NCERT LINE BY LINE QUESTIONS

1. Which of the following statements are correct Options:

about Aristotle’s classification? (a) A-2, B-1, C-4, D-3
1. He classified plants into trees, shrubs, and (b) A-1, B-2, C-4, D-3
herbs. (c) A-4, B-3, C-2, D-1
2. He considered red blood as a criterion for (d) A-3, B-4, C-1, D-2
dividing animals.
3. He used reproductive methods for classifying 6. Which of the following was a limitation of
organisms. the two-kingdom classification system?
4. His system was based on scientific evidence (a) It classified fungi as plants
Options: (b) It failed to include bacteria and archaea
(a) 2 and 3 are correct (c) It considered cell wall nature
(b) 1 and 2 are correct (d) It separated unicellular and multicellular
(c) 1, 2 and 4 are correct organisms clearly
(d) All are correct
7. Consider the following statements about
2. Assertion (A): Linnaeus gave a two-kingdom the limitations of the Two-Kingdom
system of classification. classification system:
Reason (R): This system included Plantae and 1. It grouped fungi and green algae under the
Animalia and distinguished between unicellular same kingdom
and multicellular organisms. 2. It did not account for unicellular vs.
Options: multicellular differences.
(a) Both A and R are true, and R is the correct 3. It considered cell structure and
explanation of A evolutionary relationships.
(b) Both A and R are true, but R is not the correct 4. It separated photosynthetic and non-
explanation of A photosynthetic organisms accurately.
(c) A is true but R is false Which of the above statements are correct?
(d) A is false but R is true Options:
(a) 1, 2 and 4 only
3. True\ False (b) 1 and 2 only
The two-kingdom system of classification could (c) 2 and 3 only
distinguish between eukaryotes and prokaryotes. (d) All are correct

4. The two-kingdom system by Linnaeus included 8. Assertion (A): The classification of

_______ and _______ kingdoms. organisms hasnt undergone any changes over
time.
5. Match the following based on characteristics Reason (R): The number and nature of
used in early classifications: kingdoms have remained unchanged.
Column A Column B Options:
A. Aristotle 1. Two-kingdom classification (a) Both A and R are true, and R is the correct
B. Linnaeus 2. Red blood as a criterion explanation of A
C. Algae 3. Non-photosynthetic (b) Both A and R are true, but R is not the
D. Fungi 4. Photosynthetic correct explanation of A
(c) A is true but R is false
(d) Both A and R are false

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9. Aristotle classified animals based on ________ [Link] of the following is incorrect

while Linnaeus developed a system based on regarding Linnaeus' classification?
________. (a) It included eukaryotes and prokaryotes in
the same kingdom
10. True or False: Linnaeus’ classification (b) It grouped algae and fungi under Plantae
accurately separated photosynthetic and non- (c) It provided clear distinction based on
photosynthetic organisms. cellular complexity
(d) It did not consider modes of nutrition
11. Why was there a need to evolve from the two-
kingdom classification system? 15. Which of the following best highlights the
(a) Organisms like Euglena didn't fit strictly as major difference between Aristotle’s and
plant or animal Linnaeus’ classification?
(b) It failed to differentiate based on mode of (a) Aristotle used habitat; Linnaeus used
nutrition morphology
(c) It could not explain evolutionary relationships (b) Aristotle used red blood; Linnaeus used
(d) All of the above evolutionary relationship
(c) Aristotle used reproduction; Linnaeus used
12. If a new unicellular organism is discovered nutrition
that has both plant-like and animal-like features, (d) Aristotle used morphology; Linnaeus used
under which classification system would it be two-kingdom distinction
most difficult to place it accurately?
(a) Five-Kingdom system 16. Which factor would most likely cause
(b) Two-Kingdom system reclassification of an organism from Plantae to
(c) Three-Domain system another kingdom?
(d) Phylogenetic system (a) Discovery of absence of cell wall
(b) Presence of photosynthetic pigment
13. Arrange the following in increasing order of (c) Stationary nature
classification sophistication: (d) Presence of large vacuoles
1. Aristotle’s morphological grouping Notes:
2. Two-kingdom system
3. Phylogenetic system
4. need based grouping

(a) 4 1 3 2
(b) 1 4 3 2
(c) 1 2 3 4
(d) 4 1 2 3

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17. Match the following : 22. Arrange the following classifications in the
Column A Column B correct historical sequence:
A. Monera 1. Lack of cell wall 1. Two Kingdom System
B. Protista [Link] are not well defined 2. Five Kingdom System by Whittaker
C. Animalia 3. Most extensive metabolic 3. Three Domain System
Diversity 4. Classification based on red-blooded/ non-
Options: red-blooded animals
(a) A-2, B-3, C-1 Options:
(b) A-3, B-2, C-1 (a) 4 1 2 3 (b) 1 2 3 4
(c) A-1, B-2, C-3 (c) 4 2 1 3 (d) 1 3 2 4
(d) A-2, B-1, C-3
23. Match the following
18. Assertion (A): Monerans are prokaryotic and Kingdom Nutrition Type
lack a defined nucleus. A. Plantae 1. Autotrophic (Photosynthetic)
Reason (R): Prokaryotes lack a membrane-bound B. Fung 2. Holozoic/Saprophytic
nucleus and organelles. [Link] [Link]
(a) Both A and R are true, and R is the correct Options:
explanation of A (a) A-1, B-2, C-3 (b) A-2, B-1, C-3
(b) Both A and R are true, but R is not the correct (c) A-1, B-3, C-2 (d) A-3, B-2, C-1
explanation
(c) A is true, R is false [Link] cell wall of Monera is made up of non-
(d) A is false, R is true cellulosic material composed of _______ and
_______.
19. The cell wall of fungi is made up of _______.
[Link] of the following kingdoms contains
20. Protists exhibit a cellular level of body organisms that can be either autotrophic or
organisation and possess a nuclear heterotrophic?
[Link]/False (a) Monera and Protista
(b) Animalia and Fungi
21. Which of the following statements is/are (c) Plantae and Fungi
correct about Protista? (d) Only Monera
1. They are all prokaryotic.
2. Some have cell walls. 26. All members of Kingdom Fungi are
3. They exhibit tissue-level organisation. multicellular and [Link]/False
4. Their mode of nutrition includes
photosynthesis. 27. Which of the following organisms would
Options: most likely fall under more than one kingdom
(a) 2 and 4 only in earlier classification systems?
(b) 1 and 3 only (a) Fungi
(c) All of the above (b) Chlamydomonas
(d) Only 4 (c) Amoeba
(d) Cyanobacteria

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[Link] (A): Kingdom Protista includes both 32. Why were organisms like Chlamydomonas
photosynthetic and heterotrophic unicellular and Amoeba grouped under the same kingdom
eukaryotes. (Protista)?
Reason (R): The modern classification focuses on (a) Both are prokaryotic
both habitat and evolutionary lineage. (b) Both have the same origin
(a) Both A and R are true, and R is the correct (c) Both belong to the animal kingdom
explanation (d) Both are unicellular eukaryotes
(b) Both A and R are true, but R is not the correct
explanation 33. Assertion (A): New criteria for classification
(c) A is true, but R is false consider evolutionary relationships.
(d) A is false, but R is true Reason (R): Classification is now based only
on morphology and reproduction.
29. The modern classification system aims to (a) Both A and R are true, and R is the correct
reflect not just morphology but also ________, explanation
________ and ________ similarities. (b) Both A and R are true, but R is not the
correct explanation
30. Match the column (c) A is true, but R is false
Column A Column B (d) A is false, but R is true
[Link] 1. Earlier classified under
plants 34. The classification system has evolved to
B. Amoeba 2. Animal-like, no cell reflect ________ lineage in addition to
Wall structure and function.
C. Paramecium 3. Protozoan, ciliated
D. Chlorella 4. Green algae origin, has 35. Which of the following apply to Kingdom
Cell wall Protista?
(a) A-2, B-1, C-4, D-3 1. Unicellular eukaryotic organisms
(b) A-1, B-2, C-4, D-3 2. Can be photosynthetic or heterotrophic
(c) A-4, B-2, C-3, D-1 3. All members lack a cell wall
(d) A-3, B-4, C-1, D-2 4. Placed together based on evolutionary
refinement
31. Answer the True and False of the following (a) 1, 2 and 4 only
statements: (b) 1 and 3 only
(c) All of the above
(a) Evolutionary relationships are considered in (d) 2 and 4 only
modern classification —
(b) Protists are always autotrophic — 36. Which of the following matches the
(c) Protists may have evolved from different Spirillum shape from the diagram?
ancestors — (a) Rod-shaped with flagella
(d) Chlorella and Paramecium both have cell (b) Comma-shaped with hook
walls — (c) Spherical and clustered
(d) Spiral-shaped with flagella

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37. Match the Column 43. Which of the following reflect the criteria
Column A Column B used in modern classification systems?
A. Cocci 1. Spherical [Link] features
B. Bacillus 2. Comma-shaped [Link] strategies
C. Vibrio 3. Rod-shaped [Link] lineage
D. Spirillum 4. Spiral-shaped [Link]-based sorting
(a) A-2, B-1, C-4, D-3 (a) 1, 2 and 3 only
(b) A-1, B-3, C-2, D-4 (b) All four
(c) A-4, B-3, C-2, D-1 (c) 1 and 4 only
(d) A-3, B-4, C-1, D-2 (d) 2, 3 and 4 only

38. Bacteria are classified into Kingdom Monera 44. Assertion (A): Protista combines organisms
and occur in extreme conditions like ________, previously classified in different kingdoms.
________, and deep oceans. Reason (R): Older classification systems
lacked evolutionary context.
39. Assertion (A): Bacteria have organ-level (a) Both A and R are true, and R is the correct
organization. explanation
Reason (R): They possess a true nucleus and (b) Both A and R are true, but R is not the
complex tissues. correct explanation
(a) Both A and R are true (c) A is true, but R is false
(b) A is true, R is false (d) A is false, but R is true
(c) A is false, R is true
(d) Both A and R are false Notes:

40. True / False –

(a) Bacteria occur in almost every environment _
(b) All bacteria are parasitic —
(c) Bacteria are eukaryotic —
(d) Some bacteria can survive in snow and deep
sea —

41. What justifies placing bacteria under a

separate kingdom Monera?
(a) They are all motile
(b) They are unicellular but eukaryotic
(c) They are prokaryotic and structurally unique
(d) They lack respiration

42. Fill in the Blank

Cocci are ________ shaped, Bacilli are ________
and Vibrio are ________ shaped.

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45. Assertion (A): Despite their simple structure, 50. Assertion(A): Methanogens are found in
bacteria exhibit complex behaviour and metabolic marshy areas and the guts of ruminants.
diversity. Reason (R): They are obligate aerobes and
Reason (R): Bacteria are multicellular and produce oxygen for biogas generation.
eukaryotic, which enables this complexity. (a) Both A and R are true, and R is the correct
(a) Both A and R are true, and R is the correct explanation
explanation (b) Both A and R are true, but R is not the correct
(b) Both A and R are true, but R is not the correct explanation
explanation (c) A is true, but R is false
(c) A is true, but R is false (d) A is false, but R is true
(d) A is false, but R is true
[Link] survive extreme environments
46. Bacteria can be photosynthetic autotrophs or due to differences in their ________ structure.
________ autotrophs, while the vast majority are
________. 52. Match the Column
Column A Column B
47. Match the Following A. Halophiles [Link] springs, acidic pH
Column A Column B [Link] 2. High salt concentration
A. Photosynthetic 1. Use light for making food [Link] 3. Rigid cell wall, true
autotrophs bacteria
[Link] 2. Feed on organic matter D. Eubacteria 4. Anaerobic, gut of cattle
autotrophs (a) A-1, B-2, C-3, D-4
C. Heterotrophs 3. Oxidise inorganic (b) A-1, B-3, C-2, D-4
substances for ATP (c) A-4, B-1, C-2, D-3
D. Methanogens 4. Live in guts of ruminants (d)A-2, B-1, C-4, D-3
produce biogas
(a) A-1, B-2, C-3, D-4
53. In the diagram of Nostoc, the structure
(b) A-1, B-3, C-2, D-4
labelled as “Heterocyst” functions to:
(c) A-4, B-1, C-2, D-3
(a) Perform photosynthesis
(d) A-4, B-3, C-2, D-1
(b) Fix atmospheric nitrogen
(c) Provide motility
48. True/False (d) Release spores
(a) Bacteria are metabolically diverse —
(b) Chemosynthetic bacteria use organic food for
54. Which of the following are true for
energy
cyanobacteria?
(c) All bacteria are heterotrophic —
1. They are eukaryotic photosynthetic organisms
(d) Methanogens help produce biogas —
2. They have chlorophyll like plants
3. They form blooms in polluted water
49. Which of the following bacterial types are 4. They reproduce by spores only
involved in recycling sulphur and nitrogen? (a) 2 and 3 only
(a) Photosynthetic autotrophs (b) 1, 2 and 4 only
(b) Methanogens (c) 1 and 4 only
(c) Heterotrophic bacteria (d) 2, 3 and 4 only
(d) Chemosynthetic autotrophs

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55. Cyanobacteria are also called ________, and 61. Which bacterial group impacts nitrogen,
some fix atmospheric nitrogen in specialized cells iron, and phosphorus cycles?
called ________. (a) Cyanobacteria
(b) Heterotrophs
56. True / False – (c) Archaebacteria
(a) Eubacteria are called true bacteria — (d) Chemosynthetic autotrophs
(b) Their cell wall is non-rigid and lacks flagella —
(c) Cyanobacteria are colonial or filamentous — 62. True/False
(d) Heterocysts are found in chemosynthetic (a) Cyanobacteria can be marine or freshwater
bacteria — (b) Methanogens help in methane production
in cow dung —
57. Assertion (A): Cyanobacteria are classified as (c) Archaebacteria have eukaryotic nucleus —
photosynthetic autotrophs. (d) Heterotrophs do not contribute to
Reason (R): They contain chlorophyll similar to decomposition —
that in green plants.
Notes:
(a) Both A and R are true, and R is the correct
explanation
(b) Both A and R are true, but R is not the correct
explanation
(c) A is true, but R is false
(d) A is false, but R is true

58. Which of the following best describes

Anabaena?
(a) Motile eubacteria
(b) Chemosynthetic heterotroph
(c) Cyanobacterium with heterocysts
(d) Archaebacteria found in volcanoes

59. Cyanobacterial colonies are often surrounded

by a ________ sheath and reproduce mostly via
________.

60. Match the Column

Column A Column B
A. Antibiotic producer 1. Cyanobacteria
B. ATP from nitrates. [Link] bacteria
C. Curd from milk. [Link] heterotrophs
D. Water bloom [Link] bacteria
formers

(a) A-1, B-2, C-3, D-4

(b) A-4, B-2, C-3, D-1
(c) A-4, B-1, C-2, D-3
(d) A-2, B-1, C-4, D-3

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63. Assertion (A): Bacteria reproduce primarily 67. ________ is a bacterial disease that affects
through fragmentation. citrus plants, while ________ is a neurotoxic
Reason (R): Binary fission is a slow, energy- disease caused by a bacterium.
intensive sexual process in bacteria.
(a) Both A and R are true, and R is the correct 68. True/False
explanation (a) Spore-forming bacteria are typically found
(b) Both A and R are true, but R is not the correct in extreme conditions —
explanation (b) Binary fission involves genetic exchange —
(c) A is true, but R is false (c) DNA transfer in bacteria is a modern sexual
(d) Both A and R are false process —
(d) Bacteria never cause plant diseases —
64 . Match the following
Column A Column B 69. Match the following
A. Binary fission 1. Horizontal gene exchange Column A Column B
B. DNA transfer 2. Primitive sexual process A. Oxygen-independent 1. Anaerobic survival
C. Spore formation 3. Stress survival B. Smallest cells 2. Pleomorphic shape
D. Conjugation 4. Asexual reproduction C. No cell wall 3. Mycoplasma
(a) A-2, B-1, C-4, D-3 D. Pathogenic 4. Animal and plant
(b A-4, B-2, C-3, D-1 infection
(c) A-4, B-3, C-2, D-1 (a) A-2, B-1, C-4, D-3 (b) A-1, B-2, C-4, D-3
(d) A-3, B-4, C-1, D-2 (c) A-4, B-3, C-2, D-1 (d) A-1, B-3, C-2, D-4

65. Assertion (A): Spores in bacteria are 70. Assertion (A): Kingdom Protista includes
produced during unfavourable conditions. all unicellular eukaryotic organisms.
Reason (R): Spores can remain dormant till Reason (R): protists include both autotrophic
favourable conditions. and heterotropic organisms
(a) Both A and R are true, and R is the correct (a) Both A and R are true, and R is the correct
explanation explanation
(b) Both A and R are true, but R is not the correct (b) Both A and R are true, but R is not the
explanation correct explanation
(c) A is true, but R is false (c) A is true, but R is false
(d) A is false, but R is true (d) A is false, but R is true

66. Match the column 71. Protists are mainly ________ and act as a
Column A Column B connecting link between ________, ________,
A. Typhoid 1. Vibrio cholerae and ________ kingdoms.
B. Cholera [Link] typhi
72. Match the column
C. Tetanus 3. Xanthomonas
Column A Column B
D. Citrus canker 4. Clostridium tetani A. Unicellular 1. Body organization of
protista
(a) A-1, B-2, C-4, D-3 B. Eukaryotic 2. Flagella or cilia
(b)A-3, B-4, C-1, D-2 [Link]. 3. Cell fusion & zygote
(c) A-4, B-3, C-2, D-1 formattion
(d) A-2, B-1, C-4, D-3 [Link] 4. Presence of nucleus &
organelles

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(a) A-2, B-1, C-4, D-3 79. Answer the True\False of the following
(b) A-1, B-2, C-4, D-3 statements:
(c) A-4, B-3, C-2, D-1 (a) Chrysophytes include diatoms and golden
(d) A-1, B-4 C-3, D 2 algae —
(b) Diatom cell walls disintegrate easily —
73. Answer the True and False of the followiug (c) Diatoms float due to cilia
statements: (d) Chrysophytes are considered chief producers
(a) Protists include both autotrophs and in oceans
heterotrophs —
(b) All members of Protista reproduce sexually — 80. Match the following
(c) Protists may contain cilia or flagella —
(d) Kingdom Protista includes only marine Column A Column B
organisms — A. Silica shells 1. Indestructible
B. Soap-box structure 2. Float in water
74. Assertion (A): Some protists reproduce C. Planktonic 3. Two overlapping
sexually through zygote formation. halves
Reason (R): Protists always undergo only sexual D. Microscopic 4. Found in water as
reproduction. (a) A-1, B-3, C-2, D-4 tiny cells
(a) Both A and R are true, and R is the correct (b) A-1, B-2, C-4, D-3
explanation (c) A-4, B-3, C-2, D-1
(b) Both A and R are true, but R is not the correct (d) A-3, B-4, C-1, D-2
explanation
(c) A is true, but R is false 81. Why are diatoms considered “chief
(d) A is false, but R is true producers” in oceans?
(a) They are multicellular
75. Being eukaryotic, protistan cells contain (b) They are decomposers
________ and other ________-bound organelles. (c)They form phytoplankton and are
photosynthetic
76. Which of the following are correct about (d) They fix atmospheric nitrogen
Chrysophytes?
1 Found in freshwater and marine water 82. The gritty nature of diatom soil is used in
2 Microscopic plankton, float in currents ________, ________, and ________ industries.
3. Reproduce via gametes only
4. Include diatoms and desmids 83. Assertion (A): Diatom cell walls can remain
(a) 1, 2 and 4 only intact for millions of years.
(b) 1, 2 and 3 only Reason (R): Their walls contain sporopollenin
(c) All of the above which does not decompose easily.
(d) 2 and 3 only (a) Both A and R are true, and R is the correct
explanation
77. Diatom cell walls are made of: (b) Both A and R are true, but R is not the correct
(a) Chitin (b) Peptidoglycan explanation
(c) Silica (d) Calcium carbonate (c) A is true, but R is false
(d) A is false, but R is true
78. Diatoms leave behind massive amounts of
________, forming deposits called ________ 84. Diatoms are the cheap producers in the
earth. oceans. (True/False)

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85. Assertion (A): Red tides are caused by rapid [Link] (A): Euglenoids are both
multiplication of red dinoflagellates. autotrophic and heterotrophic.
Reason (R): The cell wall of dinoflagellates have Reason (R): This is due to their lack of flagella.
stiff cellulose plates, allowing motility. (a) Both A and R are true, and R is the correct
(a) Both A and R are true, and R is the correct explanation
explanation (b) Both A and R are true, but R is not the correct
(b) Both A and R are true, but R is not the correct explanation
explanation (c) A is true, but R is false
(c) A is true, but R is false (d) A is false, but R is true
(d) A is false, but R is true
91. Fill in the Blank
86. Most dinoflagellates have two flagella: one In Euglenoids, the body is covered by a
lies ________ and the other lies ________ ________ instead of a cell wall, which makes it
between the wall plates. ________.

87. Identify the organism in figure 2.4(b): 92. Which of the following are true for slime
(a) Gonyaulax moulds?
(b) Euglena 1. Saprophytic in nature
(c) Plasmodium 2. Body forms a plasmodium under suitable
(d) Paramecium conditions
3. Form gametes with cilia
88. Match the following 4. Reproduce by spores with true walls
Column A Column B (a) 1, 2 and 4 only (b) 1 and 3 only
A. Dinoflagellates 1. Red tides, marine, (c) 2 and 4 only (d) All of the above
cellulose plates
B. Euglenoids 2. Pseudopodia for 93. What allows Euglenoids to perform
locomotion photosynthesis?
C. Slime moulds 3. Fruiting bodies, (a) Presence of pellicle
resistant spores (b) Presence of nucleus
D. Amoeboid 4. Pellicle,flexible, dual (c) Presence of chlorophyll and sunlight
protozoans nurition (d) Absence of cell wall

(a) A-2, B-1, C-4, D-3 94. Match the Column

(b) A-1, B-2, C-4, D-3 Column A Column B
(c) A-1, B-4 C-3, D-2 A. Pellicle [Link] toxin production
(d) A-3, B-4, C-1, D-2 B. Cellulose plates 2. Found in Dinoflagellates
C. Spores. 3. Dispersed by air in slime
89. True/False moulds
(a) Dinoflagellates are always red — [Link] pigment 4. Protein-rich layer in
(b) Euglenoids can behave like heterotrophs — Euglenoids
(c) Cell wall of Euglena is made of cellulose — Answer Code:
(d) Gonyaulax causes red tides — (a) A-2, B-1, C-4, D-3 (b) A-4, B-2, C-3, D-1
(c) A-1, B-4 C-3, D-2 (d) A-3, B-4, C-1, D-2

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95. Slime moulds move along decaying ________ 101. Identify the pair which does NOT correctly
and feed by engulfing ________ material. match the organism
(a) Euglenoids – Possess pigments identical to
96. True/ False higher plants
(a) Slime moulds can form a network-like (b) Dinoflagellates – One flagellum lies in a
plasmodium — furrow between wall plates
(b) They reproduce only by asexual means — (c) Slime moulds – Form true walls only in
(c) Their spores are weak and degrade easily — fruiting bodies
(d) Spores are dispersed through air currents — (d) Protozoans – Cell wall made of pellicle

97. The toxins released by red dinoflagellates 102. Identify the most likely scenario if a
may kill marine animals like ________. Euglenoid is kept in complete darkness for days:
(a) It will die, since it can’t photosynthesize.
98. Which of the following features are shared by (b) It will become parasitic and form spores.
both Euglenoids and Dinoflagellates? (c) It will shift to heterotrophic mode of nutrition.
1. Two flagella (d) Its pellicle will dissolve to absorb food like
2. Photosynthetic capability amoeboids.
3. Cellulose-based cell wall
4. Marine habitat 103. Select the incorrect statement:
(a) 1 and 2 only (a) Red tides can alter oxygen content in water.
(b) 2 and 3 only (b) Pellicle provides flexibility but not structural
(c) 1, 2 and 4 only rigidity.
(d) 1, 2 and 3 only (c)Protozoans are considered autotrophic
ancestors of animals.
99. Fill in the Blank (d) Slime mould spores can survive for years.
Amoeboid protozoans move and capture prey Notes:
using ________, as seen in ________.

100. Which of the following are true regarding

Gonyaulax?
1. It is a freshwater euglenoid that lacks a
pellicle.
2. It produces toxins that can kill fishes in the
sea.
3. It causes red tide due to rapid multiplication.
4. It has both flagella arranged on the posterior
end.
Options:
(a) Only 2 and 3
(b) Only 1 and 4
(c) Only 3 and 4
(d) Only 1, 2, and 4

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 NCERT LINE BY LINE QUESTIONS

104. Match the following 108. The protozoan Trypanosoma causes

Column A Column B ________ and moves using ________.
A. Amoeboid 1. Trypanosoma, sleeping
sickness 109. Assertion (A): Protozoans are
B. Flagellated 2. Move via pseudopodia heterotrophic.
C. Ciliated 3. Plasmodium, infectious Reason (R): They feed on other organisms
spores either by predation or parasitism.
D. Sporozoan 4. Thousands of cilia, gullet (a) Both A and R are true, and R is the correct
explanation
(a) A-2, B-1, C-3, D-4 (b) Both A and R are true, but R is not the
(b) A-2, B-1, C-4, D-3 correct explanation
(c) A-4, B-3, C-2, D-1 (c) A is true, but R is false
(d) A-3, B-4, C-1, D-2 (d) A is false, but R is true

105. Assertion (A): Amoeboid protozoans capture 110. Which of the following is not true about
prey by pseudopodia. fungi?
Reason (R): These organisms lack locomotory (a) They are heterotrophic
organelles. (b) Their cell wall contains cellulose
(a) Both A and R are true, and R is the correct (c) They reproduce by spores
explanation (d) They include mushrooms and yeasts
(b) Both A and R are true, but R is not the correct
explanation 111.. Match the Column
(c) A is true, but R is false Column A Column B
(d) A is false, but R is true A. Puccinia 1. Unicellular, used in
beer & bread
106. (A) The most notorious sporozoan is B. Penicillium. 2. Source of antibiotics
________, which causes ________. C. Yeast 3. Rust disease in plants
Answer: Plasmodium; malaria D. Toadstool 4. Edible/poisonous
(B) True / False fruiting body
(a) Ciliated protozoans are mostly marine — (a) A-2, B-1, C-4, D-3
(b) Amoeboid protozoans use flagella for (b) A-1, B-2, C-4, D-3
movement — (c) A-4, B-3, C-2, D-1
(c) Cilia help channel food to the gullet — (d) A-3, B-2, C-1, D-4
(d) Trypanosoma belongs to sporozoans —
112. White spots seen on mustard leaves are
107. The organism shown with a gullet and cilia due to infection by ________ fungi.
is:
(a) Amoeba 113. True / False
(b) Euglena (a) Fungi are found only in cold habitats —
(c) Plasmodium (b) Toadstools are fungi —
(c) Penicillium is used to make antibiotics —
(d) Paramecium
(d) Mycorrhiza is a parasite —

114. The fungal body is composed of thread-like

structures called ________, which form a
network known as ________.

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115. Assertion (A): Most fungi are saprophytes. 119. Lichens represent a symbiotic
Reason (R): They absorb organic material from association between fungi and ________.
living hosts.
(a) Both A and R are true, and R is the correct 120. Select the INCORRECT association
explanation based on the characteristics of protozoan
(b) Both A and R are true, but R is not the correct groups:
explanation (a) Amoeboid protozoans – False feet; silica
(c) A is true, but R is false shell in marine forms
(d) A is false, but R is true (b) Flagellated protozoans – Parasitic and free-
living; include Trypanosoma
116. Fungi that form symbiotic relationships with (c) Ciliated protozoans – Steer food using cilia
plant roots are called: into gullet; aquatic habitat
(a) Parasites (d) Sporozoans – Use flagella during infection;
(b) Hyphal fungi cause malaria
(c) Mycorrhiza
(d) Toadstools 121. Identify the logical sequence representing
increasing specialization among protozoan
117. Match the following. groups based on movement and feeding
Column A Column B strategy:
A. Coenocytic 1. Multinucleated tube 1. Amoeboid (pseudopodia)
without septa 2. Sporozoans (no active movement)
B. Septate 2. Thread-like structure of 3. Flagellated (flagella-based movement)
fungal body 4. Ciliated (coordinated feeding and
C. Hyphae 3. Cross walls in hyphae movement)
D. Mycelium 4. Interwoven mass of hyphae Options:
(a) 2 < 1 < 3 < 4
(a) A-2, B-1, C-4, D-3 (b) 1 < 3 < 4 < 2
(b) A-1, B- 3 C-2, D-4 (c) 1 < 2 < 3 < 4
(c) A-4, B-3, C-2, D-1 (d) 3 < 1 < 2 < 4
(d) A-3, B-4, C-1, D-2
122.. Which of the following combinations is
118. Which of the following are true for fungi? correct regarding habitat, cell structure and
1. Can be unicellular or multicellular nutrition in fungi ?
2. Reproduce sexually and asexually (a) Cosmopolitan – chitinous walls –
3. Cell wall made of chitin heterotrophic
4. Found only on land (b) Aquatic only – peptidoglycan walls –
(a) 1, 2 and 3 only autotrophic
(b) 2 and 4 only (c) Soil-restricted – cellulose walls –
(c) 1, 3 and 4 only mixotrophic
(d) All of the above (d) Terrestrial only – lignin walls – parasitic

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123. Fusion of two haploid nuclei in fungal sexual 127. Sexual spores such as ascospores and
reproduction is called ______. basidiospores are produced in structures called
(a) Plasmogamy ______.
(b) Karyogamy (a) Sporophytes
(c) Meiosis (b) Fruiting bodies
(d) Dikaryon (c) Conidiophores
(d) Zoosporangia
124. Arrange the following steps in correct
sequence during fungal sexual reproduction: 128. Select the correct statements:
1. Karyogamy 1. Zoospores are motile asexual spores.
2. Plasmogamy 2. Basidiospores are formed after meiosis in
3. Meiosis dikaryotic fungi
(a) 1 2 3 3. Plasmogamy always involves motile
(b) 2 1 3 gametes.
(c) 2 3 1 4. Dikaryon has one haploid nucleus per cell.
(d) 3 2 1 (a) 1 and 2
(b) 2 and 4
125. True/False (c) 1, 2 and 3
(i) Dikaryotic stage is found in all fungi. (d) 1 and 4
(ii) Plasmogamy always immediately leads to
diploid nucleus formation. 129. Which of the following pairs is
(iii) Dikaryophase involves n + n configuration. mismatched?
(a) TTF (a) Oospores – Sexual reproduction
(b) FFT (b) Zoospores – Asexual reproduction
(c) FFF (c) Basidiospores – Asexual reproduction
(d) TTT (d) Ascospores – Sexual reproduction

126. Match the following 130. A fungus reproduces sexually and has a
dikaryotic phase. Which group is it most likely
Column I Column II to belong to?
A. Plasmogamy 1. Fusion of nuclei (a) Phycomycetes
B. Karyogamy 2. Fusion of protoplasm (b) Ascomycetes
C. Meiosis 3. Formation of haploid spores (c) Deuteromycetes
(d) None
D. Dikaryon 4. Two nuclei/cell stage
Options: [Link] phase where two nuclei remain in one
(a) A-2, B-1, C-3, D-4 cell without fusing is termed ______.
(b) A-1, B-2, C-4, D-3 (a) Plasmogamy
(c) A-3, B-1, C-2, D-4 (b) Karyogamy
(d) A-4, B-2, C-1, D-3 (c) Dikaryon
(d) Gametangia

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132. True/False 136. In Ascomycetes, asexual spores called

(i) All fungi with dikaryophase does not show ________ are produced externally on special
delayed karyogamy. mycelium called ________.
(ii) Fruiting bodies are absent in asexual
reproduction. 137. Match the following
(iii) Zoospores are produced after meiosis. Column A Column B
(a) FTF A. Ascomycetes 1. Basidia, mushrooms,
(b) TTT rusts
(c) TFT B. Basidiomycetes 2. Asci, ascospores, sac fungi
(d) TFF C. Deuteromycetes 3. Genetic and biochemical
. studies
133. Assertion & Reason D. Neurospora 4. Imperfect fungi, only
Assertion: Dikaryophase leads to a diploid cell . conidia
immediately. (a) A-2, B-1, C-4, D-3
Reason: Karyogamy follows dikaryon formation. (b) A-1, B-2, C-4, D-3
(a) Both A and R are true and R is the correct (c) A-4, B-3, C-2, D-1
explanation of A. (d) A-2, B-1, C-3, D-4
(b) A is false but R is true.
(c) A is true but R is false. 138. True / False – Ascomycetes and Fruiting
(d) Both A and R are false. Bodies
(a) Asci are exogenously produced in ascocarps-
134. Which of the following processes do not (b). Aspergillus is an example of Ascomycetes
occur during sexual reproduction in fungi? (c) Claviceps and Neurospora belong to
1. Fusion of gametes Basidiomycetes —
2. Nuclear fusion (d) Morels and truffles are edible Ascomycetes-
3. Cytoplasmic fusion
4. Mitosis in zygote 139. Which of the following statements is true for
(a) 1 and 4 Basidiomycetes?
(b) Only 4 (a) They have septate but unbranched mycelium
(c) 2 and 3 (b) Asexual reproduction is common through
(d) All occur conidia
(c) Karyogamy and meiosis occur in basidium
135. Assertion (A): Ascomycetes are called sac (d) Fruiting bodies are called ascocarps
fungi due to the presence of asci.
Reason (R): Ascospores are produced 140. In Basidiomycetes, sexual spores called
endogenously in sac-like structures called ________ are produced on ________ arranged in
ascocarps. fruiting bodies called ________.
(a) Both A and R are true, and R is the correct
explanation
(b) Both A and R are true, but R is not the correct
explanation
(c) A is true, but R is false
(d) A is false, but R is true

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141. Assertion (A): Deuteromycetes are 145. True false

considered imperfect fungi. (a) Basidiospores are endogenously formed —
Reason (R): Their sexual stages are absent or (b) Mycelium is branched and septate —
unknown. (c) Basidia are formed inside ascocarps —
(a) Both A and R are true, and R is the correct (d) Rusts and smuts are examples of
explanation Basidiomycetes —
(b) Both A and R are true, but R is not the correct
explanation 146. Assertion (A): Basidiomycetes lack sex
(c) A is true, but R is false organs.
(d) A is false, but R is true Reason (R): Plasmogamy occurs by fusion of
vegetative cells of compatible types.
142. Match the following (a) Both A and R are true, and R is the correct
Column A Column B explanation
A. Agaricus 1. Rust/smut fungi (b) Both A and R are true, but R is not the
B. Penicillium 2. Ascomycetes correct explanation
C. Ustilago 3. Basidiomycetes (c) A is true, but R is false
D. Alternaria 4. Deuteromycetes (d) A is false, but R is true

(a) A-2, B-1, C-4, D-3

147. Why are Deuteromycetes placed
(b) A-3, B-2, C-1, D-4
separately?
(c) A-4, B-3, C-2, D-1
(a) They reproduce via both spores and seeds
(d) A-3, B-4, C-1, D-2
(b) Their sexual stages are unknown
(c) They are mostly unicellular
143. Which of the following statements are true
(d) They form fruiting bodies like algae
about “Ascomycetes”
1. Asexual spores are called conidia
148. match the following
2. Mycelium is septate and branched
Column A Column B
3. Some members are saprophytic
A. Ascus. 1. Asexual spore-bearing
4. They reproduce via basidiospores
Structure
(a). 1, 2 and 4
B. Basidium 2. Club-like structure in
(b). 1, 2 and 3 Mushrooms
(c). All of the above C. Conidiophore 3. Ascomycetes sac
(d). 2 and 4 only
D. Basidiocarp 4. Fruiting body of
Mushrooms
144. (i) When sexual forms of Deuteromycetes
are discovered, they are often shifted to ________ (a) A-2, B-1, C-4, D-3
or ________. (b) A-1, B-2, C-4, D-3
(ii) large number of them are decomposers of (c) A-4, B-3, C-2, D-1
litter and help in mineral cycling this is done by (d) A-3, B-2, C-1, D-4
_______

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149. Assertion (A): Venus fly trap is classified 154. Assertion (A): Cell walls of plant cells are
under Kingdom Plantae. mainly made of cellulose.
Reason (R): It is an insectivorous plant capable of Reason (R): Cellulose strengthens the cell wall
photosynthesis. and supports turgidity.
(a) Both A and R are true, and R is the correct (a) Both A and R are true, and R is the correct
explanation explanation
(b) Both A and R are true, but R is not the correct (b) Both A and R are true, but R is not the
explanation correct explanation
(c) A is true, but R is false (c) A is true, but R is false
(d) A is false, but R is true (d) A is false, but R is true

150. The phenomenon where haploid and diploid 155. Which of the following statements is
generations alternate in plant life cycle is called correct for animals?
________. (a) Cells possess chloroplasts and cell wall
(b) They are heterotrophic with holozoic mode
[Link] the following : of nutrition
Column A Column B (c) They are all aquatic
A. Bryophytes [Link] seed plants (d) They store food as starch
B. Pteridophytes 2. First vascular plants
C. Gymnosperms 3. Amphibians of plant 156. Which statements are correct ?
1. Animals lack cell wall
kingdom
2. Most animals can move (locomotion)
D. Angiosperms 4. Flowering plants
3. Food is stored as glycogen or fat
with covered seeds
4. Nutrition is saprophytic
(a) A-1, B-2, C-3, D-4
(a) 1, 2 and 3 only
(b) A-2, B-1, C-4, D-3
(b) 2 and 4 only
(c) A-1, B-3, C-2, D-4
(c) All of the above
(d) A-3, B-2, C-1, D-4
(d) 1 and 4 only

152. True / False

157. Match the following
1. Cuscuta is a parasite in the plant kingdom —
Column A Column B
2. All plants are autotrophs —
A. Holozoic 1. Kingdom Animalia
3. Algae and gymnosperms belong to same
B. Glycogen 2. Sexual reproduction
kingdom —
C. Copulation 3. Reserve food in
4. Plant cells lack eukaryotic structures — animals
(a) TTFF
D. Multicellular 4. Ingestion of food
(b) TTTF
(c) TFTF (a) A-4, B-3, C-2, D-1
(d) TFFT (b) A-2, B-1, C-4, D-3
(c) A-1, B-3, C-2, D-4
153. Chlorophyll-containing eukaryotic organisms (d) A-3, B-2, C-1, D-4
are grouped under the kingdom ________.

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158. The mode of reproduction in animals 164. Match the following

typically involves ________ followed by ________ Column A Column B
development. A. Virus 1. Infectious protein
B. Viroid 2. Alga-fungus symbiosis
159. True / False – C. Prion 3. Acellular, nucleic
1. All animals are eukaryotic and multicellular — . acid + protein.
2. Most animals store food as starch — D. Lichen 4. RNA without protein coat
3. Cell walls are present in animal cells —
4. Sensory and neuromotor coordination is found (a) A-1, B-4, C-2, D-3 (b) A-3, B-4, C-1, D-2
in higher animals — (c) A-3, B-1, C-2, D-4 (d) A-2, B-3, C-4, D-1
(a) TTFF
(b) TTTF 165. Assertion (A): Viroids are not included in
(c) TFTF five-kingdom classification.
(d) TFFT Reason (R): They are prokaryotes and similar
to cyanobacteria.
160. Assertion (A): Viruses were not included in
(a) Both A and R are true, and R is the correct
Whittaker’s five kingdom classification.
explanation
Reason (R): They are acellular and do not
(b) A is true, but R is false
possess a typical cell structure.
(c) Both A and R are false
(a) Both A and R are true, and R is the correct
(d) A is false, but R is true
explanation
(b) Both A and R are true, but R is not the correct
166. Who demonstrated that viruses can be
explanation
crystallised and are largely made of proteins?
(c) A is true, but R is false
(a) Beijerinck (b) Iwanowsky
(d) A is false, but R is true
(c) W.M. Stanley (d) Pasteur

161. Which of the following justifies why viruses

167. Assertion (A): Viruses are obligate
are not considered truly living?
parasites.
(a) They are microscopic
Reason (R): They are capable of multiplying
(b) They reproduce in living hosts
only inside the host cell.
(c) They do not have a cellular structure
(a) Both A and R are true, and R explains A
(d) They contain nucleic acids
(b) Both A and R are true, but R does not
explain A
162. Viruses are ________ in structure and form
(c) A is true, but R is false
an ________ crystalline shape outside the host.
(d) Both A and R are false

163. true false

168. The infectious fluid responsible for mosaic
(a) Prions and viroids are classified in Whittaker’s
disease was called __________ by Beijerinck.
system —
(b) Viruses show both living and non-living
features —
(c) Outside a host, viruses are metabolically
active
(d) All lichens are bacterial symbionts —

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169. True/False: 176. Assertion (A): Viral genetic material is

Viruses contain both RNA and DNA as their always a nucleoprotein.
genetic material. Reason (R): Both proteins and nucleic acids
are essential for infectivity.
170. Which of the following is present in TMV but (a) Both A & R are true, R explains A
not in bacteriophage? (b) Both A & R are true, R does not explain A
(a) Tail fibres (b) Collar (c) A true, R false
(c) RNA (d) Head (d) A false, R true

177. Viruses are __________ in nature and

171. Match the Column:
can only multiply inside a specific host.
Column A Column B
A. Dmitri Iwanowsky [Link] bacteria
178. Match the Column
B. W.M. Stanley 2. Coined “Contagium
Column A Column B
vivum fluidum”
A. Plant viruses 1 .Usually dsDNA
C. Beijerinck 3. Crystallisation of viruses
B. Animal viruses 2. Either ssRNA or
D. Bacteriophage 4. Mosaic disease in tobacco ss/dsDNA
(a) A-2, B-1, C-4, D-3 C. Bacteriophage 3. Usually ssRNA
(b) A-4, B-3, C1, D-2 (a) A-1, B-2, C-3
(c) A-4, B-3, C-2, D-1 (b) A-2, B-1, C-3
(d) A-3, B-4, C-1, D-2 (c) A-1, B-3, C-2
(d) A-3, B-2, C-1
172. Choose the correct option.
[Link] is a DNA virus [Link] of the following symptoms may be
2. Bacteriophage usually has double-stranded DNA caused by plant viral infections?
3. All viruses are non-living (a) Leaf curling and stunting
(a) 1 and 2 only (b) Chlorosis and mosaic
(b) 1 and 3 only (c) Yellowing and rolling
(c) 3 only (d) All of the above
(d) All are incorrect
180. The head and tail structures are
173. The protein coat of a virus is called the characteristic of __________.
__________.
181. True/False:
174. Which structure protects the nucleic acid in a No virus has both RNA and DNA.
virus?
(a) Tail fibres (b) Collar 182. Assertion (A): Viral capsids are made of
(c) Capsid (d) RNA capsomeres.
Reason (R): Capsomeres are infectious nucleic
175. True/False: acids.
Capsomeres in viruses may form helical or (a) Both A and R are true, and R explains A
polyhedral arrangements.—- (b) Both A and R are true, but R does not
explain A
(c) A is true, but R is false
(d) Both A and R are false

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183. Who discovered viroids and in which year? 190. Lichens are good indicators of __________.
(a) W.M. Stanley, 1935 (b) T.O. Diener, 1971
(c) Iwanowsky, 1892 (d) Pasteur, 1885 191. Lichens grow abundantly in highly polluted
areas.(True/False)
184. Viroids lack __________ but have low
molecular weight RNA. 192. Assertion (A): Algal partner in lichens
provides nutrients through photosynthesis.
185. Assertion (A): Viroids are smaller than
Reason (R): Fungal partner is autotrophic.
viruses.
(a) Both A & R are true, R explains A
Reason (R): They consist only of RNA without a
(b) Both A & R are true, R does not explain A
protein coat.
(c) A true, R false
(a) Both A and R are true, and R explains A
(d) A false, R true
(b)Both A and R are true, but R does not explainA
193. Which of the above statements are correct?
(c) A is true, but R is false
1. Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy (BSE),
(d) Both A and R are false
commonly known as mad cow disease,
affects cattle.
186. True/False: 2. Creutzfeldt–Jacob Disease (CJD) is the
Prions contain nucleic acids and proteins—- human variant of BSE.
3. Both BSE and CJD are caused by infectious
187. Identify incorrect
viruses that affect neural tissues.
1. Prions cause mad cow disease
4. Prions are abnormally folded proteins
2. Prions have abnormally folded proteins
responsible for these diseases.
3. Prions contain DNA and proteins
(a) 1, 2 and 3 only (b) 1, 2 and 4 only
(a) 1 only
(c) 2, 3 and 4 only (d) All 1, 2, 3 and 4
(b) 3 only
(c) 2 and 3
194. The main criteria for Whittaker’s
(d) All are correct
classification were cell structure, body
188. Match the Column: organisation, mode of nutrition, reproduction,
Column A Column B and __________
A. Viroids [Link] + Fungi
B. Prions. 2. Caused by prions 195. Choose correct:
C. Lichens. 3. Abnormal protein 1. Kingdom Protista includes all unicellular
D. Mad cow disease 4 Free RNA eukaryotes
(a) A-4, B-3, C-1, D-2 2. Bacteria are placed under Kingdom Monera
(b) A-4, B-3, C-2, D-1 3. Phycomycetes belong to Plantae
(c) A-4, B-3, C-2, D-1 (a) 1 only (b) 2 and 3 only
(d) A-3, B-4, C-1, D-2 (c) 1, 2 and 3 (d) 1 and 2 only

189. The fungal and algal components of lichen 196. Which of the following is true for Kingdom
are: Protista?
(a) Mycobiont and Phycobiont (a) Prokaryotic and sexual reproduction
(b) Phycobiont and Mycobiont (b) Unicellular and membrane-bound organelles
(c) Fungobiont and Chlorobiont (c) Multicellular and no nucleus
(d) Lichenin and Algeon (d) No organelles and no nucleus

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 EXERCISES
[Link] how classification systems have undergone several changes over a
period of time?
[Link] two economically important uses of:
(a) heterotrophic bacteria
(b) archaebacteria
[Link] is the nature of cell-walls in diatoms?
[Link] out what do the terms ‘algal bloom’ and ‘red-tides’ signify.
[Link] are viroids different from viruses?
[Link] briefly the four major groups of Protozoa.
[Link] are autotrophic. Can you think of some plants that are partially
heterotrophic?
[Link] do the terms phycobiont and mycobiont signify?
[Link] a comparative account of the classes of Kingdom Fungi under the following:
(i)mode of nutrition
(ii)mode of reproduction
10. What are the characteristic features of Euglenoids?
11. Give a brief account of viruses with respect to their structure and nature of genetic
material. Also name four common viral diseases.
12. Organise a discussion in your class on the topic – Are viruses living or non-
living?

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CRUX OF NCERT
Which of the following combinations best explains the reasons why Monera, Protista, Fungi, and
organisms like viruses and lichens could not be grouped under traditional plant or animal
kingdoms, thus justifying their classification in separate groups in the five-kingdom or beyond-the-
kingdom systems?

1. Some prokaryotic organisms reproduce asexually by binary fission, possess peptidoglycan walls,
and fix atmospheric nitrogen independently.

2. Certain unicellular eukaryotes exhibit both autotrophic and heterotrophic nutrition and possess
flagella not found in true plants or animals.

3. Organisms with chitinous cell walls and absorptive nutrition, lacking chlorophyll, show a body
made of hyphae and a unique dikaryotic phase.

4. Non-cellular infectious agents can crystallize outside a host, replicate only within cells, and may
carry either DNA or RNA but never both.

5. Some non-living agents lack nucleic acids entirely and consist only of infectious protein particles
that alter the structure of normal proteins.

6. Organisms formed by a mutualistic association of a photosynthetic partner and a fungal

component function as ecological indicators.

7. Certain colonial photosynthetic unicellular prokaryotes exhibit oxygenic photosynthesis but lack
membrane-bound organelles.

Choose the correct option:

(a) Only 1, 2, 3, 4 and 6
(b) Only 1, 3, 4, 5 and 7
(c) Only 2, 3, 5, 6 and 7
(d) All 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 and 7

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 NCERT EXEMPLAR

1. All eukaryotic unicellular organisms belong to 10. With respect to fungal sexual cycle, choose
(a) Monera (b) Protista the correct sequence of
(c) Fungi (d) Bacteria events.
(a) Karyogamy, Plasmogamy and Meiosis
2. The five kingdom classification was proposed (b) Meiosis, Plasmogamy and Karyogamy
by (c) Plasmogamy, Karyogamy and Meiosis
(a) RH Whittaker (b) C Linnaeus (d) Meiosis, Karyogamy and Plasmogamy
(c) A Roxberg (d) Virchow
11. Viruses are non-cellular organisms, but
3. Organisms living in salty areas are called as replicate themselves once they
(a) methanogens (b) halophiles infect the host cell. To which of the following
(c) heliophytes (d) kingdom do viruses belong
thermoacidophiles to?
(a) Monera (b) Protista (c) Fungi (d) None of
4. Naked cytoplasm, multinucleated and these
saprophytic are the characteristics of
(a) Monera (b) Protista 12. Members of phycomycetes are found in
(c) Fungi (d) Slime (i) Aquatic habitats
(ii) On decaying wood
5. An association between roots of higher plants (iii) Moist and damp places
and fungi is called (iv) As obligate parasites on plants
(a) lichen (b) fern
(c) mycorrhiza (d) BGA Choose from the following options.
(a) (i) and (iv)
6. A dikaryon is formed when (b) (ii) and (iii)
(a) meiosis is arrested (c) All of these
(b) the two haploid cells do not fuse immediately (d) None of these
(c) cytoplasm does not fuse
(d) None of the above
Notes :
7. Contagium vivum fluidum was proposed by
(a) DJ Ivanowsky (b) MW Beijernek
(c) Stanley (d) Robert Hook

8. Association between mycobiont and

phycobiont are found in
(a) mycorrhiza (b) root
(c) lichens (d) BGA

9. Difference between virus and viroid is

(a) absence of protein coat in viroid, but present
in virus.
(b) presence of low molecular weight RNA in
virus, but absent in viroid,
(c) Both (a) and (b)
(d) None of the above

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