1.
1 Engine Construction & Operation
1. What are the important basic components of an IC engine? Explain them briefly.
i) Define the following: Bore ii) Stroke iii) Displacement volume iv) clearance volume v) compression
ratio vi) cubic capacity, mention the units they are normally measured.
2. Classify the internal combustion engine with respect to
i) Cycle of operation ii) Cylinder arrangement iii) method of charging the cylinder iv) type of ignition
v) type of fuels used vi) type of cooling
3. Compare SI and CI engines with respect to
i) Basic cycle ii) fuel used iii) introduction of fuel iv) ignition v) compression ratio vi) speed vii)
efficiency viii) weight
4. With neat sketches explain the working principle of four stroke compression ignition engine. Discuss
various applications of four stroke CI engine.
5. What is the main reason for development of two stroke engines? Compare four stroke and two stroke
engine.
6. What is the mean piston speed? Explain the importance
7. Define the following efficiencies
i) Indicated thermal efficiency ii) brake thermal efficiency iii) mechanical efficiency iv) relative
efficiency v) volumetric efficiency
8. Explain briefly
i) Mean effective pressure ii) specific output iii) specific fuel consumption v) fuel air ratio
9. Give an account for the first law analysis of an internal combustion engine?
10. Define the following
ii) Bore ii) Stroke iii) Displacement volume iv) clearance volume v) compression ratio vi) cubic capacity,
mention the units they are normally measured.
11. Classify the internal combustion engine with respect to
ii) Cycle of operation ii) Cylinder arrangement iii) method of charging the cylinder iv) type of ignition
v) type of fuels used vi) type of cooling
12. Compare SI and CI engines with respect to
ii) Basic cycle ii) fuel used iii) introduction of fuel iv) ignition v) compression ratio vi) speed vii)
efficiency viii) weight
13. What is the main reason for development of two stroke engines? Compare four stroke and two stroke
engine.
1.2 Actual Cycles and their Analysis
1. Why the actual cycle efficiency is much lower than the air standard cycle efficiency? List the major losses
and differences in actual engine and air standard cycles.
2. A) Briefly explain (i) time loss factor and (ii) heat loss factor (iii) exhaust blow down factor
3. Briefly discuss pumping and rubbing friction loss.
4. Define volumetric efficiency and discuss the effect of various factors affecting the volumetric efficiency.
5. Discuss briefly the loss due to gas exchange process.
1.3 Fuels
1. What are the different kinds of fuels used in IC engine?
2. Discuss the important qualities of an SI and CI engine fuel. Suggest some alternatives to SI and CI engine
fuel.
3. Explain the reasons for looking for alternate fuels for IC engines.
4. Explain alcohols as alternate fuels for IC engines bringing out their merits and demerits.
5. Write short note on Biodiesel as CI engine Fuel.
6. Explain hydrogen as alternate fuels for IC engines bringing out their advantages and disadvantages.
7. Write a short note on Natural Gas as alternate fuel with advantages and disadvantages.
2.1 Combustion in SI Engine
1. Define carburation. Explain the factors that affect the process of carburation.
2. Explain with neat sketch components of simple Carburetor.
3. What are the functional requirements of an Injection system?
4. Explain GDI (Gasoline Direct Injection) system.
5. Write a Short note on “Multi Point Fuel Injection (MPFI)”
6. Describe with suitable sketches combustion phenomenon in SI engines and explain the phases of
combustion.
7. Discuss the effect of engine variables on Ignition Lag.
8. Discuss the effect of the following engine variables on flame propagation
(a) Fuel-air ratio, (b) Compression ratio, (c) Engine load, (d) Engine speed, (e)Turbulence
(f) Engine Size
9. What is meant by abnormal combustion? Explain the phenomena of knock in SI engines.
10. Discuss effect of different engine variables on engine knock.
11. What is Ignition delay? How it affects the combustion process in S.I. Engine?
12. Higher compression ratio that can be used that can be used in SI engine is limited by detonation
characteristics of the available fuel. Justify this statement
13. How SI engine fuel is rated? Explain.
2.2 Combustion in CI Engine
1. What you mean by Air Swirl? What is difference between Air Swirl and turbulence?
2. What is delay period of CI engine combustion and what are the factors that affect the delay period?
3. Explain different stages of CI engine combustion with P- θ diagram.
4. Explain Phenomenon of Diesel Knock.
5. Explain in detail comparison between knock in SI and CI engines.
6. How are CI engine fuels rated? Explain
7. Write a Short note on “Common Rail Direct Injection Engine” (MPFI)”
3.1 Supercharging and Turbocharging
1. What is supercharging? How is it achieved?
2. What are the objectives of supercharging? Which engine is more suitable for supercharging – SI or CI?
Why?
3. What are the effect of supercharging on following parameters
i) Power output
ii) Mechanical Efficiency
iii) Fuel Consumption
4. What are the supercharging limits of SI and CI engine?
5. Describe with sketches different methods of supercharging?
6. Write a short note on the following
i) Turbocharging
ii) Advantages and limitations of supercharging
3.2 Emissions of IC Engines
1. What are the causes of engine emissions?
2. What are the main sources of pollutants from petrol engine? Explain
3. Describe the causes of Hydrocarbon emissions from SI engines?
4. What are the main emissions from Diesel Engine? Explain
5. Discuss the emissions from diesel engines. On what factors these emissions depend?
6. Discuss different methods to control NOx emissions from IC Engines.
7. Write a short note on “Catalytic Converter”
8. Explain emission control methods of SI and CI engines.
9. Write a short note on “Exhaust Gas Recirculation”
10. What are the particulates? Describe in detail how particulate emissions are caused.
11. What is crankcase blowby? How it is controlled?
12. Wrtie a short note on “Bharat Stage IV Norms”
4.1 Engine Testing and Performance:
1. Discuss briefly the basic performance parameters.
2. Discuss with suitable sketch the brake rope dynamometers.
3. Describe the method commonly used in laboratory for measuring the air supplied to an I.C. engine.
4. Derive the formula used for finding the mass of air supplied to an engine by using air box method.
5. Describe how I.P. of a multi-cylinder engine is measured.
6. Discuss Willan’s line method to find friction power.
7. Explain “Morse Test”
8. A petrol engine uses fuel of calorific value 43000 kJ/ hr and has specific gravity of 0.75. The brake thermal
efficiency of 25% and mechanical efficiency of 75%. If engine develops 50 kW, calculate (a) the fuel
consumption in litres per hour and (b) the indicated thermal efficiency.
9. The power output of an I. C. engine is measured by roped brake dynamometer. The diameter of the brake
pulley is 700 mm and the rope diameter is 25 mm. The load on the tight side of the rope is 50 kg mass and
spring balance reads 50 N. The engine running at 900 rpm. Consumes fuel of calorific value of 44000 kJ/kg,
at a rate of 4 kg/h. calculate (i) Brake specific fuel consumption and (ii) Brake thermal efficiency.
10. A four-stroke SI engine delivers a brake power of 450 kW with a mechanical efficiency of 87 %. The
measured fuel consumption is 160 kg of fuel in one hour and air consumption is 410 kg during one sixth of
an hour. The heating value of fuel is 42000 kJ/kg. Calculate (i) Indicated power (ii) Frictional power (iii) air-
fuel ratio (iv) indicated thermal efficiency (v) brake thermal efficiency.
11. A gasoline engine working on four stroke develops a brake power of 20.9 kW. A morse was conducted on
this engine and the brake power (kW) obtained when each cylinder was made inoperative by short circuiting
the spark plug are 14.9, 14.3, 14.8 and 14.5 respectively. The test was conducted at constant speed. Find the
indicated power, mechanical efficiency and BMEP when all the cylinders are firing. The bore of the engine
is 75 mm and the stroke is 90 mm. The engine is running at 3000 rpm.
12. An eight cylinder, four sroke engine of 9 cm bore and 8 cm stroke with compression ratio of 7 is tested at
4500 rpm on a dynamometer which has 54 cm arm, During a 10 mins test the dynamometer scale beam
reading was 42 kg and the engine consumed 4.4 kg of gasoline having calorific value of 44000 kJ/kg. Air
27oC and 1 bar was supplied to the carburetor at the rate of 6 kg/min. Find (i) the brake power delivered (ii)
the brake mean effective pressure (iii) brake specific fuel consumption (iv) the brake specific air consumption
(v) brake thermal efficiency (vi) volumetric efficiency and (vii) the air-fuel ratio.
13. The air flow to a four cylinder, four stroke oil engine is measured by means of a 5 cm diameter orifice having
coefficient of discharge of 0.6. During a test on the engine the following data were recorded : bore =10 cm,
stroke= 12 cm, speed = 1200 rpm, brake torque = 120 Nm, fuel consumption 5 kg/h, calorific value of fuel
42 MJ/kg, pressure drop across orifice = 4.6 cm of water, ambient temperature and pressure are 17 oC and 1
bar respectively. Calculate (i) the thermal efficiency on brake thermal efficiency (ii) the brake mean effective
pressure (iii) the Volumetric efficiency on free air condition.
14. The following observation were recorded during a trial of a four stroke, single cylinder oil engine. Duration
of trial is 30 min, oil consumption is 4 litres, calorific value of the oil is 43 MJ/kg, specific gravity of the fuel
= 0.8, average area of the indicator diagram = 8.5 cm2, length of the indicator = 8.5 cm, spring constant =
5.5 bar/cm, brake load =150 kg, spring balance reading = 20 kg, effective wheel diameter = 1.5 m, speed
=200 rpm, cylinder diameter = 30 cm, jacket cooling water = 10 kg/min, temperature rise is 36oC. Calculate
(i) Indicated Power (ii) brake power (iii) mechanical efficiency (vi) brake specific fuel consumption in
kg/kWh and (v) indicated thermal efficiency
15. The following observations were made during a trial of a single cylinder, four stroke cycle gas engine having
cylinder diameter of 18 cm and stroke 24 cm.
Duration of trial = 30 min
Total number of revolutions = 9000
Total number of explosion = 4450
Mean effective pressure = 5 bar
Neat load on brake wheel = 40 kg
Effective diameter of brake wheel = 1 m
Total gas used at NTP = 2.4 m3
Calorific value of gas at NTP = 19 MJ/m3
Total air used = 36 m3
Pressure of air = 720 mm Hg
Temperature of air = 17oC
Density of air at NTP = 1.29 kg/m3
Temperature of exhaust gas = 350oC
Room Temperature = 17oC
Specific heat of exhaust gas = 1 KJ/kg.K
Cooling water circulated = 80 kg
Rise in temperature of cooling = 30oC
Draw up a heat balance sheet and estimate the mechanical and indicated thermal efficiencies of the engine.
16. In a trail of a single-cylinder oil engine working on duel cycle, the following observations were made
Compression ratio = 16
Oil consumption = 10 kg/h
Calorific value of fuel = 43500 kJ/kg
Air consumption = 4.0 kg/min
Speed = 2000 rpm
Torque on the brake drum = 186 N.m
Quantity of cooling water used = 16 kg/min
Temperature rise = 400C
Exhaust gas temperature = 4000C
Room Temperature = 270C
CP for exhaust gas = 1.14 kJ/kg.K
Calculate: (i) Brake Power (ii) Brake specific fuel consumption (iii) brake thermal efficiency and (iv) Draw
heat balance sheet on minute basis
4.2 Alternative Potential Engine
Write a short note on the following
1. Variable Compression Ratio (VCR) Engine
2. Duel fuel /Multi fuel Engines
3. Heterogeneous Charge Compression Ignition (HCCI) Engines
4. Modern trends in IC Engine