MEGA NOTATIONS
Students: Fernandez Vasquez Santiago
Moya Ossio Julian Anghelo
Ramirez Quintana Santhiago Eduardo
Rojas Chirino André Alfredo
Teacher: Jimmy Espindola
Subject: Math
Grade: 7th Yellow
Introduction
In this project we are going to use some mathematical notations that will help us represent
hyperoperations and exponentiation more easily. These are: The Steinhaus-Möser notation
created by Hugo Steinhaus and later perfected by Leo Möser which uses polygons and the Knuth
Arrows notation created by Donald Knuth which as its name indicates uses arrows.
Objective
The objective of this project is to explain in a clear and simple way to people how to use these
notations.
Theoretical framework
Basic concepts
Powers.- It is a hyperoperation that refers to multiplication. A number raised to the power of m is
equal to that number multiplied by itself m times.
Ex
2³=2*2*2=8
Properties of powers
1. Product of powers with the same base
The exponents are added.
2. Quotient of powers with the same base
Subtract the exponents.
3. Power of a power
Multiply the exponents.
4. Power of a product
Apply the exponent to each factor.
5. Power of a quotient
Apply the exponent to the numerator and denominator.
6. Zero exponent
Any nonzero number raised to 0 is 1.
7. Negative exponent
A negative exponent indicates the reciprocal of the power.
Tetration.- In mathematics, tetration (or hyper-4) is the next hyperoperator after exponentiation,
and is defined as an iterated exponentiation. The word comes from tetra (four) and tion
(iteration). Tetration is used for the notation of very large numbers.
Steinhaus-Möser notation
This notation is capable of representing even larger numbers with very few symbols. It is known
as Steinhaus-Moser notation, since Hugo Steinhaus (1887-1972) and Leo Moser (1921-1970)
were involved in its creation; it is also known as polygonal notation, because it is related to
polygons.
Let's define "n in a triangle" as n^n:
=n^n
For example, “2 in a triangle,” which we could represent as T(2), is 2^2=4.
We now define “n in a square” as “n within n nested triangles”:
=n within n nested triangles
Continuing with the previous example, "2 in a square," which we'll write as C(2), would be
"2 within two nested triangles." We calculate it:
C(2)=T(T(2))=T(2^2)=T(4)=4^4=256
Which one would come next? That's right, the pentagon: we define "n in a pentagon" as "n
within n nested squares":
=n within n nested squares
Let's now calculate what "2 in a pentagon" would be, which we'll write as P(2). To do this,
we'll obviously need the previous definitions:
P(2)=C(C(2))=C(T(T(2)))=C(T(2^2))=C(T(4))=C(256)=\ldots
And this is "256 stuffed into 256 triangles" that would have to be undone one by one. The first
triangle would give 256^{256}, which is already a huge number; undoing the second triangle
would give us that number raised to the power of itself; and so on... In short, a truly monstrous
number.
Well, this is how we could continue with polygonal notation:
"n in a hexagon" would be "n within n nested pentagons."
"n in a heptagon" would be "n within n nested hexagons."
As you can see, with this Steinhaus-Moser polygonal notation we can create incredibly large
numbers with very few symbols, also leaving Knuth's notation in the dust.
With this notation, we can also define what is known as the Moser number. It would be like
this:
– We call the number we tried to calculate earlier, "2 in a pentagon," a mega.
– We call a regular polygon a megagon (it doesn't have to be regular, but it always looks nicer)
that has mega sides (an awful lot).
– With this, we define the Moser number as "2 in a megagon." You can imagine the tremendous
magnitude of Moser's number.
Knuth Arrows
Knuth arrows are a mathematical notation created by Donald Knuth (1938–present) to represent
extremely large numbers. It is known as ascending arrows notation and is primarily used in
number theory and combinatorics, where numbers can grow rapidly.
How does it work?
The ascending arrows notation uses one or more "arrows" to indicate repetitive exponentiation
operations. Here's how the different arrow quantities work:
1. One arrow (↑): When we use a single arrow, it simply represents normal exponentiation.
For example:
3 ↑ 2 = 3^2 = 9
2. Two arrows (↑↑): Two arrows indicate an "iterated exponentiation." This means that the base is
raised multiple times, according to the exponent.
For example:
3 ↑↑ 2 = 3^3 = 27
3 ↑↑ 4 = 3^{(3^{(3^3)})} = 3^{3^{27}=3^{7,625,597,484,987}=this number is so large that
even a calculator can't calculate it
3. Three arrows (↑↑↑): Three arrows indicate an even deeper level of iteration. Here, the
number of arrows symbolizes how many times the iterated exponentiation process is applied.
For example:
3 ↑↑↑ 2 = 3 ↑↑ (3 ↑↑ 3) = 3↑↑7,625,597,484,987, no need to explain how huge this number is.
4. Four arrows and more (↑↑↑↑ and more): In general, the number of arrows continues to
increase the level of iteration of the operation, producing gigantic numbers impossible to write
conventionally.
Uses
This notation is useful for working with numbers that grow so rapidly that they exceed the limits
of traditional notations, such as in advanced mathematical problems and computational theory.
For example, 3 ↑↑↑ 3 is so large that we can barely understand it in common terms. It's so
gigantic that not even a computer could handle it in its entirety.
Conclution
With this project we conclude that we have been able to learn to use these notations which will
help us to better represent hyper operations such as exponentiation or tetration.
Bibliography
[Link]
[Link]
muy-pocos-simbolos/
[Link]
en-el-intento/