●​ Hydrogen

-​ Non-metal
-​ “Water-forming
-​ Colorless, odorless gas
-​ Lowest density of all gases
-​ Reacts vigorously with oxygen
-​ Most abundant element in the universe
-​ Glass industry - protective atmosphere
-​ Electronics industry - flushing gas
●​ Group 1 Elements / Alkali Metals / Soluble Group
-​ S-block metals (one e- in outer shell)
-​ Ionic compounds that form salts
-​ Silvery white (except Cesium)
-​ Soft metals (Cesium is the softest)
-​ Very reactive and oxidize in air (all elements have to be stored in mineral oil)
-​ Lithium - lowest reactivity (stored under inert gas such as Argon)
-​ Cesium - highest reactivity
-​ React violently with water
-​ NaCl and KCl - ORS
-​ LiHCO3 - treat bipolar disorder
-​ KHCO3 - APIs against UTI

1.​ Lithium
-​ Stone
-​ Lightest and smallest solid element
-​ Soft, silvery
-​ Lowest density of all metals
-​ Lowest reactivity within alkali metals
-​ Used in batteries
-​ Mg-Li alloy - armor plating
-​ Al-Li alloy - aircraft, bike, trains
-​ Lithium salts used to treat bipolar disorder
-​ Has low therapeutic window, can affect renal system (do not take with NSAIDs
and diuretics)
-​ LITHIUM SALTS

Compound Formula Other Names Use

Lithium Oxide LiO Lithia Special glass and glass

ceramics

Lithium chloride LiCl Most hygroscopic

material; used to produce
Li metal
 Lithium bromide LiBr aircon

Lithium stearate LiO2C(CH2)1 lubricant

6CH3

Lithium carbonate Li2CO3 Treat manic depression

Lithium hydride LiH Store hydrogen for use

as a fuel

2.​ Sodium
-​ Natrium = soda
-​ Soluble in water
-​ Maintain body fluids
-​ Function of neurons and transmission of nerve impulses
-​ Important electrolyte of ECF
-​ Muscle contraction
-​ 90% of ions in the plasma and interstitial fluid
-​ Most abundant cation in ECF
-​ Controlling water balance
-​ SODIUM COMPOUNDS

Name Formula Other names Use

Sodium chloride NaCl Table salt, rock Electrolyte

salt, solar salt, replenisher
halite

Sodium NaHCO3 Baking sod Buffer, antacid,

bicarbonate effervescent
tableting

Sodium Na2B4O7 . Borax Water softener,

tetraborate 10H20 antiseptic
decahydrate

Sodium Na2CO3 Washing soda Antacid, source of

carbonate carbonate ions

Sodium NaHSO3 Water-soluble

metabisulfite antioxidant

Sodium citrate Na3C6H5O7 Alkalizer, buffer,

diuretic,
expectorant,
shortens
coagulation time
Sodium NaH2PO4 + Fleet enema Saline cathartic,
dihydrogen Na2HPO4 treat cystitis,
phosphate + urinary alkalizer,
sodium source of
monohydrogen carbonate ions
phosphate

Sodium fluoride NaF Anticariogenic

agent

Sodium Na3PO4 Saline cathartic

phosphate

Sodium sulfate Na2SO4 . 10H2O Glauber’s salt cathartic

decahydrate

Sodium Na2S2O3 Photographer’s Antigone for HCN

thiosulfate hypo poisioning

Sodium silicate Na2SiO3 Water glass / Industrial use

liquid glass

Sodium acetate NaCH3COO Diuretic, urinary

alkalizer,
systemic antacid

Sodium nitrite NaNO2 Vasoconstrictor,

treatment of CN-
poisoning, food
preservative

Sodium nitrate NaNO3 Chile salt peter Food preservative

Sodium bromide NaBr sedative

Sodium NaPH2O2 Reducing agent

hypophosphite

Sodium NaOCl Zonrox / Dakin’s Oxidizing agent,

hypochlorite sol. disinfectant,
bleaching agent

Sodium iodide NaI Solubilizer of

iodine,
expectorant

Sodium lactate NaC3H5O3 Alkalizer,

irrigating sol.,
electrolyte
replenisher
 Sodium hydroxide NaOH Lye, sosa, caustic Saponifying agent
soda (SOAP)

Sodium tartrate Na2C4H4O6 Karl Fischer

reagent
(titrations)

Sodium NaSCN Hypotensive

thiocyanate agent

3.​ Potassium
-​ Kalium = potash
-​ ICF
-​ Diuresis, muscle contraction
-​ Management of hypokalemia / hypopotassemia
-​ May cause muscular paralysis
-​ Fertilizers
-​ Hypokalemia - low potassium levels in the blood; caused by
diarrhea/vomiting/diuresis - experienced by patients treated with loop diuretics
and thiazides
-​ POTASSIUM COMPOUNDS

Name Formula Other Name Use

Potassium KHC4H4O6 Cream of tartar laxative

bitartrate

Potassium KBr sedative

bromide

Potassium KOH Lye potash, Saponifying agent

hydroxide caustic potash

Potassium KMnO4 Mineral Oxidizing agent,

permanganate Chameleon antiseptic

Potassium KNaC4H4O6 . Rochelle salt, Cathartic,

sodium tartrate 4H2O Seignette salt sequestering
agent

Potassium K2HPO4 cathartic

monohydrogen
phosphate

Potassium citrate K3C6H5O7 Diuretic,

expectorant,
diaphoretic
 Potassium iodide KI Antifungal,
expectorant,
solubilizer of
iodine

Potassium KSCN Hypotensive

thiocyanate agent

Potassium K2S10.K2S2O3 Sulfurated Used to prep

thiosulfate potash, liver of white lotion
sulfur, hepar
sulfuris

Potassium K2CO3 Potash salt of Antacid, source of

carbonate tartar, pearl ash CO3-2, manuf
glass

Potassium Nitrate KNO3 Salt peter, salitre, Meat preservative

salt prunelle

Potassium CH3COOK Diuretic, alkalizer

acetate

Potassium KHCO3 Antacid,

bicarbonate carbonating agent

Potassium KClO3 Toothpaste and

chlorate mouthwash

Potassium KCl Electoralyte

chloride replenisher

4.​ Ammonium Ion

-​ Hypothetical alkali, behaves like alkali metal ion
-​ Diuretic, buffer, expectorant, anti-cariogenic
-​ AMMONIUM COMPOUNDS

Name Formula Other name Use

Ammonium NH4OH Ammonia sol. alkalizer

hydroxide

Aromatic spirit of Spirit of Respiratory

ammonia hartshorn, spirit of stimulant
sal volatile

Ammonium (NH4)2CO3 Sal volatile, Expectorant,

carbonate baker’s ammonia, respiratory
hartshorn stimulant,
 antacid, used to
prepare NH3

Mercuric HgNH2Cl Ammoniated Topical

amidochloride mercury, white anti-infective
precipitate

Ammonium NH4Br Sedative, CNS

bromide depressant

Ammonium NH4Cl Sal ammoniae, Expectorant,

chloride muriate of urinary acidifier,
hartshorn diuretic

Ammonium iodide NH4I Source of iodine,

expectorant

Ammonium CH3COONH4 Spirit of Diuretic,

acetate mendererus diaphoretic

5.​ Cesium
-​ Caesius = sky blue (flame color)
-​ Soft, gold-colored metal
-​ Drilling fluid, optical glass atomic clock, GPS, give standard measure of time
6.​ Rubidium
-​ Rubidius = deepest red
-​ Photocells, remove traces of oxygen from vacuum tubes
-​ Make special type of glass
-​ RbNO3 - purple fireworks
-​ Slightly radioactive, used to locate brain tumors
●​ Group 2 Elements / Alkaline Earth Metals
-​ S-block metals (2 e- in outer shell)
-​ Low ionization energy, able to form stable cations
-​ Silvery white metals with high reactivity
-​ Less soft and not as reactive as alkali metals
-​ Harder, higher density, higher melting points
-​ Strong reducing power
-​ Magnesium can burn in CO2; magnesium fires can’t be distinguished using CO2
fire extinguishers
-​ Oxides are basic
1.​ Beryllium
-​ Beryllo
-​ Emerald and aquamarine
-​ Used in alloys with Cu or Ni to make gyroscopes (mixing Be increases their
electrical and thermal conductivity)
-​ Transparent to x-rays
 -​ Nuclear reactors as reflector/moderator of neutrons
-​ Oxide has high melting point making it useful in nuclear work and ceramic
applications
-​ Toxic and carcinogenic
-​ Berylliosis (CBD)
2.​ Magnesium
-​ Magnesia - district in Greece
-​ Ignites easily, burns with bright light
-​ Chlorophyll
-​ 8th most abundant element in earth’s crust
-​ SOURCES
Carbonates ●​ Magnesite - MgCO3
●​ Dolomite - MgCO3 . CaCO3

Chlorides ●​ Carnallite - KCl . MgCl2

Silicates ●​ Talc - 3MgO.4SiO2.H2O

●​ Asbestos - [CaMg3(SiO3)4]

Sulfates ●​ Kaiserite - MgSO4.H2O

-​ Magnesium poisoning = Calcium gluconate as antidote
-​ ⅓ less dense than Aluminum
-​ Mg + Al = improved mechanical, fabrication, and welding characteristics, useful in
plane and car construction
-​ Used in products that benefit from being lightweight
-​ Reacts with water slowly
-​ Highly flammable, burns with bright white flame
-​ Used in flares, fireworks, sparklers
-​ 28Mg is radioactive
-​ Work as laxative in human body
-​ Aqueous magnesium ions are sour in taste
-​ Magnesium hydroxide = milk of magnesia = used as antacid (mild base)
-​ Has diagonal relationship with lithium
-​ Essential as a signaling molecule
-​ Stabilizes DNA and RNA
-​ Green veggies, milk, whole grain, and nuts are good sources of Magnesium
-​ 4th most abundant cation in the body
-​ 2nd most abundant ion in ICF
-​ Hypermagnesia = muscle weakness and arrhythmia (rare condition)
-​ Hypomagnesemia = result of excessive diarrhea. MgSO4 inj. Is given to correct
imbalance
-​ MgSO4 = emergency treatment for very serious arrhythmias
-​ COMPOUNDS
Name Formula Other name Use

Magnesium Mg(OH)2 Milk of magnesia Antacid, laxative

hydroxide
Added in plastics
to make them fire
retardant

Magnesium MgCO3 Magnesia Antacid, laxative

carbonate

Magnesium oxide MgO Calcined Antacid, laxative

magnesia
heat -resistant
bricks, cattle
feed, fertilizers

Magnesium MgSO4 Saline cathartic,

sulfate epsom salt,
antidote for Ba
poisoning,
anti-convulsant,
inj. For
eclampsia/pre-ecl
ampsia

Mordant for dyes

Conc. solution of Anti-inflammatory

sulfate action

Magnesium Mg2Si3O8 antacid ,

trisilicate protective coating
in ulcers

Hydrated 3MgO.4SiO2.H2 Talc (softest Filtering aid,

magnesium O mineral), clarifying agent,
silicate soapstone, french dusting powder
chalk

Magnesium [Mg3(C6H5O7)2] Limonada Saline cathartic

citrate purgante,
purgative lemon

Magnesium Mg(C18H35O2)2 lubricant

stearate

27Mg Radioactive
isotope; involve
photosynthesis
 Grignard Organic
reagents magnesium
compounds
important for
chemical industry
-​ DRUG INTERACTIONS:
+​ Magnesium trisilicate - reduces absorption of iron products, certain
antibiotics, antimalarial drugs
+​ Magnesium salt preparations (form part of antacids; reduce absorption of
simultaneously taken drug) - do not take with ace inhibitors, aspirin,
penicillamine
3.​ Calcium
-​ Calx = lime
-​ Reducing agent in preparing other metals
-​ Alloying agent for Al, Be, Cu, Pb, Mg
-​ 5th most abundant in earth’s crust
-​ SOURCES

Limestone Calcium carbonate - CaO3

Gypsum Calcium sulfate - CaSO4

Fluorite Calcium fluoride - CaF2

Apatite Calcium chloro- or fluoro-phosphate

-​ Hard water contains dissolved calcium bicarbonate = stalactites and stalagmites
-​ Most abundant inorganic element in the body
-​ Messenger and mediator for cardiac, skeletal, and smooth muscle contractions
-​ Blood pressure homeostasis
-​ ECF
-​ Bones and teeth
-​ Hydroxyapatite = Ca10(PO4)6(OH)2 = bone mineral, natural form of calcium
apatite
-​ Osteoporosis = calcium deficiency, cause of bone fractures in postmenopausal
women
-​ High calcium ion conc. And vitamin d level is important in the first 3 decades of
life to establish optimum bone density level
-​ Renal Osteodystrophy = renal bone disease = bone mineralization deficiency of
patients with chronic/end-stage renal failure (caused by depression of calcitriol
activation)
-​ COMPOUNDS OF CALCIUM

Name Formula Other name Use

Calcium [Ca3(AsO4)2] Poisonous, used in
arsenate insecticides

Calcium CaCO3 precipitated/prep Antacids, dentitrice

carbonate ared chalk, (excessive intake is
limestone hazardous)

Building stone for

cement

Calcium chloride CaCl2 Muriate of lime Ice removal, dust

control, concrete
conditioner, additive
in canned tomatoes,
electrolyte
replenisher

Calcium [Ca(C6H11NHS Sweetening agent

cyclamate O4)2]

Calcium [Ca(C6H11O7)2] Food additive in

gluconate vitamin pills,
electrolyte
replenisher

Calcium Ca(OCl)2 Chlorinated lime, Pool disinfectant,

hypochlorite chlorine of lime, bleaching agent,
chlorox deodorants,
fungicides

Calcium Ca(MnO4)2 Textile production,

permanganate water sterilizing
agent, dental
procedures

Calcium Ca3(PO4)2 Bone ash Animal feed,

phosphate fertilizer, manuf of
glass, dental
products

Calcium sulfate CaSO4 . 2H2O Blackboard chalk

Calcium Ca(OH)2 Milk of lime, Antacid, saponifying

hydroxide slaked lime, agent
calcium hydrate,
liquor calcis Cement as soil
conditioner, water
treatment reduce
acidity, steel making
to remove impurities
from molten iron ore
 Slaked lime + sand
= lime plaster

Calcium lactate Ca(C3H5O3) Ca supplement

Calcium oxide CaO Lime, quicklime, Prep of insecticides

calx

Calcium sulfate CaSO4 . ½ H2O Plaster of ris, Surgical casts,

hemihydrate gypsum, terra dental impressions
alba

Calcium CaHPO.2H2O Source of Ca and

monohydrogen phosphate ions
phosphate

45Ca Artificial radioactive

isotope, employed
in studies involving
mineral metabolism
-​ CALCIUM SALTS USED CLINICALLY:
= Calcium carbonate - most common, least expensive calcium supplement
​ ​ ​ - difficult to digest, may cause constipation
​ ​ ​ - 40% calcium ion
= calcium citrate - more easily absorbed, less likely to cause constipation and
gas
​ ​ - can be taken without food
​ ​ - contributes less to the formation of kidney stones
​ ​ - 24%
= calcium lactate - less calcium ions per gram salt, cheaper
​ ​ - 18%, less concentrated salt
= calcium gluconate - calcium supplement
​ ​ ​ - urgent treatment of hyperkalemia (temporarily reduces
toxic effects of hyperkalemia)
​ ​ ​ - 9%
4.​ Barium
-​ Barys = heavy
-​ Highly reactive, no elemental barium exists in nature
-​ Poisonous
-​ Baritosis = MgSO4 as antidote
-​ SOURCES:
= Barite - barium sulfate
= Whiterite - barium carbonate
-​ COMPOUNDS:
= Barium carbonate - highly toxic, used as rat poison
 = barium sulfate - least toxic because of its insolubility; used as contrast agent;
barium meal
= barium nitrate - green fireworks
= Barium hydroxide - baryta water is a strong base, used as CO2 absorbent
= Barium chloride - used in complete heart block and aneurysm
5.​ Strontium
-​ Scotland strontian
-​ Found in celestite and strontianite
-​ Red fireworks produce ferrite magnets and refining zinc
-​ Glow in the dark = strontium illuminate
-​ Ends up in bones
-​ Radioactive strontium-90 is produced in nuclear explosions and can be absorbed
into the bones of young children
-​ Strontium chloride hexahydrate = toothpaste for sensitive teeth
6.​ Rubidium
-​ Radius = ray
-​ Used in luminous paints
-​ Toxic due to reactivity
-​ Radium 223 - treat prostate cancer that has spread into the bones. Used to target
cancerous bone cells. Gives of alpha particles that can kill cancerous cells.
●​ Transition Metals / D-Block Metals
-​ Group 3-12
-​ Incomplete d subshell, elements that can form cations with incomplete d subshell
-​ Each group is formed by 3 members (triad)
-​ Hard, malleable, ductile, conduct electricity and heat
-​ Fe, Co, Ni produce magnetic field
-​ Readily form complexes with characteristic color
-​ Coordination complexes = chemical structure with central atom and surrounding
anions called ligands
●​ Group 4 Elements
1.​ Titanium
-​ Titans
-​ Hard, shiny, strong metal
-​ 9th most abundant in earth’s crust
-​ Corrosion-resistant
-​ Used in endoprostheses of knees and hips, dental implants, heart
pacemakers
-​ Titanium dioxide (TiO2) - white solid with low aqueous solubility. Natural
occurring oxide of titanium present in rutile
- used as white pigment in paints, food coloring,m
sunscreens, toothpaste
-​ Titanium complexes as anticancer agents
-​ Titanocene dichloride and budotitane - promising drug candidates for
anti-cancer. Problems: poor water solubility and fast hydrolysis
 2.​ Zirconium
-​ Zargun = gold-colored
-​ Hard, silvery metal, resistant to corrosion
-​ Compounds are used as deodorant, antiperspirant, and treatment of
athlete’s foot
-​ Toxic and induces granuloma (carcinogenic mass cells) formation
-​ Used in nuclear reactors
●​ Group 5 Elements
1.​ Vanadium
-​ Vanadis = Freyja
-​ Silvery metal, resists corrosion
-​ Found in numerous minerals. Isolated from ores as by-product
-​ Alloy with iron
-​ Vanadium pentoxide = catalyst for production of sulfuric acid
-​ Vanadium dichloride = potential anticancer agent
-​ Amavadin = toxic vanadium compound found in Amanita muscaria
-​ Sodium vanadate = toxic, insulin mimetic
-​ Vanadyl sulfate = less toxic than sodium vanadate
-​ BMOV and BEOV - unique insulin mimetics tested in diabetic rats
-​ BEOV = entered clinical trials, successfully finished phase IIa trials for the
treatment of DM Type 2
●​ Group 6 Elements
-​ Includes Cr, Mo, W
-​ Lowest state: metallic
-​ Highest Valence State: nonmetallic
1.​ Chromium
-​ Chroma = color
-​ Hard, silvery metal with blue tinge
-​ Essential trace element because it helps us use glucose
-​ Used to hard steel, manufacture stainless steel, and produce alloys
-​ Used as industrial catalysts and pigments (e.g. rubies, emerald color of
glass)
2.​ Molybdenum
-​ Molybdos = lead
-​ Shiny, silvery metal
-​ Toxic in large quantities but essential element for animals and plants
-​ Nitrogenase = enzyme found in nitrogen-fixing bacteria that contain Mo
-​ Molybdenized ferrous sulfate (Mol-Iron) = treat anemia of premature
infants
●​ Group 7 Elements
1.​ Manganese
-​ Magnes = magnet or magnesia nigra
-​ Hard, brittle silvery metal
-​ 5th most abundant metal in the earth’s crust
-​ Manganese dioxide = pyrolusite
-​ Manganese carbonate = Rhodochrosite
-​ SALTS
Hydrated manganous salts Pink color

Anhydrous manganous salts White color

Manganates green

Permanganates Deep purple violet

-​ Some enzymes also contain Mn. Ex. enzyme responsible for converting
water to oxygen during photosynthesis has 4 atoms of Mn
-​ Essential for the utilization of vitamin b1 (thiamine)
-​ Mainly used in alloys, such as steel
-​ Manganese steel has 13% Mn, used for railway tracks, safes, rifle barrels,
prison bars
-​ Can are made of aluminum and 1.5% manganese to improve resistance
to corrosion
-​ COMPOUNDS OF MANGANESE:

Name Formula Other name Use

Potassium KMnO4 Mineral Local

permanganate chameleon anti-infective,
astringent
powerful
deodorant and
cleanser

Gastric lavage
= antidote for
various
alkaloids and
toxic
substances

Manganese (IV) MnO2 Catalyst, rubber

Oxide additive,
decolorize glass

Manganese MnSO4 fungicide

sulfate

Manganese (II) MnO Oxidizing agent

oxide used in
quantitative
analysis. Used
to make
 fertilizers and
ceramics
2.​ Technetium
-​ Tekhnetos = artificial
-​ Does not occur naturally
-​ Technetium-99m = used for medical diagnostic studies
= Gluceptate - renal imaging agent
= Iminodiacetic acid (IDA) - hepatobiliary imaging agent
= Etidronate - bone imaging agent
●​ Group 10 elements
1.​ Nickel
-​ Kupfernickel = devil’s copper = St. Nicholas’ copper
-​ Non radioactive
-​ Resist corrosion even at high temp.
-​ Pentlandite, Garnierite
-​ Used in making alloys such as stainless stell
-​ Used in batteries
-​ Nichrome = Ni + Cr, used in toaster and ovens
-​ Copper-Nickel alloy = used in desalination plants (convert seawater to
fresh water)
-​ Nickel steel = armor plating
-​ Used in coins (25% Ni, 75% Cu)
-​ Catalyst for hydrogenating vegetable oils
-​ Nickel + glass = green color
2.​ Palladium
-​ Pallas = asteroid = goddess of wisdom
-​ Found in sulfide minerals = braggite
-​ Dissolves in hot oxidizing acids
-​ Catalytic converter for cars
-​ Jewelry, dental fillings, crowns
-​ White gold = alloy of gold and palladium
-​ Used in electronics industry in ceramic capacitors, found in laptop,
computer, phones
-​ Good catalyst, used for hydrogenation and dehydrogenation reactions
-​ Hydrogen easily diffuses through heated palladium, provides a way of
separating and purifying the gas
3.​ Platinum
-​ Platina = little silver
-​ Dissolves only in aqua regia (1:3 nitric acid, HCl)
-​ Platinum sulfide = cooperite
-​ Used for jewelry, catalytic converter for cars
-​ Catalyst for the production of HNO3, silicone, benzene
-​ Improve efficiency of fuel cells
-​ Computer hard disks and thermocouples
 -​ Important for chemotherapy
-​ Cisplatin / cisplatinum / CDDP = widely used chemotherapeutic drug.
Binds to DNA, causes cross-linking, triggers apoptosis.
-​ Carboplatin and oxaliplatin - 2nd gen platinum drugs
-​ Nedaplatin - Japan; head and neck, lung, cervical cancer, etc.
-​ Heptaplatin - SK; gastric cancer
-​ Lobaplatin - China; metastatic breast cancer, etc.
●​ Group 8 Elements
-​ Iron = most common element within the entire earth
-​ Ruthenium and Osmium = two of the rarest elements on earth
-​ Hassium has never been isolated in pure form
1.​ Iron
-​ Iren, Ferrum
-​ Shiny, greyish metal that rusts in damp air
-​ Main component of steel
-​ Most used metal because of low production cost and high strength
-​ Fourth most abundant the earth’s crust
-​ Earth’s core is composed of iron, nickel, sulfur
-​ IRON-CONTAINING ORE
​ ​
Magnetite Fe3O4

Rush or Hematite Fe2O3

Fool’s gold / pyrites FeS2

Taconite - low-grade iron ore

-​ Ferrous salts:
= Hydrated - green
= anhydrous - white
-​ Ferric salts
​ ​ = hydrated - yellow to brown
​ ​ = anhydrous - vary in color
-​ IRON SALTS

Ferrous ferricyanide Fe3[Fe(CN)6]2 Turnbull’s blue

Ferric ferrocyanide Fe4[Fe(CN)6]3 Prussian blue

Fe(OH)3 with Antidote for

Magnesia arsenic poisoning

FeSO4 . 5H2O Green vitriol,

copperas
-​ Iron is essential trace element for the human body
 -​ Hemoglobin, myoglobin, cytochromes
-​ Iron ions absorbed from GI tract are transported via transferrins
-​ Anemia = lack of functional iron. Lethargy and weakness
2.​ Ruthenium
-​ Ruthenia = Russia
-​ One of the rarest metal
-​ Ruthenium (IV) oxide is highly toxic
-​ Catalyst for ammonia and acetic acid production
-​ KP1019 and NAMI-A = entered clinical trials
-​ KP1019 = active against primary cancers
-​ NAMI-A = active against metastasis, secondary tumors that moved to
other areas
-​ Ruthenium complexes as immunosuppressants, antimicrobials, and
antibiotics
-​ Plasmodium parasite has become resistant to chloroquine
-​ Ru (II) chloroquine complex is more effective
●​ Group 11 Elements / Coinage Metals
-​ Noble metals
-​ Inert, corrosion-resistant, useful for production of coin
-​ Excellent conductors of heat and electricity
-​ Electrical conductivity = Ag, Cu, Au
-​ Ag is most thermally conductive and most light-reflecting
-​ Copper is used in electrical wiring and circuitry
-​ Silver for photography
-​ Soft metals not useful as weapons or tools
-​ Au and Ag are inert and not attacked by oxygen or nonoxidizing acids
-​ Ag dissolves in salpetric acid, in the presence of H2S it forms Ag2S
-​ Au dissolves in HCl forming AuCl4-
1.​ Copper
-​ Cyprium aes, cuprum
-​ Reddish-gold, ductile
-​ Hydrated copper salts = blue
-​ Anhydrous = white
-​ Alloys:
​ = Brass - Cu and Zn
​ = Bronze - Cu and Sn
-​ Present in hemocyanin
-​ Enhances physiologic utilization of iron
-​ Incorporated in many enzymes
= Cytochrome C and Superoxide dismutase (SOD) - works as
antioxidants and involved in the reduction of reactive oxygen species
= Lysyl oxidase cross-linking of collagen and elastin
= ceruloplasmin ferroxidase I and ferroxidase II - oxidise ferrous ion to
ferric ion
 -​ Wilson’s disease - excess copper builds up in body
- liver disease or psychological illness
​ ​ ​ ​ - BAL treatment
​ ​ ​ ​ - D-penicillamine
-​ Menkes’ disease - affect copper levels in the body
​ ​ ​ ​ - sparse, kinky hair, fail to thrive, deteriorate nervousystem
​ ​ ​ ​ - affects male infants
-​ COMPOUNDS OF COPPER
name formula Other name use

Copper sulfate CuSO4 . 5H2O Blue vitriol, blue Prep fehling’s

pentahydrate stone barfoed’s and
benedict’s sol.

Fungicide,
algaecide, local
emetic, antidote
for P poisoning,
combine with
Fe to increase
hematinic
property

Cuprous citrate Cu3(C6H5O7) 8% ointment -

astringent

Copper Cu(C2H3O2)2.3 Paris green, insecticide

acetoarsenite Cu2(AsO2)2 parrot green

Basic copper Cu(CH3COO)2 Verdigris paint-pigment

acetate

Copper AsCuHO3 Scheele’s pigment

hydrogen green, Schloss
arsenite green

Copper sulfate CuSO4.5H2O.C Bordeaux Algicide and

pentahydrate + uO mixture fungicide for
copper oxide swimming pool
2.​ Silver
-​ Argentum = shining/bright
-​ React with surface as black silver sulfide Ag2S
-​ Found in its native form as Ag2S (argentite) and AgCl (horn-silver)
-​ Argyria = irreversible darkening of skin due to prolonged application of
silver
-​ Keeps water and milk fresh
-​ Can act as antimicrobial
 -​ Can kill green algae spirogyra in fresh water
-​ AgNO3 can prevent blindness for new born children
-​ Sterling silver = used for jewelry and tableware
-​ Silver bromide and iodide = photography because of sensitivity to light
-​ COMPOUNDS OF SILVER:
Name Formula Other name Use

Silver nitrate AgNO3 Lunar caustic, Antiseptic, treat

argenti nitras, warts,
lapiz infernularis ophthalmic
antiseptic for
newborns,
toughened and
cast into stick
as styptic

Ammoniacal Ag(NH3)NO3 Dental

silver nitrate protective and
desensitizing
agent

Silver Iodide AgI germicide

Argyrol Mild silver Antiseptic for

protein eyes
(19-23/35%

Protargol Strong silver Germicidal for

protein ear and throat
(7.5-8.5%)

Collargol Colloidal Ag germicidal

protein
(18-22%)

Neosilvol Colloidal AgI germicide

Picrotol, Silver picrate Treatment of

picragol vaginitis
-​ Silver (I) Sulfadiazine
​ = prophylaxis and treatment of infection in burn wounds
​ = does not cause hypochloremia in burns
​ = sulfur-derived antibacterial
​ = active against gram negative and gram positive bacteria
​ = applied during duration of healing period to prevent growth of bacteria
3.​ Gold
-​ Means metal
-​ Aurum = shining dawn
-​ King of all metals because of its scarcity, color, and permanency
 -​ Soft metal, yellow color, unreactive
-​ Dissolves in aqua regia and selenic acid
-​ Types = white gold (with Pd) and yellow gold
-​ Au poisoning = BAL / dimercaprol antidote
-​ Purple of Cassius = pigment containing Au and stannic acid
-​ Panning method (floatation process) = procedure to extract Au
-​ Aurum potabile = mixture of herbs and gold flakes to cure most diseases
-​ Na(AuCl4) = treat syphilis and alcoholism
-​ Koch (1890) discovered antibacterial properties of gold cyanide (also for
tuberculosis therapy)
-​ Gold compounds for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis
-​ RA = chronic, inflammatory, autoimmune disease that affects the joints
​ ​ = treat using NSAIDs and/or DMARDs
​ = corticosteroids are the most potent anti-inflammatory agents and
can also be used as immunosuppressants
​ = however, NSAIDs treat only inflammation and corticosteroids are
insufficient to slow down progress of RA
​ = DMARDs have immune modulators, sulfasalazine and gold
compounds, use when RA progresses from a mild to more severe
form
​ = chrysotherapy - application of gold compounds to treat diseases
-​ GOLD CONTAINING DMARDS:
Au (I) thiolates - first Aurothioglucose IM prep for gout and
gen RA

Sodium IM prep for gout and

aurothiomalate RA; commonly used

Auranofin - 2nd gen Oral prep for gout and

RA

Radioactive 198Au Treat certain

malignancies
●​ Group 12 Elements / Volatile Metals / Zinc Family
-​ Completely filled d shell and 2 electrons in s shell
-​ Do not form ions with oxidation states higher than +2 because of their closed full
d shell
-​ Zn and Cd dissolve in a variety of acids and form oxides when heated under
oxygen (ZnO and CdO are soluble in both acids and bases)
-​ Mercury is inert to reactions with acids. Can also form oxide but the process is
slow
-​ All members of this group can serve as central atom of coordination complexes
-​ Hg and Cd are highly toxic
1.​ Zinc
-​ Zinc = sing = stone
 -​ Slivery-white metal with blue tinge. Tarnishes in air
-​ SOURCES:
Name Formula Other name

Zinc blende ZnS

Sphalerite (ZnFe)S

Calamine Zn2SiO4.H2O Zinc orthosilicate

Smithsonite ZnCO3

Zincite ZnO Chinese white, Zinc

white

Franklinite (FeMn)[Link] Black mineral

resembling magnetite
(contain Fe, Mn, Zn)
-​ Applied in galvanization, batteries, and is often used in alloys
-​ Carcinogenic in excess
-​ Oxide shakes or zinc chills = common in welders. Ingested metallic Zn
dissolves in the stomach and zinc chloride is formed
-​ 2nd most abundant d-block metal in the human body
-​ Zn ions are found as active center of enzymes
-​ Zinc-based ointments are used for wound healing
-​ Carboanhydrase (CA) = catalyze hydrolysis of CO2. has 259 amino acid
residues
-​ Carboxypeptidase A (CPA) = enzyme of digestive system known to
cleave amino acids. 300 amino acids.
​ ​ ​ ​ ​ = angiotensin converting enzymes (ACEs)
are zinc-containing CPAs that convert angiotensin I into angiotensin II
(increase of blood pressure)
​ ​ ​ ​ ​ = ACE inhibitors block activity of these
enzymes. Lower blood pressure in patients with hypertension (ex.
Captopril and lisinopril)
-​ COMPOUNDS OF ZINC
Name Formula Other name Use

Zinc chloride ZnCl2 Butter of zinc, Antiseptic in

burnet’s mouthwash,
disinfecting fluid dentin
desensitizer,
used as
corrosives,
emblaming

Zinc oxide ZnO Chinese white, Barrier cream

 zinc white, against nappy
lassar’s paste rash

Zinc ZnO2 antiseptic

dioxide/Zinc
peroxide

Zinc sulfate ZnSO4 . 7H2O White vitriol Emetic,

heptahydrate astringent, used
to prepare white
lotion

Zinc sulfate ZnSO4 Treat zinc

deficiency

Hydrated zinc Zn2SiO4.H2O Natural Treat pruritus

silicate calamine

Zinc sulfide ZnS White lotion, Topical

white sulfide antiseptic and
protectant

Make luminous
paints,
fluorescent
lights, x-ray
screens

Zinc-Eugenol Dental
cement protective

Zinc acetate Treatment

option for wilson
disease
2.​ Cadmium
-​ Cadmia = mineral calamine
-​ Silvery metal with bluish tinge to its surface
-​ Greenockite (CdS)
-​ Nickel-Cadmium batteries
-​ Used to electroplate steel and protect it from corrosion
-​ Phosphors in cathode ray tube color TV sets
-​ Absorbs neutrons and is used in rods in nuclear reactors to control atomic
fission
-​ Toxic, carcinogenic, and teratogenic
-​ Itai-itai disease (Japan) = severe kidney damage and osteomalacia;
antidote is BAL
-​ COMPOUNDS OF CADMIUM
Name Formula Other name Use
 Cadmium CdCl2 Emetic and
chloride treat ringworm
and tinea flava

Cadmium CdS Yellow sulfide Dandruff and

sulfide seborrheic
dermatitis

Cadmium CdSO4 Ophthalmic

sulfate antiseptic and
topical
astringent
3.​ Mercury
-​ Messenger of gods; quicksilver (hydrargyrum)
-​ Liquid at room temp.
-​ Source: Cinnabar/Aethrops mineral = HgS
-​ Hydrargyrism = best antidote is sodium formaldehyde sulfoxylate, egg
albumin
-​ Forms amalgam with other metals (used as dental fillings)
-​ Mercury (II) nitrate = used to cure felts for the production of hats. Mercury
poisoning (mad hatter)
-​ Minamata disease (Japan) = methylmercury poisoning
-​ COMPOUNDS OF MERCURY
Name Formula Other name Use

Mercurous Hg2Cl2 Calomel Cathartic and

chloride local antiseptic

Mercuric HgCl2 Corrosive disinfectant

chloride sublimate

Mercuric iodide HgI2 Antisyphilis

Mercurous HgI Antisyphilis

iodide

Ammoniated HgNH2Cl White Topical and

mercury precipitate ophthalmic
anti-infective

Mercuric oxide HgO Yellow Ophthalmic

precipitate antibacterial

Potassium K2HgI4 antiseptic

mercuric iodide
●​ Group 13 Elements / Boron Group
-​ 3 electrons in valence shell
-​ All elements form stable cations
1.​ Boron
-​ Buraq = borax
-​ Metalloid
-​ Sources: borax and kernite (component of detergent and cosmetics)
-​ Pure boron is a dark amorphous powder used as rocket fuel igniter and in
pyrotechnic flares green color)
-​ Boric and borate are toxic by ingestion or skin absorption = lobster
appearance
-​ Unreactive except at high temp.
-​ Boron oxide (B2O3) - acidic oxide, insoluble white solid, very high boiling
point
-​ Boron trifluoride (BF3) - most important halide of boron, colorless gas
-​ Boron trichloride (BCl3) - acts as lewis acids (catalysts)
-​ COMPOUNDS OF BORON
Name Formula Other name Use

Borax Na2B4O7.10H2 Borax, sodium Antiseptic, eye

decahydrate O tetraborate, wash prep, wet
sodium dressing for
pyroborate, wounds
dobell’s sol.,
tincal

Sodium NaBO3.4H2O Oxidizing local

perborate anti-infective,
mouthwash in
2% sol. 10-20%
powder in
dentifrices

Boric acid H3BO3 Orthoboric acid, Buffer

sal sedativum component in
eyewash,
antiseptic to
treat athlete’s
foot and
bacterial thrush

Boric oxide Manuf.

Borosilicate
glass (pyrex)

Sodium Flame retardant

octaborate

boron-10 Absorb
neutrons,
regulate nuclear
 reactors, detect
neutrons

2.​ Aluminum
-​ Alumen
-​ Diagonal relationship with beryllium
-​ Silvery-white, lightweight metal.
-​ Soft and malleable
-​ Most abundant metal
-​ 3rd most abundant element in earth’s crust
-​ 2nd most malleable metal
-​ 6th most ductile
-​ Extracted from bauxite or cryolite
​ ​ ​ = bauxite - alumina - Al2O3.2H2O
​ ​ ​ = cryolite - sodium aluminum fluoride - Na3AlF6
-​ Native aluminum oxides:
​ ​ ​ = emerald = Be - Al - Cr
​ ​ ​ = ruby = Al - Cr
​ ​ ​ = sapphire = Al - Co
​ ​ ​ = turquoise = Al - Cu
-​ Highly reactive metal, readily oxidizes in air to Al2O3
-​ Dissolves in diluted mineral acids and can react with strong alkalis =
[Al(OH)4-] and H2
-​ Used to reduce metal oxides
-​ Reacts violently with iron (III) oxide to produce iron in highly exothermic
process where Fe is obtained in liquid form
-​ COMPOUNDS OF ALUMINUM
Name Formula Other name Use

Aluminum Al(OH)3 Creamalin, Antacid, cause

hydroxide Amphojel constipation

Al(OH)3 + Mg Gelusil
trisilicate

Al(OH)3 + Maalox
Mg(OH)2

Al(OH)3 + Reduce bloating

simethicone and
discomfort/pain

Aluminum AlPO4 Phosphagel Antacid, does

phosphate not interfere
with phosphate
 absorption

Aluminum Al(NH2CH2CO Antacid, have

glycinate O)(OH)2 protective
effects from
ulcers

Aluminum AlCl3 First compound

chloride used as
antiperspirant

Potassium KAl(SO4)2 alum Astringent,

aluminum antiperspirant,
sulfate deodorant

Aluminum C6H9AlO6 Burrow’s sol. Antiseptic,

acetate astringent

Aluminum kaolin China clay,

silicates native hydrated
aluminum
silicate

Adsorbent and
demulcent in
diarrhea

bentonite Soap clay,

mineral soap,
native colloidal
hydrated
aluminum
silicate

Suspending
agent, used to
prepare
calamine lotion

pumice Complex
silicate of Al, K,
Na of volcanic
origin

Dental abrasive
-​ Used in cans, foil, etc.
-​ Not particularly strong, so used as alloy (lightweight but strong alloys)_
-​ Good electrical conductor
3.​ Gallium
-​ Gallia = France
 -​ Similar to aluminum
-​ Readily alloy with most metals. Used in low-melting alloys
-​ High boiling point
-​ Melts in hand
-​ COMPOUNDS OF GALLIUM
Name Formula Other Name Use

Gallium nitrate Ga(NO3)3 Anti-tumor

agent against
non-Hodgkin’s
lymphoma and
bladder cancer

Ganite treat
cancer-associat
ed
hypercalcemia

Gallium KP46 Oral anticancer

8-quinolinolate agent
●​ Lanthanoids
-​ F-block metals
-​ Named after Lanthanum
-​ Rare earth metals
-​ Used to produce batteries, lasers, and other technological devices
-​ Salts are used as phosphate binders or MRI CAs
-​ Ln shows biological behavior similar to calcium ion
1.​ Lanthanum
-​ Lanthanein = to lie hidden
-​ Burns easily when ignited
-​ Found in rare earth minerals (monazite and bastnaesite)
-​ Lanthanum (III) Oxide is used to make special optical glasses
-​ Salts are used in catalysts for petroleum refining
-​ Lanthanum carbonate La2(CO3)3 = only La salt approved for clinical use.
Used to manage hyperphosphatemia (high phosphate levels in the blood)
2.​ Cerium
-​ Ceres = asteroid = goddess of agriculture
-​ Grey metal. Tarnishes easily, reacts with water, and burns when heated
-​ Most abundant of the lanthanides
-​ More abundant than Sn or Pb, and almost as abundant as Zn
-​ COMPOUNDS OF CERIUM
Name Formula Other name Use

Cerium (III) antiemetic

oxalate
 Cerium nitrate Ce(NO3)3 Activity against
pathogens.
Used in
combination
with silver
sulfadiazine

Cerium (III) Catalyst.

oxide Self-cleaning
ovens. Catalytic
converters

Being studied
as additive for
dieselfuel

Cerium sulfide C2S3 Non-toxic

compound that
has rich red
color. Used as a
pigment
3.​ Gadolinium
-​ Johan Gadolin
-​ Malleable and ductile
-​ Used as contrast agents for MRI
-​ Detect and observe pathological and physiological alteration to living
tissue
-​ CA can enhance imaging properties
●​ Actinides: Uranium
-​ Named after Uranus
-​ Radioactive, silvery metal
-​ Provides nuclear fuel used to generate electricity in nuclear power stations
●​ Group 14 Elements / Carbon Group
-​ 4 valence shells, tend to form covalent compounds
-​ C and Si oxides are acidic, other oxides are amphoteric
1.​ Silicon
-​ Silex or silicis = flint
-​ Solid with blue-grey metallic sheen
-​ 2nd most abundant element in the earth’s crust
-​ Does not occur uncombined in nature (silica and silicates)
OXIDE SILICATE

sand asbestos

quartz granite

Rock crystal hornblende

 amethyst feldspar

agate clay

flint mica

opal
-​ Causes silicosis = lung condition resembling TB
-​ Carbon silylation = introduction of silicon group next to a carbon center
​ ​ ​ = used for the design of novel drugs
​ ​ ​ = enhanced blood stability, increased cell penetration,
altered pharmacokinetics
-​ Silabolin = injectable steroid, used as anabolic prep by bodybuilders
​ = low androgenic activity (like natural anabolic hormone
testosterone)
​ = white powder, insoluble in water
-​ Silperisone = Tolperisone is a centrally acting muscle relaxant to treat
acute muscle spsms in back pain
= chronic toxicities were found, research was discontinued
-​ COMPOUNDS OF SILICON
Name Formula Other name Use

Sodium Manganese Mask the

carbonate + dioxide blue-green color
pure silica of iron present
in silica

boron/borates Decrease
coefficient of
expansion of
glass

lead Increase
refractive index
of glass

Purified SiO2 Purified Absorbent,

siliceous earth keiselguhr, filtering
fuller’s earth, medium, and
celite, purified clarifying agent
infasorial

silicones Synthetic Sealants,

compounds with adhesives, etc.
Si

Kaolin China clay, Adsorptive for

native hydrated diarrhea,
 Al silicate dusting powder,
kaopectate

Pumice Distributing
agent for slowly
soluble
substances,
dental abrasive

Talc Soapstone Dusting powder,

(softest mineral clarifying agent,
known) protective
lubricant,
filtering agent

Bentonite Soap clay, Thioxotropic

mineral soap, (liquid when
native colloidal agitated, solid
hydrated at rest).
aluminum Stabilizes
silicate emulsion

Silicic acid Ceramic

industry

Attapulgite Mg5(Si8O20)(O Polymagma, Adsorbent

H)2.8H2O Quintess similar to kaolin

Natural Hydrated Zn Topical

calamine silicate protectant

Simethicone Polymeric Antifoaming

dimethylsiloxan agent,
e antiflatulent in
gastric bloating,
postoperative
gaseous
distention of the
GIT
2.​ Tin
-​ Soft pliable metal
-​ Below 13 degrees C, changes to powder form
-​ Main source: Cassiterite (Tin IV Oxide)
-​ Lining for drinks and food cans
-​ Bronze alloy
-​ PVC plastic
-​ Poor metal
-​ Two allotropes (same element, different form): grey tin and white tin
-​ COMPOUNDS OF TIN
 Name Formula Other name Use

Stannic oxide SnO2 Germicide

against
staphylococcal
organisms

Stannous SnF3 Anticariogenic

fluoride agent

Pewter Sn, Cu, Pb

Gunmetal Cu, Sn

Solder Pb, Sn

Tin (II) chloride Reducing

agent, mordant
for dyeing calico
and silk

Tin (IV) oxide Ceramics and

gas sensors

Zinc stannate Zn2SnO4 Fire retardant in

plastics
3.​ Lead
-​ Source: galena (PbS) lead sulfide
-​ Grey metal used in batteries
-​ Neurotoxin when ingested
-​ Plumbism poisoning = EDTA and calcium sodium versanate as antidote
-​ COMPOUNDS OF LEAD
Name Formula Other name Use

Lead acetate Pb(CH3COO)2. Sugar of lead, Astringent,

3H2O salt of saturn, preparation of
goulard’s lead acetate
powder

Lead C4H10O8Pb3 Goulard’s Decolorizing

subacetate, extract agent,
basic lead astringent,
acetate antiseptic

Lead oxide . PbO Litharge Used to prep Pb

lead (II) oxide subacetate
solution

Lead chloride PbCl2 Astringent,

 dusting powder
4.​ Carbon
-​ Carbo = charcoal
-​ PURE FORMS
Diamond Colorless, transparent, crystalline
solid. Hardest known material

Graphite Black, shiny, soft. Used in pencils

Fullerenes Black or dark brown soot-like

powders
Graphene
-​ Has the ability to form strongly bonded chains, sealed off by hydrogen
atoms
-​ COMPOUNDS OF CARBON
Name Formula Other name Use

Carbon dioxide CO2 Component of

carbonated
beverages;
respiratory
stimulant in
treatment of
CO, alcohol and
morphine
poisoning.

Dry ice (solid

CO2) used to
treat acne,
corns, calluses,
moles, warts,
eczema

Carbonates of Antacids and

Ca, Mg, Al carbonating
agent

Carbon CO Poison. Death

monoxide due to asphyxia

Antidote: O,
O-He,
hyperbaric O,
O-CO2

Carbon disulfide CS2 Solvent, fire

extinguisher
 cyanogen Extremely
poisonous

Bismuth Astringent and

subcarbonate protective lotion
and ointment

graphite Pencils,
brushes in
electric motors
and furnace
linings

Activated Purification and

charcoal filtration. Found
in respirators
and kitchen
extractor hoods.
UNIVERSAL
ANTIDOTE IN
POISONING
●​ Group 15 Elements / Nitrogen Group / Pnictogens
1.​ Phosphorus
-​ Phosphorus = bringer of light
-​ allotropes:

White phosphorus Poisonous waxy solid. Can cause

severe burns. Glows in the dark.
Spontaneously flammable when
exposed to air.

Red phosphorus Amorphous non-toxic solid

Black phosphorus Most stable allotrope. Can be

obtained by heating white
phosphorus under high pressure.
Does not ignite spontaneously in
air.

-​ One of the most abundant elements in the human body.

-​ Found in conjunction with calcium. Together, they are the building
materials for bones and teeth
-​ Involved in building our genetic material as well as in the energy supply of
cells of many biochemical processes
-​ Phosphate is an inorganic compound and is the salt of phosphoric acid.
Can form organic esters with a variety of compounds and are important in
many biochemical processes.
-​ COMPOUNDS OF PHOSPHORUS
Name Formula Other name Use

Elemental P Used in manuf.

Of bronze
alloys,
production of
phosphate ion,
matches,
smoke bomb
mixes, trace
bullets, and for
rat poisoning

Hypophosphoru HPH2O2 Preservative in

s acid HI syrup

Orthophosphori H3PO4 Fertilizers,

c acid / detergents,
phosphoric acid household
cleaning
products

Na3PO4 Water softener,

added to
powdered soap
and detergents

Calcium Ca(H2PO4) fertilizer

dihydrogen
phosphate

Diammonium (NH4)2HPO4 fertilizer

hydrogen
phosphate

Tribasic Ca, Gastric antacids

Mg, Al
phosphates

Sodium Phosphate Laxative

dihydrogen enemas properties
phosphate and
hydrated
disodium
phosphate

biphosphonates Treat
osteoporosis.
Alendronic acid
is the drug of
 choice.
2.​ Arsenic
-​ Arsenikon = yellow pigment orpiment
-​ Semi-metal
-​ Allotropes: yellow and grey arsenic
-​ Readily oxidizes to arsenic trioxide
-​ Sources: realgar or orpiment
-​ Can exist in 3 valence states: zerovalent, trivalent, pentavalent
-​ One of the most toxic heavy metal
-​ Used to cure tumor and ulcers
-​ Galen recommended arsenic sulfide against ulcers
-​ Melarsoprol = treat late-stage african trypanosomiasis and sleeping
sickness
-​ Arsenic poisoning involves digestive and cardiovascular problems
-​ Lower doses can lead to liver and kidney damage, changes in
pigmentation of skin and nails (Mees stripes)
-​ Antidote for poisoning is dimercaprol
-​ Salvarsan
= magic bullet
= discovered by paul ehrlich
= also known as arsphenamine or compound 606
= Treat syphilis caused by treponema pallidum
= Neosalvarsan (compound 914) - salt derivative of salvarsan with
reduced side effects
= Oxophenarsine (Mapharsen) - API. used until 1940s before it was
replaced by penicillin
-​ COMPOUNDS OF ARSENIC
Name Formula Other name Use

Arsenic trioxide As2O3 Trisenox Treat cancer

(APL)

Fowler’s 1% potassium Main treatment

solution arsenite for chronic
myelogenous
leukemia.
Replaced by
radiotherapy
and
chemotherapy

Paris green Weed

killer/insecticide
3.​ Nitrogen
-​ Nitre forming
-​ Azote = without life
-​ Mephitic air
-​ Colorless, odorless gas
-​ Makes up 78% of air
-​ Forms relatively strong and short bonds, forming a triple bond in the N2
molecule
-​ Relatively unreactive because its bond enthalpy is very high
-​ N2 is used as an inert atmosphere for reaction cannot be carried out in
oxygen
-​ Only lithium reacts directly with nitrogen = Li3N
-​ Nitric (III) acid, nitrous acid, and nitric acid = most important oxoacids of
nitrogen
-​ HNO3 = highly reactive oxidizing and nitrating agent
-​ COMPOUNDS OF NITROGEN
Name Formula Other name Use

Nitrogen gas N2 Inert

atmosphere for
amuples that
would be
affected
adversely by air

Kept in black
cylinder

Liquid nitrogen refrigerant

Nitrous oxide N2O Laughing gas Inhalation

general
anesthetic

Kept in blue
cylinders

Sodium nitrite Antidote for

cyanide
poisoning and a
vasodilator

Preservatives
but are
carcinogenic

React with
hemoglobin to
form
methemoglobin
 Nitric oxide Neurotransmitte
r. Signaling
molecule.
Involve in blood
pressure
regulation and
release of
certain
hormones
4.​ Antimony
-​ Anti-monos = not alone
-​ Sources: senarmontite or valentinite (Sb2O3) and antimony glance
(Sb2S3)
-​ USED TO MAKE SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES SUCH AS INFRARED
DETECTORS AND DIODES
-​ Potassium antimony tartrate (C8H10K2O15Sb2) = tartar emetic, brown
mixture = emetic, expectorant, anthelmintic
-​ Antimony dichlorotrifluoride (SbCl2F3) = think liquid stored in iron drums.
Catalyst for fluorocarbon manufacturing
5.​ Bismuth
-​ Bisemutum = weisse masse = white mass
-​ High density, silvery, pink-tinge metal
-​ Brittle, mixed with other metals to make it useful
-​ Alloys with Sn and Cd
-​ Have low melting point and are used in fire detectors, distinguishers,
electric fuses, and solders
-​ COMPOUNDS OF BISMUTH
Name Formula Other name Use

Bismuth oxide Yellow pigment

for cosmetics
and paints

Bismuth (III) BiClO Pearly effect to

oxychloride cosmetics

Basic bismuth For indigestion

carbonate (bismuth
mixture)

Bismuth Non-irritant
subnitrate intestinal
astringent with
antiseptic
property

Bismuth Bi(OH)3 Bismuth Astringent and

 hydroxide magma, milk of antacid
bismuth,
bismuth cream

Bismuth dermatol Astringent and

subgallate protective
●​ GROUP 16 Elements / Oxygen Family / Chalcogens
1.​ Oxygen
-​ Oxy genes = acid forming
-​ Colorless, odorless gas
-​ Exclusively metallic and radioactive
-​ Makes up 21% of the atmosphere
-​ Acid former
-​ Empyreal air or dephlogisticated air (air deprived of phlogiston)
-​ Prepared commercially by fractional distillation of liquid air and in the lab
by electrolysis and by decomposition of water
-​ Supports combustion, used to treat CO poisoning, therapeutic gas to treat
diseases in which hypoxia is a feature of the syndrome
-​ Ozone (O3) = allotropic form of oxygen. Powerful oxidizing agent, used as
disinfectant and as bleaching agent
2.​ Sulfur
-​ Sulvere, sulfurium
-​ Common allotropes appear as yellow crystals or powder
-​ Forms of sulfur:
= sublimed sulfur - flower of sulfur - used internally
= amorphous sulfur - precipitated sulfur, milk of sulfur - used externally
-​ Used in the preparation of scabicidal and keratolytic ointments and lotions
-​ Used as stimulant cathartics, fumigant (forms sulfur dioxide when burn),
depilatory agent, anti-seborrheic (sulfide salt), elemental sulfur has
fungicidal action
-​ COMPOUNDS OF SULFUR
Name Formula Other name Use

Sulfides of Ca, antacids

Mg, Al

Monohydrogen cathartics
and dihydrogen
salts

Sulfurated Consists of
potash USP potassium
polysulfides,
sulfate, and
thiosulfate
 Prepared by
heating a
mixture of
potassium
carbonate and
sublimed sulfur

Treat psoriasis
and other skin
conditions that
has parasiticidal
activity

White lotion Prepared by

USP adding freshly
prepared
sulfurated
potash to
ZnSO4

Astringent and
protective

Sulfur dioxide Antioxidant and

NF preservative
3.​ Selenium
-​ Selene = moon
-​ Semi-metal that exist in 2 forms: silvery metal or red powder
-​ Solvent for gold in the form of selenic acid (H2SeO4)
-​ Toxic to scalp fungus that causes dandruff so it is used in anti-dandruff
shampoos (SeS2 ; Selsun blue)
-​ Trace element in the body (synergistic with vitamin E)
●​ Group 17 Elements / Halogens
1.​ Fluorine
-​ Fluere = flow
-​ Very pale yellow-green, dangerously reactive gas
-​ Most reactive of all elements and quickly attacks all metals
-​ Steel wool bursts into flames when exposed to fluorine
-​ Fluorite, fluorspar, and cryolite
-​ Fluorite / fluorspar = CaF2
-​ Cryolite = Na3AlF6
-​ 13th most common element in the earth’s crust
-​ Strengthening teeth and bones
-​ Prevent dental cavities
-​ Above concentration may cause tooth enamel to become mottled
-​ Added to toothpaste
-​ COMPOUNDS OF FLUORIDE
 Name Formula Other name Use

Teflon poly(tetrafluoroe Non-stick, used

thene) in frying pans.
Used for cable
insulation,
plumber’s tape,
and as the
basis of
Gore-Tex
(waterproof
shoes and
clothing)

Hydrofluoric HF Watching the

acid glass of light
bulbs

chloro-fluoro-ca CFC Aerosol

rbons propellants,
refrigirants,
blowing
expanded
polystyrene.
Their inertness
diffuses them
into the
stratosphere
and destroys
the earth’s
ozone layer.
banned

Sodium fluoride NaF Fluodating

agent for
drinking water.
Dental
prophylaxis

Stannous SnF2 Dental

fluoride prophylaxis

dichlorofluorom Freon refrigerant

ethane

Zn fluosilicate Rinse for

solution washing diaper
acting as
bactericide
2.​ Chlorine
 -​ Chloros = greenish yellow
-​ Yellowy-green dense gas with choking smell
-​ Halite (NaCl) main mineral mined for chlorine
-​ Found in carnallite and sylvite
-​ Present in cell fluid as anion to balance positive (K+) ions
-​ Present in ECF to balance positive (Na+) ions
-​ Kills bacteria. Used as disinfectant. Used to treat drinking water and
swimming pools
-​ Used as oxidizing agent and in substitution reactions
-​ Used to make chloroform (anesthetic) and CCl4 (drycleaning solvent)
however, both chemicals are controlled because they cause liver damage.
-​ Chlorine gas is very poisonous (used as chemical weapon in WWI
-​ COMPOUNDS OF CHLORINE
= HCl - muriatic acid - neutralizing, stabilizing, or solubilizing agent
= diluted HCl - gastric acidifier
= NaCl, KCl, CaCl2 - electrolyte replenisher (ringer’s solution)
3.​ Bromine
-​ Bromos = stench
-​ Deep-red, oily liquid with a sharp smell. Toxic
-​ Organobromides are used in halon fire extinguishers used to fight fires in
museums, planes, and tanks
-​ Silver bromide = film photography
-​ Used to prepare 1,2-di-bromoethane (anti-knock agent) substance added
to gasoline to inhibit preignition
-​ Irritating effect on the eyes and throat. Produces painful sores when in
contact with the skin
4.​ Iodine
-​ Iodes = violet
-​ Black, shiny, crystalline solid
-​ When heated, iodine sublimes to form a purple vapor
-​ Seaweed contains iodine
-​ Elemental iodine is toxic (antidotes are Na2S2O3 and cornstarch)
-​ COMPOUNDS OF IODINE:
Name Formula Other name Use

Iodide Added in table

salt to avoid
iodine
deficiency
affecting thyroid
gland

iodine-131 Treat cancerous

thyroid glands
 Iodide ion HI and NaI Expectorant
action

Phenolated Boulton's Antibacterial

iodine solution solution

Carbolized Mandel’s Antibacterial

iodine solution solution

Solutions of Highly effective,

iodine locally acting
germicide

Strong iodine Lugol’s solution Anti-goiterogeni

solution (5%) c (used orally)

External:
keratolytic,
topical
anti-infective,
disinfectant

Iodine tincture Antiseptic. Best

and solution for presurgical
(2%), strong preparation of
iodine tincture the intact skin
(7%)

Povidone-iodine Betadine Antiseptic., no

(10%) stinging
sensation

Povidone Lessens pain,

special affinity
for iodine
molecules
●​ Group 18 Elements
-​ Occur in the atmosphere (except Rn)
-​ Inert gases. Monoatomic, colorless, odorless under ordinary conditiorns of temp.
And pressure
1.​ Helium
-​ Helios = sun
-​ First detected in the sun’s corona
-​ Unreactive, colorless, odorless
-​ Second most abundant element in the universe
-​ Major source is natural gas which contain 7% helium
-​ Donald-duck like sound
-​ Artificial atmosphere = 80% He, 20% O
-​ O-He = brown-green containers
 -​ He = brown container
-​ Used to fill decorative balloons, weather balloons, airships (because of its
density)
2.​ Neon
-​ Neos = new
-​ Will not react with any other substance
-​ 5th most abundant element in the universe
-​ Neon signs
-​ In a vacuum discharge tube, neon glows a reddish orange color
-​ Only red signs are pure neon, others contain different gases to give
different colors
3.​ Argon
-​ Argos = idle
-​ Totally inert to other substances
-​ Makes up 0.94% of the earth’s atmosphere
-​ 3rd most abundant atmospheric gas
-​ Often used when inert atmosphere is needed
-​ Used for the production of Ti and other reactive elements
-​ Kept in red cylinders
4.​ Krypton
-​ Kryptos = hidden
-​ Does not react with anything except fluorine gas
-​ Krypton fluoride is used in lasers
-​ One of the rarest gases in earth’s atmosphere
5.​ Xenon
-​ Xenos = stranger
-​ Xenon difluoride = used to etch silicon microprocessors
-​ Manufacture 5-fluorouracil (drug used to treat certain types of cancer
6.​ Radon
-​ Radium
-​ First detected as an emission from radium during radioactive decay
-​ Chemically inert, but radioactive
-​ Radon decays into radioactive polonium and alpha particles. This emitted
radiation made Rn useful in cancer therapy
-​ Used in some hospitals to treat tumors by sealing the gas in minute tubes,
implanting to the tumor, treating the disease in situ. Other safer
treatments are now commonly used.