Lower limb skeleton
Teaching assistant
Tatiana Ovcharenko
Lower limb skeleton
Cingulum membri inferioris Membrum inferius libera
os coxae (hipbone): Femur
• femur;
• os ilium (iliac bone);
Crus
• os ischii (ischial bone; • tibia;
• os pubis (pubic bone). • fibula;
Pes
• tarsus (7);
• metatarsus (5);
• phalanges.
Os coxae
Hipbone
• ossifies endochondral type; os ilium
• сonsists of three parts that grow
together at the age of 16-17.
os ilium
os ilium os pubis
os ischii
os ischii
os pubis os pubis
Os coxae
Hipbone
The bodies of these three bones
together form a cotyloid cavity
(acetábulum), which is an articular
fossa for the head of the femur. On
the periphery of the acetabulum is
a lunate surface (facies lunata),
and in its center is the acetabular
fossa (fossa acetabularis).
Os ilium
Iliac bone
• has a thickened lower portion and a broad upper
portion, which forms the ala of the ilium. On the top
of the iliac wing is a broad iliac crest, crista iliaca.
In the front and back the iliac crest ends with bony
prominences (spinae iliacae).
• On the concave surface of the wing of the ilium
there is a slight recess called the iliac fossa, fossa
iliaca. At the bottom the iliac fossa is limited by an
arched line, linea arcuata.
• At the back this line extends to the auricular
surface, facies auricularis, and in the front it
continues into the iliopubic eminence, eminentia
iliopubica. Above the auricular surface is the iliac
tuberosity, tuberositas iliaca, which serves for
attachment of ligaments.
Os pubis
Pubic bone
• has a body (a thickened portion) and two
rami. The pubic bone body (corpus) forms
the anterior portion of the acetabulum;
• The superior ramus of the pubis extends
forward from the body. In the region of the
body the bone makes a sharp turn and
continues into the inferior ramus of the pubis;
• On the superior ramus there is a pubic
tubercle, tuberculum pubicum. Below the
tubercle is a flat symphysial surface, facies
symphysialis, which serves for joining the
pubic bone with its pair.
Os ischii
Ischial bone
• The body of the ischial bone (corpus) forms
the inferior portion of the acetabulum.
• The ramus of the ischium extends
downwards from the body, forming a
thickening called the ischial tuberosity,
tuberositas iliaca.
• The ischial spine (spina ischiadica), located
on the body of the ischium, separates the
greater and lesser sciatic notches, incisura
ischiadica major et minor.
• The ramus of the ischium is fused with the
inferior ramus of the pubis, limiting the
foramen obturatum.
Femur
• Typical long tubular bone with an elongated body
(corpus) and two thickened ends.
• Its proximal end (epiphysis proximalis) is rounded
and forms the head of the femur (cáput fémoris) for
the joint with the hipbone. Below the head is the neck
of the femur, collum femoris.
• At the boundary between the neck and the body there
are two prominences — the greater and lesser
trochanters, trochanter major et minor.
• The greater trochanter is located at the top on the
lateral side. The lesser trochanter is situated medially
and to the back.
• The two trochanters are connected in the front by the
intertrochanteric line, linea intertrochanterica, and in
the back by the intertrochanteric crest, crista
intertrochanterica.
Femur
Diaphysis
The anterior surface of the body is smooth. On the back
— there is a relief:
• linea aspera has
• lateral lip, labium laterale;
• gluteal tuberosity, tuberositas glutea (continuation of
the lateral lip in the upper 1/3);
• lateral supracondylar line, linea supracondylaris
lateralis (continuation of the lateral lip in the lower
1/3);
• medial lip, labium mediale;
• pectineal line, linea pectinea (continuation of the
medial lip in the upper 1/3);
• medial supracondylar line, linea supracondylaris
medialis (continuation of the medial lip in the lower
1/3);
• popliteal surface, facies poplitea (between the lines).
Femur
• The distal end of the femur is thickened and
forms the medial and lateral condyles,
condylus medialis et lateralis. The medial
condyle is larger than the lateral.
• Between the condyles in the back there is a
deep intercondylar fossa, fossa
intercondylaris, and in the front is a slightly
concave patellar surface, facies patellaris. At
the top and to the side the medial condyle
continues into the medial epicondyle,
epicondylus medialis. Above the lateral
condyle is a smaller lateral epicondyle,
epicondylus lateralis.
Crus
• The skeleton is formed by two
bones, the tibia and the fibula.
• The tibia is located medially, the
fibula is laterally.
Tibia
Its proximal end, epiphysis
proximalis, has two thickenings on
which are the medial and lateral
condyles, condylus medialis et
lateralis. The upper portions of both
condyles form the superior articular
surface, facies articularis superior,
for the joint with the femur.
To the lateral and below the laterral
condyle is the fibular articular facet,
facies articularis fibularis.
Tibia
• Between the two condyles, on the
surface of the articular surface, there
is intercondylar eminence, eminentia
intercondylaris.
• This eminence has medial and lateral
intercondylar tubercles, tuberculum
intercondylare mediale et laterale.
Also there are anterior and posterior
intercondylar area, area
intercondylaris anterior et posterior.
• The cruciform ligaments of the knee
joint are attached here.
Tibia
•The body of the tibia has a trihedral shape with
medial, lateral and posterior surfaces, facies
medialis, lateralis, posterior.
•On the upper part of the posterior surface there is an
oblique soleal line of the soleus muscle, linea
musculi solei. The body of the bone also has three
borders, margo anterior, medialis et lateralis
(interosseus). The anterior border is the most acute
and can be easily palpated through the skin. In its
upper portion it is thickened and forms the tibial
tuberosity, tuberositas tibiae, which is an attachment
site for the tendon of the quadriceps of the femur.
•The interosseous border of the tibia is on its lateral
side, and confines the interosseous space of the leg.
The medial border of the bone is rounded.
Tibia
•On the thickened distal epiphysis of
the tibia, on the lateral side, there is a
fibular notch, incisura fibularis. A
flattened process called the medial
malleolus (malleólus mediális)
extends medially at the bottom of the
tibia. On the lateral side of the
malleolus is an articular surface,
facies articularis, situated at an
angle to the inferior articular surface
of the tibia.
Fibula
• has almost the same length as the tibia, but is
significantly thinner. The proximal end of the
fibula forms its head, caput fibulae. On the
medial side of the head there is an articular facet
for articulation with the tibia, facies articularis.
Beneath the head the bone narrows, passing into
its neck, collum, and then its body, corpus.
• The medial, or interosseous, border of the fibu- la
confines from this side the interosseous space of
the crus. The distal end of the fibula is thickened
and forms the lateral malleolus (malleólus
laterális), on the inner surface of which is an
articular surface.
Pes
The foot (pes) is divided into the
tarsus, metatarsus and the
phalanges.
The tarsal bones include seven
spongy bones. These are the talus
and calcaneus, located in the
proximal row, and bones of the distal
row: the navicular, cuboidal and
medial, intermediate and lateral
cuneiform bones.
Talus
• This bone has a head, extending to the front, a
body and a neck — caput, corpus et collum.
• On the top of the body is the trochlea of talus, the
superior facet of which articulates with the inferior
articular surface of the tibia.
• At the sides of the trochlea are the medial and
lateral malleolar facets, which articulate with
homonymous malleoli of the tibia and fibula.
Beneath the lateral malleolar surface is the lateral
process of the talus, processus lateralis tali.
• On the inferior side of the talus are the anterior,
middle and posterior calcaneal articular facets,
facies articularis anterior, medius, posterior.
Between the middle and the posterior surfaces
there is a deep groove of the talus (sulcus tali).
Calcaneus
The calcaneus, the largest bone of the tarsus, is
located under the talus. In the back the body of
the calcaneus ends with a pronounced calcaneal
tiberósity, tuberositas calcanea. The superior
surface has an anterior and middle talar articular
surfaces for the talus, between which is a
calcaneal sulcus, sulcus calcaneus.
On the back of the body is the posterior ar- ticular
talar surface for the talus. On the superior anterior
border of the bone there is a thick short process
called the sustentaculum tali of calcaneus.
On the lateral surface there is a longitudinal
groove for the tendon of the fibularis longus. On
the front of the head of the calcaneus there is a
cuboid articular surface.
Bones of the distal row
• The navicular bone (os naviculáre) is
flattened and lies between the talus
and the cuneiform bones.
• The cuneiform bones (ossa
cuneiformia). The medial,
intermediate and lateral cuneiform
bones are located in front of the
navicular bone. They are situated in
the medial portion of the tarsus.
• The cuboid bone (os cuboídeum) lies
in front of the calcaneus. It is situated
in the lateral portion of the tarsus.
Metatarsus
• 5 short tubular bones;
• Almost similar in structure to the
metacarpal bones.
Phalanges
The number and structure are
similar to the phalanges on the
upper limb.
Names of the fingers
• hallux — digitus primus;
• index — digitus secundus;
• digitus medius — digitus tertius;
• digitus annularis — digitus
quartus;
• digitus minimus — digitus
quintus.