to Šiauliai, Jelgava, Riga). The
route from the village – Talpaki, through Bolshakovo to Sovetsk. It is a part of the branch of the trans-
European transport corridor No. 1-A "Riga–Kaliningrad–Gdansk".
Kaliningrad – Mamonovo. Through Ladushkin to the Poland-Russia border (to Elbląg, Gdańsk). and
 Kaliningrad – Polessk. It follows through the village. Bolshakovo (further to Sovetsk)
Kaliningrad – Zelenogradsk. (further along the Curonian Spit to Nida and Klaipėda)
Kaliningrad – Baltiysk. The road runs through Primorsk.
Kaliningrad – Bagrationovsk. Leads to the Polish border (further to Olsztyn).
In December 2007, construction began on the Primorskoye Koltso highway, which connects Kaliningrad with Svetlogorsk,
Pionersky, Zelenogradsk and Khrabrovo Airport. It is planned to continue construction at Baltiysk, Svetly.

Around the city (from the village of A. Kosmodemyansky to the traffic intersection with Moskovsky Prospekt) passes the
route of the northern and southern bypasses of Kaliningrad. Until now, on the western side of the city of Kaliningrad, the
"ring" of the road has not been closed due to the absence of a 7-kilometer (4.3-mile) crossing through the Vistula Lagoon.

Water
Kaliningrad is home to the westernmost and the only non-freezing port of Russia and the Baltic states on the Baltic Sea.
Freight and passenger ferry crossings connect the Port of Kaliningrad, and its outport, the Port of Baltiysk with Saint
Petersburg, and the ports of Germany and Sweden.

As of April 2019, only a freight ferry operates on the Baltiysk–Ust-Luga route, and the passenger ferry has been
cancelled.[89][90]

Air
The Kaliningrad Devau Airport, which opened in 1919, was one of the first civilian
airports in the world, and the first in Germany. In 1922, the first planes of the
Moscow-Riga-Königsberg, the first international airline of the Soviet Union, arrived
in here for the first time. After World War II, the airport was used for local flights
until the 1970s.

In the fifties, a new airport, the Khrabrovo Airport, was built on the base of a Khrabrovo Airport
military airfield 24 kilometers (15 miles) from the city. Now it has international
status. The Kaliningrad airline KD Aviation was based on Khrabrovo, which ceased
operations in September 2009. The reconstruction of the airport has been completed in 2018. On 1 October 2022 the airport
began allowing more flights from international destinations, including through operation by foreign airlines.[91]

Railway
Kaliningrad is the most important hub of the railway network of the Kaliningrad
Oblast. It is the site of the Kaliningrad Railway.

The main passenger railway station of the city is the Kaliningrad South railway
station, which includes the main railway station of the city and the Oblast–Yuzhny
station, it serves both commuter and long-distance trains following from
Kaliningrad: Kaliningrad South railway station

No. 30 Moscow "Yantar"

No. 80 St. Petersburg
No. 148 Moscow (summer)
No. 360 Adler
No. 426 Chelyabinsk (summer)
The Berlin-Kaliningrad direct train (via Poland) operated from 1993 to 2000, then
was replaced by a through carriage, which was part of the Kaliningrad-Gdynia train Railway network in Kaliningrad
from December 2003 to December 2009 and in 2010–2013 (in the summer), with a Oblast
re-railer in the Polish city of Tczew. A platform with a European Standard Gauge
track was specially equipped to receive these trains, allowing trains to run on this
route without the interruption of a bogie exchange at some point on the journey.
Kaliningrad North railway station serves trains connecting Kaliningrad with the
seaside resorts of the city, Svetlogorsk and Pionersky, as well as the city of Sovetsk.
It is a major transport hub in the public transport system of Kaliningrad.

Other railway stations located in the city:

Kutuzovo-Novoye (Alexander Nevsky Street District)

Chkalovsk-Western (Mck. Chkalovsk)
West New (Wagon Street District)
Forest-Novoya (Mcn. named after Alexander Kosmodemyansky) Kaliningrad North railway station

Dzerzhinskaya-Novaya (Dzerzhinsky Street district, there is a European

(standard gauge) track)
Aivazovsky stop (in the area of Aivazovsky and Yamskaya streets)
Kiev stop (Kievskaya Street district, near the Baltic market)
Selma stop (General Chelnokov Street and Selma Market)
Stop point 4 kilometer (Muromskaya Street District, Southern)
Brusnichny Stop (Brusny street district)

Inter-city and international bus service

Regular bus routes connect Kaliningrad with Belarus, Ukraine, Lithuania, Latvia, Estonia, Poland, the Czech Republic and
Germany.

There are two bus stations in the city. The "old" bus station is located on Kalinin Square, next to the Kaliningrad-
Passazhirskiy railway station and is used primarily for intra-regional transportation.

Due to the conflict with the station directorate, the Königavto road carrier stopped using this bus station and set up its own
international bus station at the end of Moskovsky Prospekt. More than 90% of regular international bus services depart from
it.

Urban public transport

Public transport in Kaliningrad is represented by a bus, a trolleybus, a tram, a taxi, and the city's railway lines. On 21 March
2010 a new public transport scheme came into effect.[92]

The tram network in Kaliningrad has been in existence since 1895 and is the oldest tram system in Russia. It has a track
width of 1,000 mm (3 ft 3 in). Until 2000, at least ten city tram routes operated in Kaliningrad, however, over the past
twenty years, the route network has been significantly reduced.[93] By the beginning of 2013, only two routes were
operating in the city. In 2015, after changing the traffic pattern at the Kaliningrad South railway station, the last tram route
No. 5 remained. In accordance with the newly adopted General Plan of Kaliningrad until 2035, the construction of a tram
line with a separate traffic section in the Moskovsky District is envisaged.

The first trolleybuses appeared in Königsberg in 1943, but after the war they decided not to restore the trolleybus system.
The modern trolleybus system of the city has been operating since 5 November 1975.[94] During this time, the route
network in Kaliningrad has repeatedly changed. After the repair of the overpass on Pobedy Avenue, carried out in the
summer of 2018, route No. 6 was discontinued. As a result, three operating trolleybus lines remained in the city, although
the new route scheme for public transport, adopted on 1 August 2016, provided for six routes.[95] The general plan of the
city until 2035 also provides for the development of the trolleybus network in Kaliningrad.

Railbus
On 26 March 2014 the first line of the city rail bus was launched in Kaliningrad, serving the route from the Kievskaya
platform in the Moskovsky district to the Kaliningrad North railway station. At the same time, a bus line was organised
connecting Oleg Koshevoy Street with the Kievskaya platform. The opening of several more lines of the city railway has
been announced, which should connect the center of Kaliningrad with the peripheral districts of the city.[96][97]
In December 2016, the mayor of Kaliningrad, Alexander Yaroshuk, announced that
from 1 January 2017 the city rail bus would be canceled due to its
unprofitability.[98] After that, Governor Anton Alikhanov made an operational
decision to subsidize the rail bus from the regional budget.[99]

In early January 2017, the press service of the Kaliningrad Railway announced that it
was planned to extend the rail bus line to Chkalovsk.[100]

On 9 January 2017 city trains were launched on the Kaliningrad-Guryevsk route, and
on the Kaliningrad-Lesnoye Novoe route from 3 September 2018. A Tatra T4 Tram passing through the
Brandenburg Gate
As of the end of 2018, rail buses serve four intra-city lines connecting peripheral
sleeping areas and the satellite city of Guryevsk with the center of Kaliningrad.
Kaliningrad North railway station is a major transport and interchange hub, where many public transport routes converge.
Passengers are transported by rail buses of the RA1 and RA2 models, manufactured by Metrovagonmash. City trains run on
weekdays during the morning and evening rush hours.

Bridges
The branches of the Pregolya River divide the city into four parts. Majority of the city
(Tsentralny Administrative District and Leningradsky Administrative District) is located
north of the river, Moskovsky Administrative District is south of the river. Kant Island
(Kneiphof) and Oktyabrsky Administrative District (Lomse) are located between the
branches of the river.

There are eight active bridges across the Pregolya and one dismantled in Kaliningrad. The Two-tiered Bridge

The Two-tiered bridge is a drawbridge that connects General Butkov (northern

bank) and Zheleznodorozhnaya (southern bank) streets. Divorced by raising
the middle span. The upper tier of the bridge is occupied by a railway, the
lower - by the carriageway and pedestrian sidewalks. The double-deck bridge
is the only existing railway bridge across the Pregolya in Kaliningrad.
Trestle bridge - thrown over both branches of the Pregolya and passes over
Kneiphof, is part of the Leninsky Prospekt, built in 1972,[101] to replace two of
the seven Königsberg bridges - Lavochny and Zeleny. There is a pedestrian
descent from the bridge to the island, an automobile exit to Moskovsky The Wooden Bridge
Prospekt. There is no road exit to the island. The bridge is crossed by routes of
all types of public transport.
The Wooden Bridge is a drawbridge, one of the seven bridges in Königsberg.
Connects Moskovsky Prospekt with Oktyabrsky Island (Oktyabrskaya st.).
There are two tram routes across the bridge
The Honey Bridge is a drawbridge, one of the seven bridges of Königsberg.
Connects Oktyabrsky Island and Kneiphof. Since the Kneiphof is a pedestrian
zone, the de facto bridge is also exclusively pedestrian. From time to time, the
bridge is used by official vehicles (delivery of materials for the restoration of the Second Overpass Bridge
Königsberg Cathedral, as well as for the passage of wedding corteges).
Jubilee Bridge - drawbridge, pedestrian, connects Oktyabrsky Island (Rybnaya
village area) with St. Epronovskaya. Built in 2005 on the pillars of the old Imperial Bridge, destroyed during
World War II.
The High Bridge is one of the seven bridges in Königsberg. Connects st. Oktyabrskaya (Oktyabrsky Island)
from st. Dzerzhinsky. A tram line runs across the bridge.
Berlin (Palmburg) Bridge is part of the Kaliningrad ring road, it is thrown across both channels of the
Pregolya. Farthest from the city center. After the war, it was only partially restored (one strip). A three-lane
bridge was built in its place, reconstructed in 2014.
The old railway bridge is a drawbridge, located in the area of the Museum of the World Ocean. Divorced by
raising the middle span. The middle span is dismantled, the bridge is not used in any way. An abandoned
railway line crosses the bridge.
The Second Overpass Bridge was commissioned in December 2011. The bridge crosses both channels of
the Pregolya and passes over Oktyabrsky Island, connecting April 9 Street in the right-bank part of the city
 with Dzerzhinsky Street in the left-bank part. The total length is 1,883 metres (2,059 yards). The bridge has
three lanes in each direction. The design speed of vehicles is not less than 80 km/h (50 mph).
Seven bridges existed in Königsberg in the 16th-20th centuries. The relative position of the bridges led to the mathematical
problem of Seven Bridges of Königsberg, and prompted the mathematician Leonhard Euler to speculate, which led to the
emergence of graph theory.

Media

Television
The Kaliningrad television studio has existed since 1958 with its own frequency channel and daily 6–7-hour broadcasting,
then it was called the Yantar TV and Radio Company. It has lost its channel and most of its airtime; it is a branch of the All-
Russia State Television and Radio Broadcasting Company.

Kaliningrad television networks

Channel One
Russia 24
5TV
Russia 1
Zvezda
TNT
Russia-K
Yu
STS
NTV
TV Center
Match TV
Public Television of Russia
Carousel
Mir
REN TV
Domashny
TV-3
Friday!
Muz-TV
Spas

Radio

Kaliningrad radio stations

"Europa Plus"
"Radio Chanson"
"Radio 7 On Seven Hills"
"Humor FM"
"Vesti FM"
"RMF FM" (Poland)
"Retro FM"
"Russkoye Radio"
"Silver Rain Radio"
"NRJ Russia"
 "Radio Zvezda"
"AvtoRadio"
"Radio Edge"
"Radio Monte Carlo"
"Nashe Radio"
"Business FM"
"Radio Mayak"
"Studio 21"
"Radio Rossii"
"Road Radio"
"Radio Maximum"
"Radio Komsomolskaya Pravda"

Notable people
Sergey Snegov (1910–1994), science fiction writer
Viktor Patsayev (1933–1971)
Alexei Leonov (1934–2019), first person to walk in space
Yury Romanenko (born 1944)
Alexander Viktorenko (born 1947)
Oleg Gazmanov (born 1951), singer
Sergei Beloglazov (born 1956), Olympic wrestler
Lyudmila Putina (born 1958), ex-wife of Vladimir Putin, ex-First Lady of Russia
Alexander Volkov (1967–2019), tennis player
Andrei Voronkov (born 1967), volleyball player and coach
Dmitry Lapikov (born 1982), Olympic weightlifter
Tvangeste, symphonic black metal band
Maksim Zuyev, journalist and activist
Anastasia Nazarenko (born 1993), rhythmic gymnast
Costa Ronin (born 1979), actor
Irina Zahharenkova (born 1976), concert pianist
Vitali Kalenkovich (born 1993), football player

International relations

Diplomatic missions
In 2004 Germany opened a consulate general in Kaliningrad.[102] This consulate allows Kaliningrad residents to get
Schengen visas without having to travel to Moscow. An agreement between Gerhard Schröder, Chancellor of Germany, and
President of Russia Vladimir Putin established the consulate in light of Lithuania and Poland, which surround Kaliningrad,
joining the EU. Russian concerns with Germany wanting the former Königsberg back had stifled earlier plans for a German
consulate.[103][104][105]

Small border traffic law

Poland and the Russian Federation have an agreement whereby residents of Kaliningrad and the Polish cities of Olsztyn,
Elbląg and Gdańsk may obtain "small border traffic" cards permitting repeated travel between the two countries, crossing
the Polish–Russian border. As of July 2013, Poland had issued 100,000 of the cards.[106]

Twin towns – sister cities

Kaliningrad is twinned with:[107]
 Baranavichy, Belarus Catania, Italy Kalmar, Sweden
Bremerhaven, Germany Forlì, Italy Kiel, Germany
Brest, Belarus Gomel, Belarus Zeitz, Germany
Cagliari, Italy Groningen, Netherlands

Former twin towns

Białystok, Poland Olsztyn, Poland Racibórz, Poland
Elbląg, Poland Norfolk, United States Toruń, Poland
Gdańsk, Poland Panevėžys, Lithuania Kaunas, Lithuania
Gdynia, Poland Klaipėda, Lithuania Kętrzyn County, Poland
Łódź, Poland Šiauliai, Lithuania Zwolle, The Netherlands
In February and March 2022 many cities terminated their cooperation with Kaliningrad as a response to the Russian
invasion of Ukraine.[108][109][110][111][112][113][114][115][116][117]

Partner cities
Kaliningrad is also partnered with:

Yerevan, Armenia (2009)[118]

See also
Battle of Königsberg
Heart of the City (Kaliningrad)
Kaliningrad question
Königsberger Klopse
Königsberg marzipan
Královec Region
Radio Königsberg
Seven Bridges of Königsberg
Suwałki Gap

References

Notes
a. /kəˈlɪnɪŋɡræd/ kə-LIN-in-grad; Russian: Калининград, IPA: [kəlʲɪnʲɪnˈɡrat].
b. /ˈkɜːnɪɡzbɜːrɡ/, German: [ˈkøːnɪçsbɛʁk] ⓘ; Russian: Кёнигсберг, IPA: [ˈkʲɵnʲɪɡzbʲɪrk]; Lithuanian:
Karaliaučius; Polish: Królewiec.

Citations
1. Resolution #640
2. Official website of Kaliningrad. Passport of Kaliningrad Urban Okrug ([Link]
(in Russian)
3. Charter of Kaliningrad, Article 25
4. Official website of Kaliningrad. Head of the City ([Link] Alexander
Georgiyevich Yaroshuk. (in Russian)
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городского округа "Город Калининград"», в ред. Решения №20 от 17 февраля 2017 г. «О внесении
изменений и дополнений в Устав городского округа "Город Калининград", утверждённый Решением
городского Совета депутатов Калининграда от 12 июля 2007 г. №257». Вступил в силу 22 июля 2007 г.
(за исключением отдельных положений). Опубликован: "Гражданин" (специальный выпуск), №12, 21
июля 2007 г. (City Council of Deputies of Kaliningrad. Decision #257 of July 12, 2007 On Adopting the
Charter of the Urban Okrug of the "City of Kaliningrad", as amended by the Decision #20 of February 17,
2017 On Amending and Supplementing the Charter of the Urban Okrug of the "City of Kaliningrad", Adopted
 by Decision #257 by the City Council of Deputies of Kaliningrad Decision on July 12, 2007. Effective as
of July 22, 2007 (with the exception of certain clauses).).
Калининградская областная Дума. Закон №463 от 27 мая 2010 г. «Об административно-
территориальном устройстве Калининградской области», в ред. Закона №450 от 3 июля 2015 г. «О
внесении изменений в Закон Калининградской области "Об административно-территориальном
устройстве Калининградской области"». Вступил в силу со дня официального опубликования.
Опубликован: "Калининградская правда" (вкладыш "Ведомости Правительства Калининградской
области"), №112, 26 июня 2010 г. (Kaliningrad Oblast Duma. Law #463 of May 27, 2010 On the
Administrative-Territorial Structure of Kaliningrad Oblast, as amended by the Law #450 of July 3, 2015 On
Amending the Law of Kaliningrad Oblast "On the Administrative-Territorial Structure of Kaliningrad Oblast".
Effective as of the day of the official publication.).
Правительство Калининградской области. Постановление №640 от 30 августа 2011 г. «Об
утверждении реестра объектов административно-территориального деления Калининградской
области», в ред. Постановления №877 от 21 ноября 2011 г «О внесении изменения в Постановление
Правительства Калининградской области от 30 августа 2011 г. №640». Вступил в силу со дня
официального опубликования. Опубликован: "Калининградская правда" (вкладыш "Официально"),
№170, 15 сентября 2011 г. (Government of Kaliningrad Oblast. Resolution #640 of August 30, 2011 On the
Adoption of the Registry of the Objects of the Administrative-Territorial Divisions of Kaliningrad Oblast, as
amended by the Resolution #877 of November 21, 2011 On Amending the Resolution of the Government of
Kaliningrad Oblast #640 of August 30, 2011. Effective as of the day of the official publication.).
Калининградская областная Дума. Закон №397 от 15 мая 2004 г. «О наделении муниципального
образования "Город Калининград" статусом городского округа», в ред. Закона №370 от 1 июля 2009
г «О составе территорий муниципальных образований Калининградской области». Вступил в силу со
дня официального опубликования. Опубликован: "Российская газета" ("Запад России"), №115, 3 июня
2004 г. (Kaliningrad Oblast Duma. Law #397 of May 15, 2004 On Granting the Urban Okrug Status to the
Municipal Formation of the "City of Kaliningrad", as amended by the Law #370 of July 1, 2009 On the
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the official publication.).
Vesilind, Priit J. "Kaliningrad: Coping with a German Past and a Russian Future", National Geographic,
March 1997.
Berger, Stefan "A City and Its Past. Popular Histories in Kaliningrad between Regionalization and
Nationalization", in: Popularizing National Past. 1800 to Present, Edited by Stefan Berger, Chris Lorenz, and
Billie Melman, Routledge 2012, pp. 288–307.
Kaliningrad Region, General Information ([Link]
[Link]/[Link]?rubric=5&node=386&doc_id=-43) Kommersant, Russia's daily On-line
Президиум Верховного Совета СССР. Указ от 4 июля 1946 г. «О переименовании города Кёнигсберга в
город Калининград и Кёнигсбергской области в Калининградскую область». (Presidium of the Supreme
Soviet of the USSR. Decree of July 4, 1946 On Changing the Name of the City of Kyonigsberg to the City of
Kaliningrad and the Name of Kyonigsberg Oblast to Kaliningrad Oblast. ).

Further reading
Barros, George. "Belarus Warning Update: Moscow and Minsk Hold Simultaneous Combat Readiness
Exercises in Kaliningrad, Mainland Russia, and Belarus." Institute for the Study of War (2021) online (https://
[Link]/sites/default/files/Belarus%20Warning%20Update%[Link]).
Diener, Alexander, and Joshua Hagen. "Geopolitics of the Kaliningrad exclave and enclave: Russian and EU
perspectives." Eurasian Geography and Economics 52.4 (2011): 567–592. online ([Link]
cgi/[Link]?article=1006&context=geography_faculty)

Eaton, Nicole. German Blood, Slavic Soil: How Nazi Königsberg Became Soviet Kaliningrad (Cornell
University Press, 2023) online review of this book ([Link]

Krickus, Richard J. The Kaliningrad Question (Rowman & Littlefield, 2002).

Lachowski, Zdzislaw. "Kaliningrad as a security issue: an expert view from Poland." in Kaliningrad: the
European amber region (Routledge, 2018) pp. 130–148.
Liuhto, Kari (editor). "Its future competitiveness and role in the Baltic Sea economic region ([Link]
i/fi/yksikot/tse/yksikot/PEI/raportit-ja-tietopaketit/Documents/Liuhto_72005.pdf) Archived ([Link]
org/web/20161023014510/[Link]
o_72005.pdf) October 23, 2016, at the Wayback Machine." University of Turku.
 Mordovets, Vitaly, et al. "Socio-economic development of the Kaliningrad region." E3S Web of Conferences.
Vol. 291. EDP Sciences, 2021. online ([Link]
f_sdgg2021_01006.pdf)
Oldberg, Ingmar. "The Kaliningrad Region: an Exclave with Internal and External Problems." in The
Kaliningrad Region (Brill Schöningh, 2021) pp. 241–261.
Oldberg, Ingmar. "The emergence of a regional identity in the Kaliningrad oblast." Cooperation and Conflict
35.3 (2000): 269–288.
Sebentsov, Alexander B., and Maria V. Zotova. "The Kaliningrad Region: Challenges of the Exclave Position
and the Ways to Offset Them." Baltic Region 10.1 (2018): 89–106. online ([Link]
eam/handle/document/57136/ssoar-balticreg-2018-1-sebentsov_et_al-The_Kaliningrad_Region_Challenges
_of.pdf?sequence=1)

Rogoża, Jadwiga, Agata Wierzbowska-Miazga, and Iwona Wiśniewska. "A captive island. Kaliningrad
between Moscow and the EU ([Link]
ault/files/prace_41_en.pdf)." OSW Studies, No. 41, July 2012.

External links
Official website of Kaliningrad ([Link] (in Russian)
Kaliningrad Business Directory ([Link] (in Russian)
Kaliningrad travel guide ([Link]
All roads lead to Kaliningrad ([Link]

Retrieved from "[Link]