COMPLEX NUMBERS
Its Forms, Properties, And Operations
Lecture Objectives
The lecture today will focus on:
➢ Review of Complex Numbers
➢ The Real and Imaginary parts
➢ Rectangular Form
➢ Polar Form
➢ Graphic Form
➢ Arithmetic Operations
➢ Examples
Complex Numbers
• In the set of real numbers, negative numbers do not
have square roots.
• Imaginary numbers were invented so that negative
numbers would have square roots and certain
equations would have solutions.
• These numbers were devised using an imaginary
unit named j.
• Mathematicians use the symbol i for this number, but
electrical engineers use j:
i = −1 or j = −1
The letter j represents the numbers whose square is –1.
j2 = –1 j = −1
If a is a positive real number, then the square root of
negative a is the imaginary number j a .
−a = =j a
Examples: − 4 = j 4 = j2
− 36 = j 36 = j6
A complex number is a number of the form a + jb, where a and
b are real numbers and j = − 1 .
The number a is the real part of a + jb, and b is its imaginary part.
Examples of complex numbers:
Real Part Imaginary Part
a + jb
2 + j7
Imag z
jb
a Real
Examples of complex numbers:
Real Part Imaginary Part
a + jb
9 + j3
Imag z
jb
a Real
Real Numbers: a + j0 Imaginary Numbers: 0 + jb
Simplify: 1. − 90 = j 90 = j 9 • 10 = j 3 10
2. − 64 = j 64 = j8
3. 16 + − 50
= 16 + j − 50
= 16 + j 25 • 2
= 4 + j5 2
Simplify.
1.)
4.) −5 = −1*5 = −1 5 = i 5
5.) − −7 = − −1* 7 = − −1 7 = −i 7
2.)
3.)
6.) −99 = −1* 99 = −1 99
= i 3 3 11
= 3i 11
Rectangular versus Polar Form
o Any complex number can be expressed in three forms:
• Rectangular form
Imag
➢ Example: z = 3 + j 4
5=|z|
• Polar form
j4
➢ Example: z = 5
• Exponential form
Real
3
➢ Example: z = 5 e j 53.1
Rectangular Form
• In rectangular form, a complex number z is
written as the sum of a real part x and an
imaginary part y:
z = x + jy
The Complex Plane
We often represent complex numbers as
points in the complex
plane, with the real part
plotted along the
horizontal axis (or
“real axis”) and the
imaginary part plotted
along the vertical axis
(or “imaginary axis”).
Polar Form
In polar form, a complex number z is
written as a magnitude r at an angle :
z = r
The angle is
measured from the
positive real axis.
Converting Between Rectangular
and Polar Forms
We will very often have to convert from
rectangular form to polar form, or vice
versa.
This is easy to do if
you remember a bit
of right-angle
trigonometry.
Converting from Rectangular Form
to Polar Form
o Given a complex number z with real part
x and imaginary part y, its magnitude is
given by
r= x +y2 2
and its angle is given by
z = r
Converting from Polar Form to
Rectangular Form
o Given a complex number z with
magnitude r and angle , its real part is
given by
x = r cos
and its imaginary part is
given by
y = r sin
z = x +j y
Exponential Form
Complex numbers may also be written in
exponential form.
Polar form Exponential Form
r r ej
Example: 330 3e j30
Euler’s Formula
o The exponential form is based on Euler’s
identity, which says that, for any ,
j
e = cos + j sin
r e j
= r (cos+jsin)
= r cos+j r sin
=x +j y
Addition and Subtraction
o Adding and Subtracting complex numbers is
easiest if the numbers are in rectangular form.
Steps:
1. Write each complex number in the form a + jb.
2. Add or subtract the real parts of the complex numbers.
3. Add or subtract the imaginary parts of the complex numbers.
➢ Add
(a +jb ) + (c + jd ) = (a + c) + (jb +jd ) = (a + c) + j(b + d )
➢ Subtract
(a +jb ) – (c + jd ) = (a +jb ) + (– c – jd ) = (a – c) + (jb – jd )
= (a – c) + j(b – d )
Addition Examples:
Add (11 + j5) + (8 – j2 )
= (11 + 8) + (j5 – j2 )
= 19 + j3
Add (10 + − 5 ) + (21 – − 5)
= (10 + j 5 ) + (21 – j 5 )
= (10 + 21) + (j 5 – j 5)
= 31
Subtraction Examples:
Subtract: (– 21 + j3 ) – (7 – j9)
= (– 21 + j3 ) + (– 7 + j9)
= (– 21 – 7) + (j 3 + j9)
= (– 21 – 7) + j(3 + 9)
= –28 + j12
Subtract: (11 + − 16 ) – (6 + − 9 )
= (11 + j 16 ) – (6 + j 9 )
= (11 + j 16 ) + (– 6 –j 9 )
= (11 – 6) + (j 16 –j 9 )
= (11 – 6) + (j4 – j3)
=5+j
Multiplication in Polar Form
o Multiplying complex numbers is easiest if the
numbers are in polar form.
o Suppose z1 = r1 1 and z2 = r2 2
Then z1 z2 = (r1r2) (1+ 2)
o In words: to multiply two complex numbers in
polar form, multiply their magnitudes to get the
magnitude of the result, and add their angles to
get the angle of the result.
Multiplication in Rectangular Form
(a + jb)(c + jd ) = ac +jad + jbc + j2bd
= ac +jad + jbc +(-1)bd
= (ac – bd ) +j(ad + bc)
1. Use the FOIL method to find the product.
2. Replace j2 by – 1.
3. Write the answer in the form a + jb.
Multiplication Examples:
1) − 25 − 5 = j 25 j 5 4) z1 = 2 10
= j5 j 5 z2 = 4 40
= 5j2 5 z1*z2
= 5 (–1) 5 (2 10) * (4 40 ) = 8 50
= –5 5
2) j7 (11– j5) 5) z1 = 12.81 51.34
= j77 – j235
z2 = 6.4 -38.66
= j77 – (– 1)35
z1*z2
= 35 + j77
(12.81 51.34) * (6.4 -38.66)=
3) (2 + j3)(6 – j7 )
81.984 12.68
= 12 – j14 + j18 – j221
= 12 + j4 – j221
= 12 + j4 – (–1)21
= 12 + j4 + 21
= 33 + j4
Complex Conjugate
o Given a complex number in rectangular form,
z = x + jy
its complex conjugate is simply
z* = x − jy
o Given a complex number in polar form,
z = r
its complex conjugate is simply
z* = r −
Complex Conjugate
The product of conjugates is the real number a2 + b2.
(a + jb)(a – jb) = a2 – j2b2 (r )( r −)= r 2
= a2 – (– 1)b2
= a2 + b2
Example: (5 + j2)(5 – j2) = (52 – j24)
= 25 – (–1) 4
= 29
Example: (5 45)( 5 −45)= 25
Division in Polar Form
o Dividing complex numbers is also easiest if
the numbers are in polar form.
o Suppose z1 = r1 1 and z2 = r2 2
Then z1 ÷ z2 = (r1 ÷ r2) (1 − 2)
o In words: to divide two complex numbers in
polar form, divide their magnitudes to get
the magnitude of the result, and subtract
their angles to get the angle of the result.
Division in Rectangular Form
A rational expression, containing one or more complex numbers,
is in simplest form when there are no imaginary numbers
remaining in the denominator.
Example: Example:
5 + 3i
2 +i
5 + 3i • 2 − i 10 − 5 i+ 6 i− 3 i 2
= =
2 + i 2 −i 2 2 + 12
10 + i− 3(–1) 13 + i
= =
4 +1 5
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