EC1151 - ELECTRIC CIRCUIT ANALYSIS

FOR I YEAR/II SEM- ECE STUDENTS

UNIT-2
NETWORK THEOREMS

COMPILED BY
[Link] LECTURER/EE

VERIFIED
BY

HOD AI PRINCIPAL

DEPARTMENT OF EEE

SENGUNTHAR ENGINEERING COLLEGE-TIRUCHENGODE

SENGUNTHAR ENGINEERING COLLEGE –T CODE/EC1151 /CA/U2

EC1151 - ELECTRIC CIRCUIT ANALYSIS

FOR I-YEAR/II SEM- ECE STUDENTS

UNIT-2
NETWORK THEOREMS

COMPILED BY
[Link] LECTURER/ EEE

DEPARTMENT OF EEE

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SENGUNTHAR ENGINEERING COLLEGE –T CODE/EC1151 /CA/U2

SENGUNTHAR ENGINEERING COLLEGE-TIRUCHENGODE

SYLLABUS

EC1151 CIRCUIT ANALYSIS

1. DC CIRCUIT ANALYSIS:
Basic Components and Electric Circuits: Charge,
Current, Voltage and Power, Voltage and Current Sources,
Ohm’s Laws; Voltage and Current Laws: Kirchoff’s Current Law,
Kirchoff’s Voltage Law, The Single Node - Pair Circuit, Series
and Parallel Connected Independent Sources, Resistors in
Series and Parallel, Voltage and Current Division; Basic Nodal
and Mesh Analysis: Nodal Analysis, Mesh Analysis.
2. NETWORK THEOREMS:
Useful Circuit Analysis Techniques: Linearity and
Superposition, Thevenin and Norton Equivalent Circuits,
Maximum Power Transfer, Delta-Wye Conversion.
3. SINUSOIDAL STEADY STATE ANALYSIS:
Sinusoidal Steady - State Analysis: Characteristics of
Sinusoids, The Complex Forcing Function, The Phasor, Phasor
Relationships for R, L and C, Impedance and Admittance, Nodal
and Mesh Analysis, Phasor Diagrams; AC Circuit Power
Analysis: Instantaneous Power, Average Power, Apparent
Power and Power Factor, Complex Power.
4. TRANSIENTS AND RESONANCE IN RLC CIRCUITS:
Basic RL and RC Circuits: The Source-Free RL Circuit,
The Source-Free RC Circuit, The Unit-Step Function, Driven RL
Circuits, Driven RC Circuits; Frequency Response: Parallel
Resonance, Series Resonance.
5. COUPLED CIRCUITS, DUALITY AND TOPOLOGY:
Magnetically Coupled Circuits: Mutual Inductance,
The Linear Transformer, The Ideal Transformer; Duality; An
Introduction to Network Topology: Trees and General Nodal
Analysis, Links and Loop Analysis.

TEXT BOOK:
1. William H. Hayt, Jr, Jack E. Kemmerly, Steven M. Durbin,
“Engineering Circuit Analysis”, Sixth Edition, Tata
McGraw-Hill Edition, 2002.

REFERENCES:
1. David E. Johnson, Johny R. Johnson, John L. Hilburn,
“Electric Circuit Analysis”, Second Edition, Prentice-Hall
International Editions.

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2. [Link], M.S. Kamath, “Basic Circuit Analysis”, Jaico

Publishing House, 1999.
3. Norman Balabanian, “Electric Circuits”, International
Edition, McGraw-Hill, 1994.
4. Charles K. Alexander & Mathew N. O. Sadiku,
“Fundamentals of Electric Circuits”, Second Edition,
McGraw-Hill 2003.
5. Fundamentals of R.A. Decarlo and [Link], “Linear circuit
analysis” Oxford press, Reprint Edition 2003.

UNIT-2

1. NETWORK THEOREMS

 Useful Circuit Analysis Techniques:

 Linearity and Superposition,

 Thevenin and Norton Equivalent Circuits

 Maximum Power Transfer

 Delta-Wye Conversion.

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CONTENTS

[Link] 16 MARKS [Link]

01 State and Explain linearity theorem and superposition 05
theorem
02 State and Explain Thevenin’s theorem and Norton’s 08
theorem
03 State and prove the maximum power transfer theorem 12

[Link] 2 MARKS [Link]

01 State linearity theorem. 14
02 State Superposition theorem. 14
03 State Thevenins theorem. 14

04 State Norton’s theorem. 15

05 State Maximum power transfer theorem. 15

[Link] PROBLEMS [Link]

01 Linearity Theorem problem 16
02 Superposition Theorem problem 17
03 Superposition Theorem problem 21

04 Thevenin’s Theorem problems 23

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05 Thevenin’s Theorem problems 25

06 Norton’s Theorem problems 27
07 Maximum power transfer Theorem problems 29

UNIT-2

NETWORK THEOREMS

INTRODUCTION:

The different method of ac and dc circuit analysis is discussed up

till now. The main aim of such techniques is to produce an equivalent
circuit in its simplest form such techniques help us to apply the
fundamental network theorems such as

1. Linearity theorem
2. Superposition theorem
3. Thevenin’s theorem
4. Norton’s theorem
5. Maximum power transfer theorem

16 MARKS

1. State and explain linearity theorem and superposition theorem

LINEARITY THEOREM:

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Statement: for any linear circuit, any output voltage or current is

related linearity to the independent sources present in the circuit.

Explanation: the linearity theorem is the base of superposition

theorem.

Consider the network shown in fig. there are three independent

sources V1, I1, and V2.

Let the output variable is denoted as P where it is a voltage across

or current through any branch of the network. Then according to the
linearity theorem, the output is related linearity to the source V1, I1, and
V2. Thus mathematically

Output P = a1V1 + a1I1 + a3V2

Where a1, a2 and a3 are properly dimensioned constants

In general if there are m independent sources as V1, V2, ………..,

Vm then the output P which is current or voltage is

P = a1u1 + a2u2 + …………….. + am um.

Where a1, a2, ……………., am are constant.

Note: the set of equations obtained before, using mesh analysis and node
analysis for various circuits represent the linearity theorem.

SUPERPOSITION THEOREM:

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This theorem is applicable for linear and bilateral networks.

Statement:
“In any multi source complex network consisting of linear
bilateral elements, the voltage across or current through, any given
element of network is equal to the sum of individual voltages or
currents, produced independently across or in that element by each
source acting independently, when all the remaining sources are
replaced by their respective internal impedances.”

If the internal impedance of sources are unknown then the

independent voltage sources must be replaced by short circuit, while
independent current sources must be replaced by open circuit.

Of there are dependent current and voltage sources present in the

circuit then such dependent source should not be replaced by open and
short circuit and must be kept as it is . Such sources have zero value,
only when voltage or current controlling then is zero.

Let source E1 < is acting independently.

1. At this time the other sources must be replaced by internal

impedances/ but as internal impedance of E2 is not given, the
source E2 must be replaced by short circuit as shown in fig.
2. Then find IAB by using reduction techniques.

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Case (i):

1. Now consider other soured E2 alone

2. Replace E1 by short circuit to obtain current through the branch
A-B
3. The find IAB” by using network reduction techniques.

Case (ii):
Total IAB = IAB’ due to E1 + IAB”due to E2.

Step to analysis superposition theorem:

1. Select a single source acting alone. Short the other voltage sources
and open the current sources, if internal impedances are not
known. If known, replace them by internal impedances.
2. Find the current through or voltage across the required element,
due to the source under consideration, using suitable network
reduction technique.
3. Repeat the above 2 steps for all sources.
4. Add all individual effects produced by individual sources, to
obtain the total current or voltage across the element.

2. State and Explain Thevenin’s theorem and Norton’s theorem.

THEVININ’S THEOREM:

Statement:

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Any combination of linear bilateral circuit elements and active

sources, regardless of the connection or complexity, connected to a given
load ZL, may be replaced by simple Z terminal network consists of
single voltage source of Vth volts and single impedance Zeq in series
with voltage soured, across the two terminals of load ZL.

Vth = open circuit voltage measured at 2 terminals with load

impedance removed. This voltage is called Thevenin’s equivalent
voltage.

Explanation:

1. The terminals A-B are the terminals where load impedance ZL is

connected. The thevenin’s equivalent across the load terminals A-
B is shown in fig. (i) .(b)
2. The vth is the voltage obtained across the terminals A-B, when ZL
is removed, hence it is an open circuit voltage as shown in fig (ii)
(a)

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3. While Zeq is equivalent impedance through terminals A-B, with

ZL removed and voltage sources replaced by short circuit and
current sources by open circuit.

4. For obtaining Vth, any of the network simplification can be used

5. when circuit is replaced thevenin’s equivalent across the load
terminals, then

I L = VTH∕ZL + Zeq

By using this theorem, current through any branch of circuit can be

obtained.

Step to apply thevenins theorem:

1. remove the branch impedance, through which current is required

to be calculated
2. calculate the voltage across these open circuited terminals, by
using any of the network simplification techniques this voltage is
thevenins equivalent voltage VTH
3. Calculate the equivalent impedance Zeq, as viewed through the
two terminals of the branch from which the current is to be
calculated by removing that branch impedance and replacing all
that independent sources by their internal impedances.
4. draw the thevenins equivalent showing the voltage sourceVTH ,
with the impedance Zeq in series within, across the terminals of
branch through which the current is to be calculated. Reconnect
the branch impedance id let it be ZL . the required I thro the
branch is given by

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I = VTH∕ZL + Zeq

Limitation of thevenins theorem:

The limitation of thevenins theorem is

1. Not applicable to the circuits consisting of non linear elements
2. Not applicable to unilateral networks.
3. There should not be magnetic coupling between the load and
circuit, to be replaced by thevenins theorem.
4. In the load side, there should not be controlled sources, controlled
from some other part of circuit.

NORTON’S THEOREM:

“Any linear active network with output terminals A, B as shown

in fig can be replaced by a single current source Isc (= IN) in parallel
with a single impedance

ZTH = (Zn) = Rth = (RTH)

Isc = current through terminals AB of active network when

shorted

Zth = thevenins impedance.

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The current thro impedance RL which is connected to the

terminals of Nortons equivalent circuit must have the dame direction as
current thro the same impedance connected to original active network

RL = IL = (Is x Rth) ∕ (Rth + RL)

4. State and prove the maximum power transfer theorem.

For a passive network connected to an active network consisting

of current and voltage sources and linear bilateral passive elements,
when the passive network load consists of
1. variable resistance only
2. variable resistance and variable reactance

MAXIMUM POWER TRANSFER THEOREM:

Statement:
In an active network, maximum power transfer to the load takes
place when the network as viewed from the terminals of load.
This statement depends upon the conditions of the circuit.
Case (i):Purely resistive circuit and load resistance is variable:

Statement:
“Maximum power will be delivered from a voltage source to a
load, when the load resistance is equal to the internal resistance of
source”

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Let Vg = general voltage source

Rg = internal resistance
RL = load resistance

When power transferred to load is maximum (i.e ) RL = Rg

Total resistance R = Rg + RL = RL + RL =2RL

Load current IL= Vg∕2RL

Power delivered to RL = IL2RL
= (Vg∕2RL)2 x RL

Pmax = Vg2 ∕4RL

Under this condition the efficiency is only 50%. Since one-half of total
power generated is lost in dissipation with in the source.
Note:
1. Imax & Pmax will not takes place for same value of RL
2. I id max when RL = 0; Imax = Vg∕Rg.
3. Power transfer is max when RL = Rg.
4. Current at max power is 50% of max current.

Case (ii): If reactance present, and load resistance and reactance can be
independently varied.

Statement:
“Maximum power will be delivered from a voltage source to a
load when the load impedance is complex conjugate of source
impedance.”
Hence in this case RG and RL are replaced by Zg and ZL
respectively

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Zg = internal impedance of the source.

Zg = Rg + jXg
ZL = load impedance = RL + jXL
XL = load reactance but not inductive reactance
According to maximum power transfer theorem

ZL = complex conjugate of Zg = Rg + j Xg

Hence when the power transfer is maximum the total impedance = 2RL

Case (iii): reactance’s present, but only the magnitude of load

impedance can be varied

Statement:
“Maximum power is delivered from a voltage source of the load
when the magnitude of the load impedance is equal to the magnitude of
source impedance.
Let be the angle of load impedance

ZL =
= ZL cos + j Z L sin
P = (Vg2 cos ) ∕ ((Rg + cos )2+ (Xg + sin )2)
For maximum power transfer

dp∕d =0
using this calculation and simplifying the above equation we get 3
Rg2 + Xg2 = 2
on =

2MARKS

1. State linearity theorem:

For any linear resistive circuit, any output voltage or current is
related linearity to the independent sources present in circuit. The
linearity theorem based of super position theorem.

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2. State Superposition theorem:

“in any multisource complex network consisting of linearity
bilateral elements, the voltage of across or current through, any given
element of network is equal to the sum of individual voltages or currents
produced independently across or in that element by each source acting
independently, when all the remaining sources are replaced by their
respective internal impedance “

3. State Thevenins theorem:

Any combination of linear bilateral circuit elements and active
source, regardless of the connection or complexity connected to a given
load ZL, may be replaced by simple 2 terminal network consists of single
voltage source of VTH volts and a single impedance Zeq in series with
voltage VL.

4. State Norton’s theorem:

Any linear active network with output terminals AB as shown in
fig can be replaced by a single current source ISC = IN in parallel with
single impedance

ZTN = Zn = RTH = RN

5. State Maximum power transfer theorem:

In an active network, maximum power transfer to the load takes
place when the load impedance is the complex conjugate of an
equivalent impedance of the network as viewed from the terminals of
load.

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PROBLEMS

1. For the circuit shown in fig verify the linearity theorem for the
voltage across 100 resistance.

Solution:

Assume the node voltage at A as VA and base node is B.

Apply KCL at node A.

-I1 – I2 – I3 = 0

I1 + I 2 + I 3 = 0 ……………………………………………………….(1)

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Now, I1 = (VA – V1)∕150

I2 = VA∕100

I3 = (VA – V2)∕75

Sub in eqn (1)

((VA –V1)∕150) + (VA∕100 )+ ((VA + V2)∕75) = 0

VA [6.66 x 10-3 +0.01 + 0.01333] = 6.66 x 10-3 V1 + 0.01333 V2

VA = 6.66 x 10-3 V1 + 0.0133 V2 = 0.022 V1 + 0.4443 V2 ……….(2)

The voltage across 100 resistance is VA and V1,V2 are source hence
eqn (2) shows. The independent sources V1 and V2 with 0.022 and
0.4943are the constants.

VA = a1 V1 + a2 V2

This verifies the linearity theorem.

2. Calculate the current through 2 resistance of the network shown in

fig using superposition theorem.

Solution:

Consider each source separately

Case (i):

Consider 5V source alone, shorting other, as shown in fig.

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Apply KVL to 2 loops

Loop1:

3I1 + j 2I1 + 5(I1 – I2) – j 2( I1 – I2) = 5

3I1 + j 2I1 + 5I1 – 5I2 – j 2I1 + j 2I2 = 5

8I1 – (5- j 2) I2 = 5 …………………………….(1)

Loop2:

5(I2 – I1) – j 2 (I2-I1) +2I2 = 0

5I2 – 5I1 – j 2 I2 + j 2 I1 + 2I2 = 0

- (5 j2) I1 + (7 – j 2) I2 = 0

(5 j2) I1 - (7 – j 2) I2 = 0 ……………………………..(2)

From Equation (2)

D= =

= 8(-7 + j2) – ( -5 +j2)(5 – j2)

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= -56 + 16j +( 5-j2)2

= -56 +16j + 25 + 4 – 2 x5 x 2j

= -56 + 16j +25 + 4 -20j

= -35 -4j

D = 35.227

We want current through 2 i.e. I2 hence calculating D2 only

D2 = = -5 ( 5-2 j) = -25 + 10 j

I2 = D2∕D = 26.925 ∕35.227

I2 = 0.672 – j 0.331.67

Case (ii):

Consider V source alone, shorting other, as shown in fig.

Apply KVL to 2 loops

Loop1:

-j 2 ( I1 + I2 ) + 5 ( I1+ I2) + 3I1 + j 2I1 = j 10

I1 ( -j 2 + 5 + 3 + j 2 ) + I2 ( j 2 – 5) = j 10

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8I1 + ( -5 + j 2 ) I2 = j 10 ………………………………….(1)

loop2:

5 ( I2 + I1 ) – j 2 ( I2 + I1 ) + 2I2 = j 10

I1 ( 5 – j 2 ) + I2 ( 7 – j 2 ) = j 10 …………………………(2)

From Equation (1) and (2)

D= =

= 8(7 - j2) – ( -5 +j2)(5 – j2)

= 56 - 16j + (5-j2)2

= 56 -16j – 25 + 4 – 2 x5 x 2j

= 56 - 16j -25 + 4 +20j

= 35 +4j

D = 35.227

D2 = = 80j – j10 ( 5 – j2)

= 80 j – 50 j +20 j2

= 80 j – 50 j -20 = 30 j – 20

D2= 36.055

I2 = D2 ∕ D = 36.055 ∕35.227

= 1.023

I2 = 1.023 -0.467 + j 0.91 A

According to the super position theorem, current through 2 resistance

is

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I22 = 0.672 –j 0.363 – 0.467 + j 0.91

I22 = 0.205 +j 0.547 A

I22 = 0.584 A

3. Find the current i in the network shown in the fig. using super
position theorem.

Solution:

Case 1:

Consider 10 V source alone open 2 A and 8A current sources But

the dependant source 4i must be kept as it is

Apply KVL we get

3i + 2i – 4i = 10

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i= 10 A …………………………………………………(1)

Case 2:

Consider 2 A sources alone open 8A and short the 10 V source.

The dependent source must be kept as it is

Convert voltage dependent source in to current source

i = V∕R = 4i ∕ 2 = 2i

Current through i= (2 x (2i + 2)) ∕(2 + 3)

i = (4i + 4 ) ∕5

5i = 4i + 4

5i – 4i = 4

i=4A ……………………………………….(2)

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Case 3:

Consider the 8 A alone open 2 A and short 10 V

i2 = 8 A ; i = i 1 + i2

Apply KVL

Loop 1:

2i1 + 3( i1 – i2 ) = 4i

2i1 ( i1 – i2 ) -4( i1 – i2 ) = 0

5i1 – 3i2 -4i1 +4i2 = 0

i 1 + i2 = 0

i1 + 8 = 0

i1 = - 8 A

i = i1 – i2 = - 8 – 8 = - 16 A i.e. 16 A

i= 16 A ………………………………………….(3)

From equation (1), (2) and (3) using super position theorem

i = i + i + i = (1) + (2) + (3)

i = 10 + 4 + 16 = 10 + 4 -16 = - 2 A =2A

i=2A

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4. Obtain Thevenin’s theorem of network shown fig. between terminals

X and Y.

Solution:

(1) The terminals X and Y are already open. As X and Y are open, no
current can flow through – j 10

I = (10 0 ) ∕( 10 + 3 +j 4 )

I=

No current flows thro – j 10

(2) Vxy = I ( 3 + j 4 ) = 0.735 x5

= 36.76 = VTH

VTH = 36.76

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(3) Obtain Zeq as viewed through terminals X-Y replacing voltage

source by short circuit

(3 + j 4 ) 10

((3 + j 4 ) x 10 ) ∕(3 + j 4 + 10 )

Zeq = - j 10

= - j 10 + 3.676 36.120

= - 10 j = 2.969 + j 2.167

= 2.969 – j 7.83

(4) Thevenin’s equivalent across X-Y is

5. Find the thevenin’s equivalent circuit across the terminals A – B of

the network in fig.

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Solution:

(1) Branch A & B already opens

I = V∕R = V ∕ (R1 + R2 + R3 )

I = V ∕ (R1 + R2 + R3 )

(2) VAB = I R3 = V R3 ∕ ( R1 + R2 + R3 )

VAB = V R3 ∕ (R1 + R2 + R3 ) = VTH

(3) Obtain Zeq

There is direct short across R3 and no current can flow through R3.
Hence it can be removed

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Apply KVL

I R1 + ( 1 – K ) I R2 = V1

I ( R1 + R2 – K R2 ) = V1

I = V1 ∕(R1 + ( 1 – K ) R2 ) = ISC

Zeq = VOC ∕ISC = VTH ∕ISC

Zeq = [V1 R3 ∕ ( R1 + R2 + R3 )] x [(R1 + ( 1 – K ) R2 ∕ V1 ]

Zeq =

6. Using Norton’s theorem find the current through load impedance ZL:

Solution:

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(1) Short the branch A-B

(2)

I = V∕R = 100 ∕ 5 = 20 A

IN = 20 A = ISC

(3) Calculate Zeq

Zeq = 5 (10 + j 10 ) = =

Zeq = 3.922

Zeq = 3.854 +j 0.7691

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(4) Norton Equivalent

IL = I N x

IL = ( 78.44 11.310) ∕ ( 8.845 + j 5.7691 )

IL = 7.427 -21.80

7. For the circuit shown in fig. find the value of resistance RL that will
determines the maximum power transfer. Also find the value of
maximum power delivered to RL

Solution:

Apply KVL to find I

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Zeq =

= [ ( (1 x 2)∕3 )+ 2 x 1 ] ∕ [ (2 ∕ 3 ) + 2 + 1 ) ]

= 0.7272

RL = 0.7272 for Pmax

(2) find VTH

VTh = I x R

Apply KVL

I1 + 2 ( I 1 – I2 ) = 5
3 I1 – 2I2 = 5 ……………………………………………………(1)

Loop2:
2( I2 – I1 ) + 2I2 + I2 = 0

2I2 – 2I1 + 2I2 +I2 = 0

5I2 – 2I1 = 0 ……………………………………………(2)

D= =

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D2 =

D = 15 – 4 = 11

D2 = 10

I2 = 10∕11 = 0.90909

VTH = I2 x 1 = 0.90909 V

Pmax = V2TH ∕4 RL = (0.90909)2∕(4 x 0.7272) = 0.28411 w

Pmax = 0.28411 watts

END

----------------------------------------- x ---------------------------------------------- x
-------------------------------------

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