SQL mcq’s for PRA
🟢 EASY LEVEL (1–35)
1. Which SQL statement is used to fetch data from a database?
A. GET
B. OPEN
C. SELECT
D. FETCH
Answer: C
Explanation: SELECT retrieves data from tables.
2. Which clause is used to filter records?
A. GROUP BY
B. WHERE
C. ORDER BY
D. HAVING
Answer: B
Explanation: WHERE filters rows before grouping.
3. Which keyword removes duplicate values?
A. UNIQUE
B. DISTINCT
C. REMOVE
D. DELETE
Answer: B
Explanation: DISTINCT removes duplicates.
4. Which SQL command is used to delete a table?
A. DELETE
B. DROP
C. REMOVE
D. TRUNCATE
Answer: B
Explanation: DROP TABLE removes table structure and data.
5. What does COUNT(*) do?
A. Counts null values
B. Counts non-null values
C. Counts all rows
D. Counts unique rows
Answer: C
Explanation: Counts total rows including NULLs.
6. Which operator is used for pattern matching?
A. IN
B. LIKE
C. BETWEEN
D. EXISTS
Answer: B
Explanation: LIKE is used with % and _.
7. Which command is used to insert data?
A. ADD
B. INSERT INTO
C. PUT
D. UPDATE
Answer: B
Explanation: INSERT INTO adds records.
8. Which constraint ensures no duplicate values?
A. PRIMARY KEY
B. FOREIGN KEY
C. UNIQUE
D. CHECK
Answer: C
Explanation: UNIQUE prevents duplicate values.
9. Which clause sorts the result?
A. SORT
B. GROUP BY
C. ORDER BY
D. FILTER
Answer: C
Explanation: ORDER BY sorts results.
10. Which function returns the highest value?
A. MAX()
B. TOP()
C. HIGH()
D. UPPER()
Answer: A
Explanation: MAX() gives maximum value.
11. Default sorting order is:
A. DESC
B. RANDOM
C. ASC
D. NONE
Answer: C
Explanation: Default is ascending.
12. Which symbol represents single character wildcard?
A. %
B. *
C. _
D. ?
Answer: C
Explanation: _ matches exactly one character.
13. Which command removes all rows but keeps structure?
A. DELETE
B. DROP
C. TRUNCATE
D. REMOVE
Answer: C
Explanation: TRUNCATE is faster and non-recoverable.
14. Which keyword is used to rename a column?
A. CHANGE
B. AS
C. RENAME
D. MODIFY
Answer: B
Explanation: AS is used for aliasing.
15. Which function returns current date?
A. NOW()
B. CURDATE()
C. DATE()
D. GETDATE()
Answer: B
Explanation: MySQL uses CURDATE().
16. Which constraint ensures valid values?
A. UNIQUE
B. CHECK
C. DEFAULT
D. NOT NULL
Answer: B
Explanation: CHECK enforces conditions.
17. Which SQL keyword is case-insensitive?
A. Table names
B. Column names
C. Keywords
D. Values
Answer: C
Explanation: SQL keywords are not case-sensitive.
18. Which clause groups rows?
A. ORDER BY
B. GROUP BY
C. WHERE
D. JOIN
Answer: B
Explanation: GROUP BY groups rows.
19. Which command updates records?
A. MODIFY
B. UPDATE
C. CHANGE
D. ALTER
Answer: B
Explanation: UPDATE modifies existing data.
20. Which key uniquely identifies a record?
A. FOREIGN KEY
B. UNIQUE
C. PRIMARY KEY
D. CHECK
Answer: C
Explanation: Primary key uniquely identifies rows.
21. Which operator selects a range?
A. LIKE
B. BETWEEN
C. IN
D. EXISTS
Answer: B
Explanation: BETWEEN selects values in range.
22. Which keyword limits rows?
A. LIMIT
B. TOP
C. FETCH
D. ALL
Answer: A
Explanation: MySQL uses LIMIT.
23. Which function converts text to uppercase?
A. UPPER()
B. LOWER()
C. TOCHAR()
D. CAP()
Answer: A
24. Which clause filters groups?
A. WHERE
B. HAVING
C. GROUP BY
D. FILTER
Answer: B
Explanation: HAVING works on aggregated data.
25. Which SQL statement creates a table?
A. CREATE TABLE
B. NEW TABLE
C. MAKE TABLE
D. ADD TABLE
Answer: A
26. Which join returns matching records only?
A. LEFT JOIN
B. RIGHT JOIN
C. FULL JOIN
D. INNER JOIN
Answer: D
27. Which function returns total sum?
A. TOTAL()
B. ADD()
C. SUM()
D. COUNT()
Answer: C
28. Which data type stores text?
A. INT
B. CHAR
C. FLOAT
D. BOOLEAN
Answer: B
29. Which keyword is used to remove duplicates with aggregation?
A. DISTINCT
B. UNIQUE
C. GROUP BY
D. HAVING
Answer: A
30. Which function returns average?
A. AVG()
B. MEAN()
C. MID()
D. TOTAL()
Answer: A
31. Which clause is mandatory in SELECT?
A. FROM
B. WHERE
C. ORDER BY
D. GROUP BY
Answer: A
32. Which join returns all records from left table?
A. INNER
B. RIGHT
C. LEFT
D. FULL
Answer: C
33. Which SQL command changes table structure?
A. UPDATE
B. ALTER
C. MODIFY
D. CHANGE
Answer: B
34. Which function gives number of rows excluding NULL?
A. COUNT(*)
B. COUNT(col)
C. SUM()
D. AVG()
Answer: B
35. Which constraint disallows NULL?
A. UNIQUE
B. CHECK
C. NOT NULL
D. DEFAULT
Answer: C
🟢 MEDIUM LEVEL (36–70)
36. Difference between WHERE and HAVING?
A. Same
B. WHERE works on groups
C. HAVING works on aggregates
D. Both wrong
Answer: C
Explanation: WHERE filters rows, HAVING filters groups.
37. Which join returns unmatched rows from both tables?
A. INNER
B. FULL OUTER
C. LEFT
D. RIGHT
Answer: B
38. What is a foreign key?
A. Unique key
B. Primary key
C. Reference key
D. Index
Answer: C
39. Which normal form removes partial dependency?
A. 1NF
B. 2NF
C. 3NF
D. BCNF
Answer: B
40. Which index improves search performance?
A. PRIMARY
B. CLUSTERED
C. NON-CLUSTERED
D. ALL
Answer: D
41. Which command rolls back transaction?
A. COMMIT
B. SAVEPOINT
C. ROLLBACK
D. END
Answer: C
42. Which isolation level avoids dirty reads?
A. READ UNCOMMITTED
B. READ COMMITTED
C. REPEATABLE READ
D. SERIALIZABLE
Answer: B
43. What is a subquery?
A. Join
B. Query inside query
C. View
D. Function
Answer: B
44. Which subquery returns multiple rows?
A. Scalar
B. Correlated
C. Nested
D. Multi-row
Answer: D
45. Which operator works with subqueries?
A. IN
B. EXISTS
C. ANY
D. All
Answer: D
46. Which constraint enforces referential integrity?
A. UNIQUE
B. CHECK
C. FOREIGN KEY
D. DEFAULT
Answer: C
47. Which SQL command creates a view?
A. CREATE VIEW
B. MAKE VIEW
C. ADD VIEW
D. INSERT VIEW
Answer: A
48. Which view is updatable?
A. With JOIN
B. With GROUP BY
C. Simple view
D. Aggregate view
Answer: C
49. Which function handles NULL values?
A. NVL()
B. IFNULL()
C. COALESCE()
D. All
Answer: D
50. What is indexing?
A. Data duplication
B. Sorting data
C. Faster access
D. Data encryption
Answer: C
51. Which normal form removes transitive dependency?
A. 1NF
B. 2NF
C. 3NF
D. BCNF
Answer: C
52. Which clause is executed first?
A. SELECT
B. WHERE
C. FROM
D. ORDER BY
Answer: C
53. Which join uses common column?
A. INNER
B. NATURAL
C. LEFT
D. RIGHT
Answer: B
54. Which command grants permission?
A. ALLOW
B. GRANT
C. GIVE
D. ACCESS
Answer: B
55. Which keyword removes permission?
A. REMOVE
B. DELETE
C. REVOKE
D. DROP
Answer: C
56. What is a clustered index?
A. Separate structure
B. Sorted data
C. Duplicate index
D. Hash index
Answer: B
57. Which SQL function returns length of string?
A. LEN()
B. LENGTH()
C. SIZE()
D. COUNT()
Answer: B
58. Which clause is optional?
A. SELECT
B. FROM
C. WHERE
D. ALL
Answer: C
59. What is a transaction?
A. Single query
B. Logical unit of work
C. Backup
D. Index
Answer: B
60. Which SQL supports recursion?
A. JOIN
B. CTE
C. VIEW
D. TRIGGER
Answer: B
61. Which function rounds value?
A. ROUND()
B. FLOOR()
C. CEIL()
D. All
Answer: D
62. Which constraint auto-generates values?
A. CHECK
B. DEFAULT
C. AUTO_INCREMENT
D. UNIQUE
Answer: C
63. Which clause limits grouped result?
A. WHERE
B. HAVING
C. GROUP BY
D. ORDER
Answer: B
64. What is denormalization?
A. Remove redundancy
B. Add redundancy
C. Remove tables
D. Remove keys
Answer: B
65. Which join is fastest?
A. INNER
B. LEFT
C. RIGHT
D. FULL
Answer: A
66. Which SQL object stores compiled queries?
A. View
B. Procedure
C. Trigger
D. Index
Answer: B
67. Which trigger fires automatically?
A. SELECT
B. INSERT
C. UPDATE
D. All DML
Answer: D
68. Which keyword avoids NULL comparison issue?
A. =
B. !=
C. IS
D. LIKE
Answer: C
69. Which operator checks existence?
A. IN
B. EXISTS
C. ANY
D. ALL
Answer: B
70. Which join returns all records when no match?
A. INNER
B. OUTER
C. SELF
D. CROSS
Answer: B
🔴 HARD LEVEL (71–100)
71. Which isolation level prevents phantom reads?
Answer: SERIALIZABLE
Explanation: Highest isolation level.
72. Which index allows only one per table?
Answer: Clustered index
73. Which query runs once per row in outer query?
Answer: Correlated subquery
74. Which join produces Cartesian product?
Answer: CROSS JOIN
75. Which command creates save point?
Answer: SAVEPOINT
76. Which normal form removes multivalued dependency?
Answer: 4NF
77. Which SQL object enforces business rules?
Answer: TRIGGER
78. Which function replaces NULL with value?
Answer: COALESCE()
79. Which join compares table with itself?
Answer: SELF JOIN
80. Which clause is evaluated last?
Answer: ORDER BY
81. Which SQL keyword creates temporary result?
Answer: WITH (CTE)
82. Which index improves JOIN performance?
Answer: FOREIGN KEY index
83. Which SQL command is DDL?
Answer: ALTER
84. Which SQL command is TCL?
Answer: COMMIT
85. Which SQL command is DML?
Answer: INSERT
86. Which view cannot be updated?
Answer: Aggregate view
87. Which function returns rank?
Answer: RANK()
88. Which clause assigns row numbers?
Answer: ROW_NUMBER()
89. Which SQL feature improves performance by caching?
Answer: Stored Procedure
90. Which index uses hash structure?
Answer: Hash index
91. Which SQL avoids deadlock?
Answer: Proper transaction ordering
92. Which command renames table?
Answer: RENAME
93. Which constraint enforces domain integrity?
Answer: CHECK
94. Which SQL handles recursive hierarchy?
Answer: Recursive CTE
95. Which function returns nth highest salary?
Answer: DENSE_RANK()
96. Which join is costliest?
Answer: FULL OUTER JOIN
97. Which SQL avoids duplicate rows in UNION?
Answer: UNION
98. Which SQL keeps duplicates?
Answer: UNION ALL
99. Which index stores data physically?
Answer: Clustered index
100. Which SQL feature improves security?
Answer: GRANT / REVOKE