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Optical Instruments (Ray Optics)

The document discusses ray optics and optical instruments, focusing on simple microscopes and compound microscopes. It explains the working principles, magnifying power, and applications of these optical devices, including the formulas used to calculate magnification and power. Additionally, it provides examples and definitions related to vision and lens properties.

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11 views10 pages

Optical Instruments (Ray Optics)

The document discusses ray optics and optical instruments, focusing on simple microscopes and compound microscopes. It explains the working principles, magnifying power, and applications of these optical devices, including the formulas used to calculate magnification and power. Additionally, it provides examples and definitions related to vision and lens properties.

Uploaded by

shxnzz143
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© All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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RAY OPTICS AND OPTICAL INSTRUMENTS: 2 Here, w=+12m, v=-3m, f=? aay Foeiu 1 Tia or fe-dm 3, The book placed at 25 em from the corrective lens ‘must form the virtual image at 50 cm. Gwe =[Link]) v=—50em ‘Thus the corrective lens must be a converging lens. of power 2D. 9,43 SIMPLE MICROSCOPE 79. What is a simple microscope ? Give its working principle. Write expressions for its magnifying power ‘when it forms final image at the least distance of distinct vision and at infinity, Simple microscope. sinple microscope ora magnifving glass is just @ convex lens of short focal length, held close to the eye. Working principle : When the final image is formed at the least distance of distinet vision. When an object ABis placed between the focus F and optical centre O of convex lens ; a virtual, erect and magnified image 4'B is formed on the same side of the lens es the object. Since a normal eye can see an object clearly at the least distance of distinct vision D (=25 cm), the position of the lens. s0 adjusted that the final image is formed at the distance D from the lens, as shown in Fig. 9.150. Fig. 9.150 A simple microscope with the eye focussed at the near point. Magnifying power. The magnifying power of a simple microscope is defined as the ratio of the angles subtended by r 9.) * the image and the object at the eye, when both are atthe east distance of distinct vision from the eye. Thus, Magnifying power, ‘Angle subtended by the image at the least distance of distinct vision m= ~Kngle subtended by the object at the least distance of distinct vision As the eye is held close to the lens, the angles subtended at the lens may be taken to be the angles subtended at the eye. The image A’ Bis formed at the least distance of distinct vision ‘D’. Let 2 A'OB' =f. Imagine the object AB to be displaced to position A"B’ at distance D from the lens. Let 2A’OB'=a. Then magnifying power, - a, Bare small angles} --ABLOB A" B/OB OB _-D OB =x . ABLOB AB/ OB [- A'B = AB) m=2 x Let fbe the focal length of the lens. As the image is formed at the least distance of distinct vision from the Tens, so v=-D Using thin Jens formula, 1 i i 1 we get, = ip or ae Df Thus shorter the focal length of the convex tens, the greater is its magnifying power. Working principle: When the final image is formed at infinity, When we see an image at the near point, it causes some strain in the eye. Often the object is placed at the focus of the convex lens, so that parallel rays center the eye, as shown in Fig, 9.151(a). The image is formed at infinity, which is more suitable and comfortable for viewing by the relaxed eye, Eye focussed a atinfinity (Leet Least distance of distinet vision (D). The minim distance from the eye, at which the eye can see objects clearly and distinetly withowt any strain us called the least distance of distinct vision. For a normal eye its value fs 25 cm, > Near point. The nearest point from the eye, ot which an object can be clearly seen by the eye is ened its near point, The near point of a normal eye is at a distance of 5 em. > Far point, The farthest point fram the eye, at which an object can be seen clearly by the eye, is called the far point ofthe eye. For a normal ee, the far point sat infinity. >= Accommodation itis theability ofthe eyelens du to Which it car change is focal length so that Images of abject at various distances can be formed on the same retina, > Power of accommodation. The power of accommo: dation othe eyes the maximum variation ofits poiver for focussing on near and! far objects. For 9 normal yg the power of accommodation isabout4 dioptres. > The magnifying power is expressed with unit X So ‘fa magnifying glass produces an angular magni- fication of 10, i called a 10 X magnifier, > A simple microscope has a limited maximum magn! fication of about 10, for realistic focal lengths. For much larger magnifications, we use two convoxenses, fone enhancing (compounding the effect ofthe other. ‘This is known as the compound microscope. 4. When the final image is formed at the least distance of distinct vision, the magnifying power is 2. When the final image is formed at infinity, the magnijing pavers nia 2 Units Used ‘Magnification m has no units, D= 25cm, for a normal eye, Example 118. A thin convex lens of foc length 5 cm is used as a simple microscope by a person with normal near point (25 em). Find tne magnifving powor of the microscope if the imnge is formed at (1) infinity, antl i) the least distance of distiict vision INCERT ; SCE 22} Solution. Here om, D=25em ()m FB As meas Pas F 6, Example 119. A simple microscope is a combination of too lenses, in contact, of powers +15D and +5 D. Calculate the magnifying power of the microscope, if the final image is formed at 25 em,fiom the eye. Solution. Power of combination, P=P +P =15+5=+20D «+ Focal length of combination, ee fapegpmesem Magnifying power, mats Example 120. An object is to be seen through a simple ‘microscope of power 10 D, Where should the object be placed $0 as to produce maxintum angular magnification ? The Teast distance for distinct vision is 25 cn. Solution. Angular magnification is maximum when the final image is formed at the near point, ee =-25em, f=t=1 m=10 p=25em, f= pas; male ded. 41. iG e Now 42 “e uo f 2 10 50 u=—50/7 =-7.1 cm. Example 121. A simple microscope is rated 5X for a normal relaxed eye. What will be its magnifying poxoer for a relaxed farsighted eye whose near point is 40 cnt? Solution. For normal eye: D=25 em, m=5 or Se ene 25 or fe5an of i For relaxed farsighted eye: D’ =40 cm, f =[Link] ees fo 5 ‘Thus the magnifying power of the simple micro- scope is 8 X in the second case. Example 122. A converging lens of focal length 6.25 cntis used as a magnifying glass. Ifthe near point of the observer i 25 cmfrom the eye and the lens is held close to the eye, calculate (i) the distance of the object front the lens and (Gi) the angular magnification. Find the angular magnification, when the final image is formed at infinity. [ISCE 93} Solution. Here f =6.25 em, = ( Using thin lens formula, (ii) Angular magnification, ele 2 14+ 31+ =1+4=5 ON aie a a62s When the final image is formed at infinity, the angular magnification becomes Example 123. A man with normal near point (25 om) reads a book vith small print using a magnifying glass : a thin convex lens of focal length 5 cm. () Wat is the closest and the farthest distance at which he cait read the book wlien viewing through the magnifying glass ? (ii) What is the maximum and the minimum angular magnification (magnifying power) possible using the above simple microscope ? INCERT] Solution. (i) For the closest distance : p=-25em, f=5om, w=? eo v ‘This is the closest distance at which the man can read the book, For the farthest image : f=5an, 16 deere wane 1 1 TO Wa -5om. ‘This is the farthest distance at which the man can. read the book. (i) Maximum angular magnification v=o, or Example 124, A figure divided into squares ench of size mn? is being viewed at a distance of 9m through a magnifying glass (a. converging lens of focal length 10 cm) held close to the eye, (® What is the magnification (image sizelobject size) produced by the lens ? How much is the area of each square in the virtual image ? ing glass is made of combination of lenses of power + 20 Dand ~4 [Link] the distance of distinct vision is 25 cm, calculate the size of an object [Link] high seen through the magnifying glass. 5. A magni 25 cm. (Ans. 10 em) ing glass is a combination of a convex lens of focal length 5 cm and a concave lens of power ~5D. If the distance of distinct vision is 20 cm, calculate the magnifying power of the magnilying glass. 6. Magnifying power ofa simple microscope A is 1.25, less than that of a simple microscope B. Ifthe power of the lens used in B is 25 D, find the power of lens used in A. Given that distance of distinct vision is (Ans.4) (Ans.20 D) A child has a near point at 10 cm. What is the maximum angular magnification the child can have with a convex lens of focal length 10 cm ? (Ans.2) INTS 1. Here m=26, D= As om 2, Use f-4 and mate? sem, f=2 D 3. (Here f =+ 6.25em, v=-25em 1 (i) Angular magnification, 1 ~ 2. 1 1 6.35 1 ‘The final image is formed at infinity when u= f. 4, Power of combination, P= R + 2, = 20-4= 16D Focal length of combination, 1 1 25) Size of image, i, =mxh =5x2=10 om, 7. For maximum angular magnification, p=-10em 1 Hi 9.44 COMPOUND MICROSCOPE 80. With the help of a ray dingram, explain the construction and working of ¢ compownd microscope. Write an expression for its magnifyiig power. Compound microscope.A compound microscope is an optical device used to see magnified images of tiny objects. A good quality compound microscope can produce magnification of the order of 1000. Construction. It consists of two convex lenses of short focal length, arranged co-axially at the ends of wo sliding metal tubes. 1. Objective, It is 2 convex lens of very short focal length f,, and small aperture. It is positioned near the object fo be magnified. 2. Eyepiece or ocular. It isa convex lens of compara- tively larger focal length f, and larger aperture than the objective (f, > fa) It is positioned near the eye for viewing the final image. The distance between the two lenses can be varied by using rack and pinion arrangement. Working.(a) When the final image is formed at the least distance of distinct vision. The object AB to be viewed is placed at distance 11, slightly larger than the focal length f, of the objective O, The objective forms a real, inverted and magnified image A’ B,, of the object AB on the other side of the lens O, as shown in Fig. 9.152. The separation between the objective O and the eyepiece E, is so adjusted that the image A’ B' lies within the focal length f, of the eyepiece, The image A’B' acts as an object for the eyepiece which essentially acts like a simple microscope. The eyepiece E forms a virtual and magnified final image A" B" of the object AB Clearly, the final image A” B” is inverted with respect to the object AB Eyepiece eH [aS Fig. 9.152 Compound Microscope, final image at D. Magnifying [Link] magnifying power of a compound microscope is defined as the ratio of the angle subtended at N the eye by the final virtual image to the angle subtended at the eye by the object, when both are at the lenst distance of distinct vision front the eye. eods[se 2) ‘As the object AB is placed close to the focus F, of the objective, therefore, 1, =~ f, ‘Also image 4’ Bis formed close tothe eyelens whose focal length is short, therefore y, = L=the length of the ‘microscope tube or the distance between the two lenses 2 yatta % —h rf ma—£{1+2 ( ont ings fi fe ( When the final image is formed at infinity. The magnifying power of a compound microscope is defined as the ratio of the angle subtended at the eye by the final image ‘formed at infinity to the angle subtended (at the unaided eye) by the object. When the image 4’ B lies at the focus F of the eyepiece ie, u, = f,, the image A” B” is formed at infinity, as shown in Fig. 9.153, *123 Compound microscope, final image at 2. ‘Magnification due to objective, m =!” = + Angular magnification due to eyepiece, m, 3 Total magnification when the final image is formed at infinity, ‘ ie a hh m= my xm, = Obviously, magnifying power of the compound microscope is large when both f, and f, are small. ® Ina compound microscope, the objective is a convex Jens of short focal length and small aperture, while the eyepiece isa convex lens of short focal length and large aperture. In actual practice, each of the objective and the ‘eyepiece consists of combination of lenses. To eliminate chromatic aberration, an objective consists cf two lenses in contact. To minimise chromatic and spherical aberrations, an eyepiece consists of two Tenses separated by a certain distance. Ina compound microscope, the objective and the eyepiece are placed a fixed distance apart. For focussing on an object, the distance of the objective from that object is changed with the help of a rack and pinion arrangement. For large magnifying power, both f, and f, have tobe small, Also, fis taken larger than f, $0 as to increase the field of view of the microscope. ‘The visibility and quality of the image can be improved by illuminating the object and by using oil immersion objective. ‘When the final imageis formed at the least distance Dof distint visio, the length of the compound microscope, L=+n, > When the final image is formed at infinity, the length ‘of the compound microscope, L= 0, + fi > Seco Ceca viernes Formulae Used 1. Magnifying power, m= m, xm, 2 When the final image is formed at the least distance of distinct vision, % 2) -( 2) pate Hl ff fe 3. When the final image is formed at infinity, ag DT no) ee ee % Se Units Used The distances uy , 1, %,¥,, Dand Lare all in ‘metre or cm and magnification m has no units, D=25cm, for anormal eye. Example 127. 4 compound microscope with an objective of 1.0 cm focal length and an eyepiece of 2.0 cm focal length ‘has a tube length of 20 cm Calculate the magnifying power Of the microscope, if the final image is formed at the near point of the eye, ICBSE D 04) Solution. Here fy =1.0 em, f, =2.0 cm, L=20 cm, D=25 cm ‘When the final image is formed at the near point of the eye, the magnifying power is wob{e2] fi fe 23 5 0 (1 + 2) =20x 13.5 = Example 128. you are given two converging lenses of focal lengths 1.25 cm and 5 cm to design a compound ‘micrescope. If itis desired to have a magnification of 30, find out separation between the objective and the eyepi = a East oD 15) Solution. Here fy =1.25 em, f, =5 cm, D=25 cm, m=30 When the final image is formed at the near point of the eye, the magnifying power of the compound microscope is or Exomple 129.4n optical instrument uses a lens of power 100 D for objective lens and 50 D for its eyepiece. When the tube length is kept at 25 cm, the final image is formed at infinity. (@) Identify the optical instrument, © Calculate the magnification produced by instrument. Soa 1 Of are qoom=tem: we f= ai =2cm ‘As both the objective and the eyepiece are convex lenses of short focal lengths, so the given optical instrument is a compound microscope. (ti) L=25 cm, D=25 cm, f,=1em, fy =2cm When the final image is formed at infinity, the magnification produced is mat. 2 3,3 3125, & hoe the p20) Example 130. (i) Draw a labelled ray diagram of a Ee compound microscope, showing the formation of image at the near point of the eye. (if) A compound microscope uses an objective lens of focal length 4 cmand eyelens of focal lengtt 10 crm An object is placed at 6 cm from the objective lens, (@) Caleulate magnifying power of the compound micro- scope, ifthe final image is formed at the near point. (B) Calculate the length of the compound microscope also, ees PTcRSE OD Boe 78) Solution. () For ray diagram, see Fig. 9.145 (i) Here fy=4em, f,=[Link], 4) =-6 em, v, =- D=-25 em (a) As 1 My a ter % 4-6 12 or y=+12cn Magnifying power of the compound microscope is Length of the compound microscope is L= vp +[1,|=12 +714 =19.14 cm Example 131-1 total magnification produced by a compound microscope is 20, while that produced by the eyepiece alone is 5. When the microscope is focussed on @ certain object, the distance betocen objective and eyepiece és 14 0m Find the focal length of objective and i distance of distinct vision is 20 om Gh Solution. Here m=20, m,=5, D=20cm, v,=-20cm ate ag mS As the eyepiece acts as a simple microscope, s0 ae or 5=14+20 i f=5em Different types of telescope. Broadly, the tele- scopes can be divided into two categories: 1. Refracting telescopes. These make use of lenses to view distant objects, These are of wo types : (@) Astronomical telescope. Tt is used to see hea- venly objects like the sun, stars, planets, etc. The final image formed is inverted one which is immaterial in the case of heavenly bodies because of their round shape. (&) Terrestrial telescope. It is used to see distant objects on the surface of the earth. The final image formed is erect one, This is an essential condition of viewing the objects on earth's surface correctly. 2. Reflecting telescopes. These make tise of converging mirrors to view the distant objects. For example, Newtonian and Cassegrain telescopes. 9.46 ASTRONOMICAL TELESCOPE 82. What is an astronomical telescope ? Give its construction. With the help of ray diagrams, explain its working when it forms final image at the least distance of distinct vision and at infinity. Deduce expression for magnifying power in each case. Astronomical telescope. It isa refracting type telescope used to sec heavertly bodies like stars, planets, satellites, etc Construction. It consists of two converging lenses mounted co-axially at the outer ends of two sliding tubes, 1, Objective. It is a convex lens of large focal length and a much larger aperture. It faces the distant object. Inorder to form bright image of the distant objects, the aperture of the objective is taken large so that it can gather sufficient light from the distant objects. 2, Eyepiece. Itis a convex lens of small focal length and small aperture. It faces the eye. The aperture of the eyepiece is taken small so that whole light of the telescope may enter the eye for distinct vision. Working, (a) When the final image is formed at the least distance of distinct vision. As shown in Fig. 9.154, the parallel beam of light coming from the distant Objective object falls on the objective at some angle a. The! objective focusses the beam ints focal plane and forms a real, inverted and diminished image A’ B’. This image A’B’acts as an object for the eyepiece. The distance of the eyepiece is so adjusted that the image A’B' lies within its focal length. The eyepiece magnifies this image so that final image A” B" is magnified and inverted with respect to the object. The final image is seen distinctly by the eye at the least distance of distinct vision. Magnifying power. The magnifying power of a telescope is defined as the ratio of the angle subtended at the eye by the final image formed at the least distance of distinct vision to the angle subtended at the eye by the object at infinity, when seen directly. ‘As the object is very far off, the angle subtended by it at the eye is practically equal to the angle a subtended by it at the objective. Thus 42 AOB=a Also, let 2 A" EB’ +. Magnifying power, B _ tanB a tana A'B/BE_ OB A'B/OB BE’ According to the new Cartesian sign convention, OB’ =+ f, = focal length of the objective u, = distance of A’ B' from the eyepiece, acting as an object for it [> a, Bare small) =u, and v=-D As 2 oueh vu f Eyepiece Fig. 9.154 Astronomical telescope focussed for least distance of distinet vision. 9.47 TERRESTRIA. "* ESCOPE* 83, What is a terrestrial telescope ? With the help of a ray diagram, explain its working. Write expression for its magnifying power. State its main drawobac Terrestrial telescope. It is a refracting type telescope tused to see erect images of distant earthly objects. Tt uses an additional convex lens between objective and eyepiece for obtaining an erect image. As shown in Fig. 9.156, the objective forms a real, inverted and diminished image, A’B' of the distant object in its focal plane. Now the erecting lens isheld at, twice its focal length from the focal plane of the objective. This lens forms a real, inverted and equal size image A"B’ of A’. This image is now erect with respect to the distant object. The eyepiece is so adjusted that the image A’B' lies at its principal focus. Hence the final image is formed at infinity and is highly magnified and erect with respect to the distant, object. Objective ‘As the erecting lens does not cause any magni-” fication, the angular magnification of the terrestrial telescope is same as that of the astronomical telescope. When the image is formed at infinity, ia fe age is formed at the least distance of m When thi distinct vision, nf) Drawbacks 1. The length of the terrestrial telescope is much larger than the astronomical telescope. In normal adjustment, the length of a terrestrial telescope f +4 f + f., where fis the focal length of the erecting lens. 2. Due to extra reflection at the surfaces of the erec- ting lens, the intensity of the final image decreases. bk kh YF 4 Bye Fig. 9.156 Terrestrial telescope. 9.48 REFLECTING TELESCOPES 84, With the help of a ray diagram, explain the cons- truction and working of a Newtonian reflecting telescope. Newtonian reflecting telescope. The first reflecting telescope was set up by Newton in 1668. As shown in Fig, 9.157, it consists of a large concave mirror of large focal length as the objective, made of an alloy of copper and tin. Parallel rays from distant object (Concave mirror) Eyepiece Fig. 9.157 Newtonian reflecting telescope. A beam of light from the distant star is incident on the objective. Before the rays are focussed at F, a plane mirror inclined at 45° intercepts them and turns them. towards an eyepiece adjusted perpendicular to the axis of the instrument. The eyepiece forms a highly ‘magnified, virtual and erect image of the distant object. 85. With the help of a labelled diagram, explain the construction and working of a Cassegrain reflecting telescope. Cassegrain reflecting telescope. Fig. 9.158 shows Cassegrainian type reflecting telescope. It consists of a large concave paraboloidal (primary) mirror having a hole at its centre, There is a small convex (secondary) mirror near the focus of the primary mirror. The eyepiece is placed on the axis of the telescope near the hole of the primary mirror. The parallel rays from the distant object are reflected by the large concave mirror. Before these rays come to focus at F, they are reflected by the small convex mirror and are converged to a point I just or Hence Clearly for large magnifying power, fy >> f,. The negative sign for the magnifying power indicates that the final image formed is real and inverted. (©) When the final image is formed at infinity : Normal adjustment. As shown in Fig. 9.155, when a parallel beam of light is incident on the objective, it formsa real, inverted and diminished image A’ B'in its focal plane. The eyepiece is so adjusted that the image A’B exactly lies at its focus. Therefore, the final image is formed at infinity, and is highly magnified and inverted with respect to the object. Magnifying power in normal adjustment. It is defined as the ratio of the angle subtended at the eye by the final image as seen through the telescope to the angle sublended at the eye by the object seen directly, when both the image and the object lie at infinity, As the object is very far off, the angle subtended by it at the eye is practically equal to the angle a subtended by it at the objective. Thus 2A OB= a and let ZAEB=B ’. Magnifying power, {si Aare Anallangles] na P AB/BE — OB AB/OB BE At inginity Applying new Cartesian sign convention, OB' = + fy =Distance of A’ B' from the objective along the incident light BE=~ f, =Distance of 4’ Bt from the eyepiece against the incident light Clearly for large magnifying power, fy >> f.. The negative sign for m indicates that the image is real and inverted. the objective has large focal length and large aperture while the eyepioce has small focal length and small aperture. = A telescope is focussed on tho distant object by varying distance between the objective and the eye-piece with the help of rack and pinion arrangement. > The objective of the telescope should have large aperture because then a much wider beam of light is incident on it and is converged into a small cone which, on entering the eye, produces sufficient illumination on the retina. So even two distant faint stars which cannot be seen by naked eyes, become visible through such a telescope. = Ina telescope, the image is not actually magnified. A telescope simply increases the visual angle, The visual angle (for the image is much larger than the visual angle « for the object. Consequently, the angular ‘magnification f/ is quite large. > In normal adjustment, the distance between the objective and the eyepiece = f, + f. ‘When the final image is formed at the least distance of distinct vision, the magnifying power of the telescope is larger than that in the case of normal adjustment because the factor 1+ 4) >1 > An astronomical telescope forms an inverted image. As the celestial objects are oval in shape, o it does not matter whether the final image is inverted or erect. Eyepiece Fig. 9.155 Astronomical telescope in normal adjustment, Fig. 9.158 Cassegrain reflecting telescope. ‘outside the hole. The final image formed at lis viewed through the eyepiece. As the first image at Fis inverted with respect to the distant object and the second image Tis erect with the respect to the first image F, hence the final image is inverted with respect to the object. Let be the focal length of the objective and f, that of the eyepiece, For the final image formed at the least distance of distinet vision, ve aeg =Ali,f Bo i fe + £) For the final image formed at infinity, =i R12 fok 86. State some important advantages of a reflecting type telescope over a refracting type telescope. Advantages of a reflecting type telescope. A reflecting type telescope has the following advantages over a refracting type telescope : 1. A concave mirror of large aperture has high ‘gathering power and absorbs very less amount of light than the lenses of large apertures. The final image formed in reflecting telescope: is very bright. So even very distant or faint stars can be easily viewed. Due to large aperture of the mirror used, the reflecting telescopes have high resolving power. As the objective is a mirror and not a lens, it is, free from chromatic aberration (formation of coloured image of a white object). . The use of paraboloidal mirror reduces the spherical aberration (formation of non-point, blurred image of a point object). A mirror requires grinding and polishing of one surface only. So it costs much less to construct a. reflecting telescope than a refracting telescope of equivalent optical quality. . A lens of large aperture tends to be very heavy and, therefore, difficull to make and suppor! by its edges. On the other hand, a mirror of equivalent optical quality weighs less and can be supported over its entire back surface. = The largest refacting telescope is at the Yerkes Opsorvatory in Wisconsin, USA. It uses an objective lens of diameter 102 cm. The largest reflecting telescopes in the world are the pair of Keek telescopes in Hawaii, USA. They use reflec- ting mirrors of diameter 10 m each. The largest telescope in India is in Kavalur, Tamil- nadu. It is a Cassegrain reflecting telescope having objective of diameter 2.34 m. It was ground, polished, set up and is being used by the Indian Institute of Astrophysics, Bangalore. Prism binocular, It isa double telescope that uses two sels of totally reflecting prisms. This makes the final image erect which is very desirable for observations on earth, Binoculars are much more compact and ‘easiesto use than a refracting telescope, and allow use Formuloe Used 1. Astronomical telescope. () In normal adjustment, “ ma I Distance between objective and eyepiece = fy + f, (di) When the final image is formed at the least SUMAN distance of distinet vision, mt Aly i) Distance between objective and eyepiece et fd peo tnt at 2. Terrestrial telescope. (f) In normal adjustment, ate Distance between objective and eyepiece Bot 4 for where f= foca! length of the erecting lens. 3. Galileo's telescope. In normal adjustment, nnd Distance between objective and eyepiece = fy — f, fy Ri2 Where fy = focal length of coneave mirror, f, = focal length of eyepicce. Units Used Lengths fy, fi, f and Dare in all in cm or metre. 4. Reflecting telescope. m=

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