Prediction research of cervical cancer clinical events

based on recurrent neural network

Abstract
Through the research on the existing time series prediction technology, most
researchers mainly make predictions based on clinical events, without
thinking about whether the previous clinical process is standard or not. This
paper proposes a two-stage prediction model, RNN-2-DT, based on word
vector representation and integrated into the standardized judgment of the
diagnosis and treatment process. The model mines standardized clinical mode
which is a standard of clinical process, using the method of binary K-means.
Meantime, the clinical events prediction model using gated recurrent units
(GRU) based on recurrent neural network (RNN) is constructed. The
experimental results indicate that, compared with the clinical processes no
considering standardized judgments, our model’s recall rate and mean
average precision are increased by 7.2% and 4.3%, respectively.

Harvard
Yan, Y., Zhao, K., Cao, J. and Ma, H., 2021. Prediction research of cervical
cancer clinical events based on recurrent neural network. Procedia Computer
Science, 183, pp.221-229.
Cervical Cancer Classification Using Elman Recurrent
Neural Network and Genetic Algorithm

Abstract:
Medical screening using Pap smear images is a standard method for cervical
cancer diagnosis. However, this method still has many weaknesses, such as
time-consuming and subjectivity in interpreting an image. This paper aims to
develop a method used as a cervical cancer classification using pap-smear
images. Five classes were used, namely: normal, CIN1, CIN2, CIN3, and
malignant. The method work as follows: (i) pre-processes image using
amoeba median filter and Gaussian filter (ii) nuclei detection, and
segmentation (iii) extracts characteristics image using texture and shape
analysis (iv) classify the image using Elman Recurrent Neural Network and
Genetic Algorithm. Based on experiments conducted, the proposed method
could detect and classify pap smear images with sensitivity, specificity, and
accuracy of 96%, 98%, and 95%, respectively.

Harvard
Dillak, R.Y. and Sudarmadji, P.W., 2021, November. Cervical Cancer
classification using elman recurrent neural network and genetic algorithm.
In 2021 5th International Conference on Informatics and Computational
Sciences (ICICoS) (pp. 287-291). IEEE.
Robust whole slide image analysis for cervical cancer
screening using deep learning

Abstract
Computer-assisted diagnosis is key for scaling up cervical cancer screening.
However, current recognition algorithms perform poorly on whole slide
image (WSI) analysis, fail to generalize for diverse staining and imaging, and
show sub-optimal clinical-level verification. Here, we develop a progressive
lesion cell recognition method combining low- and high-resolution WSIs to
recommend lesion cells and a recurrent neural network-based WSI
classification model to evaluate the lesion degree of WSIs. We train and
validate our WSI analysis system on 3,545 patient-wise WSIs with 79,911
annotations from multiple hospitals and several imaging instruments. On
multi-center independent test sets of 1,170 patient-wise WSIs, we achieve
93.5% Specificity and 95.1% Sensitivity for classifying slides, comparing
favourably to the average performance of three independent cytopathologists,
and obtain 88.5% true positive rate for highlighting the top 10 lesion cells on
447 positive slides. After deployment, our system recognizes a one giga-pixel
WSI in about 1.5 min.

Harvard

Cheng, S., Liu, S., Yu, J., Rao, G., Xiao, Y., Han, W., Zhu, W., Lv, X., Li,
N., Cai, J. and Wang, Z., 2021. Robust whole slide image analysis for
cervical cancer screening using deep learning. Nature communications, 12(1),
p.5639.
Survival Prediction of Cervical Cancer Patients using
Genetic Algorithm-Based Data Value Metric and
Recurrent Neural Network
Abstract:
Survival analysis and machine learning has been shown to be an
indispensable aspect of disease management as it enables practitioners to
understand and prioritize treatment mostly in terminal diseases. Cervical
cancer is the most common malignant tumor of the female reproductive organ
worldwide. Survival analysis which is a time –to –event analysis for survival
prediction is therefore needed for cervical cancer patients. Data Value Metric
(DVM) is an information theoretic measure which uses the concept of mutual
information and has shown to be a good metric for quantifying the quality
and utility of data as well as feature selection. This study proposed the hybrid
of Genetic Algorithm and Data Value Metric for feature selection while
Recurrent Neural Network and Cox Proportionality Hazard ratio was used to
build the survival prediction model in managing cervical cancer patients.
Dataset of 107 patients of cervical cancer patients were collected from
University of Benin Teaching Hospital, Benin, Edo State and was used in
building the proposed model (RNN+GA-DVM). The proposed system
outperform the existing system as the existing system had accuracy of 70%
and ROC score of 0.6041 while the proposed model gave an accuracy of
75.16% and ROC score of 0.7120 respectively. From this study, It was
observed using the GA_DVM features selection that the variables highly
associated with cervical cancer mortality are age_at_diagnosis,
Chemotherapy, Chemoradiation, Histology, Comorbidity, Menopause, and
MENO_Post. Thus, with early diagnosis and proper health management of
cervical cancer, the age of survival of cervical cancer patients can be
prolonged.
Harvard
Ojie, D.V., Akazue, M., Omede, E.U., Oboh, E.O. and Imianvan, A., 2023.
Survival Prediction of Cervical Cancer Patients using Genetic Algorithm-
Based Data Value Metric and Recurrent Neural Network. International
Journal of Soft Computing and Engineering, 13(2), pp.29-41.
Identification of Endometrial Cancer in Myometrium
using RNN and SVM Algorithms for Accuracy and
Sensitivity improvement
Abstract:
The objective of this work is to compare the Recurrent Neural Network
(RNN) algorithm and Support Vector Machine (SVM) algorithm in the
identification of endometrial cancer based on its accuracy and sensitivity
measurements. Materials and Methods: The endometrial cancer dataset,
obtained from the National Institute of Endometrial Cancer Diseases
(NIECE), contains 768 patient health records that were used to train (80 %)
and test (20 %) the predictive model in MATLAB and the statistical analysis
is done using SPSS software. For this research work 768 images were used
with the pixel size of 3048×2048 and these images are taken from the pap
smear slide dataset. The RNN algorithm is used and compared with the SVM
algorithm. The sample size is estimated for two groups (RNN & SVM) with
G-power of 80 % and 0.05 Type I/II Error rate (Alpha). Results: The
predictive model using RNN algorithm shows a higher accuracy of 93.90 ±
0.3160 and sensitivity of 91.0400 ± 1.07207 followed by the significance
value of 0.002 than SVM algorithm with accuracy of 88.10 ± 0.9940 and
sensitivity of 86.1700 ± 1.36793 with the significance value of 0.000 using 2-
tailed test in SPSS. Conclusion: Based on the outcome of the proposed work
RNN classifier shows significantly better performance than the SVM
classifier in the innovative detection of endometrial cancer.
Harvard
Reddy, P.N. and Puviarasi, R., 2022, April. Identification of Endometrial
Cancer in Myometrium using RNN and SVM Algorithms for Accuracy and
Sensitivity improvement. In 2022 3rd International Conference on Intelligent
Engineering and Management (ICIEM) (pp. 513-517). IEEE.
Incorporating Artificial Fish Swarm in Ensemble
Classification Framework for Recurrence Prediction
of Cervical Cancer

Abstract:
IoT has facilitated predominant advancements in cancer research by
incorporating Artificial intelligence (AI) that enables human decision-makers
to achieve a better decision. Recently, Least Absolute Shrinkage and
Selection Operator (LASSO) classifier has launched in predicting recurrence
cancer genes in the cervix. At the initial phase, the recurrence gene
expression of lncRNA is collected from Geo Datasets. Secondly, data
imputation, accomplished with Mode and Mean Missing method (MMM-DI).
Thirdly, feature selection is compassed using Hilbert-Schmidt independence
criterion with Diversity based Artificial Fish Swarm (HSDAFS). In the
[Link] algorithm, the diversity parameter is added based on the gene
value, and their risk score of the lncRNAs is computed using the Artificial
intelligence (AI) technique. Finally, recurrence prediction, an ENSemble
Classification Framework (ENSCF), is proposed based on recurrent neural
networks. The prognostic factor is computed with a risk score of nine
lncRNA signatures for 300 samples taken from GSE44001. The Chi-Square
method has been used to obtain statistical results. The survival of the patient
with recurrence cervical cancer is shown using the proposed model.
Harvard
Senthilkumar, G., Ramakrishnan, J., Frnda, J., Ramachandran, M., Gupta, D.,
Tiwari, P., Shorfuzzaman, M. and Mohammed, M.A., 2021. Incorporating
artificial fish swarm in ensemble classification framework for recurrence
prediction of cervical cancer. IEEE Access, 9, pp.83876-83886.
An Investigation on Machine Learning Models in
Classification and Identifications Cervical Cancer
Using MRI Scan

Abstract:
This study analyzes the effectiveness of machine learning models in the
classification of cervical cancer using a dataset of 900 cancer and 200 non-
cancer images gathered from online resources and hospitals. The dataset,
covering both CT and MRI images, undergoes rigorous preprocessing,
including standardization, normalization, and noise reduction, to enhance its
quality for model training. Four machine learning models, namely VGG16,
CNN, KNN, and RNN, are recruited to predict cancer and non-cancer cases.
During the testing phase, VGG16 emerges as the most accurate, achieving an
impressive accuracy of 95.44%, followed by CNN at 92.3%, KNN at
89.99%, and RNN at 86.233%. Performance parameters, such as precision,
recall, F1 score, and accuracy, are fully analyzed, providing insights into each
model's strengths and capabilities. These discoveries not only contribute to
the advancement of cervical cancer diagnostic techniques but also underscore
the potential of machine learning in medical imaging. The study emphasizes
the relevance of model selection and provides a framework for future
research endeavors seeking to enhance the accuracy and performance of
cervical cancer diagnosis through the merger of advanced computational
techniques with standard diagnostic practices.
Harvard
Singh, J., Tan, K.T., Sahu, D., Upreti, K., Kshirsagar, P.R. and Elangovan,
M., 2024, April. An Investigation on Machine Learning Models in
Classification and Identifications Cervical Cancer Using MRI Scan. In 2024
International Conference on E-mobility, Power Control and Smart Systems
(ICEMPS) (pp. 1-5). IEEE.
A Novel Framework Leveraging Adam Optimization
Techniques, Coupled with Mask R-CNN Deep
Learning Mechanisms for Cervical Cancer Detection
System

Abstract:
Cervical cancer remains a significant public health concern, with early
detection crucial for successful treatment. Deep learning techniques offer
promising avenues for automated cancer diagnosis, and this work explores
the potential of the Mask R-CNN model with Adam optimization for cervical
cancer detection in colposcopy images. This study aims to develop and
evaluate a deep learning system based on Mask R-CNN and Adam
optimization for automated detection and segmentation of cervical lesions in
colposcopy images. The proposed system utilizes Mask R-CNN, a deep
convolutional neural network (CNN) is capable of both object detection and
instance segmentation. Pre-trained on the COCO dataset, the model is fine-
tuned on a labeled colposcopy image dataset for cervical lesion detection and
segmentation. Adam optimization, an efficient gradient descent algorithm, is
used to maximize the training process of the model. High accuracy in
recognizing and differentiating cervical lesions in colposcopy images is
anticipated from the system. The system should demonstrate its ability to
perform effectively on unseen data and handle variations in image quality.
The proposed system’s performance is evaluated on a separate test dataset
using standard metrics like accuracy, sensitivity, specificity, and precision for
both lesion detection and segmentation tasks. Additionally, the system’s
generalizability and robustness to variations in image quality are assessed.
This novel approach has the potential to significantly contribute to the field
of cervical cancer diagnosis by providing an automated, accurate, and
efficient system for early detection, ultimately leading to better patient
outcomes.
Harvard
Saranya, G. and Sujatha, C., 2024, June. A Novel Framework Leveraging
Adam Optimization Techniques, Coupled with Mask R-CNN Deep Learning
Mechanisms for Cervical Cancer Detection System. In 2024 3rd
International Conference on Applied Artificial Intelligence and Computing
(ICAAIC) (pp. 233-245). IEEE.
Potential inhibitors of VEGFR1, VEGFR2, and
VEGFR3 developed through Deep Learning for the
treatment of Cervical Cancer
Abstract
Cervical cancer stands as a prevalent gynaecologic malignancy affecting
women globally, often linked to persistent human papillomavirus infection.
Biomarkers associated with cervical cancer, including VEGF-A, VEGF-B,
VEGF-C, VEGF-D, and VEGF-E, show upregulation and are linked to
angiogenesis and lymphangiogenesis. This research aims to employ in-silico
methods to target tyrosine kinase receptor proteins—VEGFR-1, VEGFR-2,
and VEGFR-3, and identify novel inhibitors for Vascular Endothelial Growth
Factors receptors (VEGFRs). A comprehensive literary study was conducted
which identified 26 established inhibitors for VEGFR-1, VEGFR-2, and
VEGFR-3 receptor proteins. Compounds with high-affinity scores, including
PubChem ID—25102847, 369976, and 208908 were chosen from pre-
existing compounds for creating Deep Learning-based models. RD-Kit, a
Deep learning algorithm, was used to generate 43 million compounds for
VEGFR-1, VEGFR-2, and VEGFR-3 targets. Molecular docking studies
were conducted on the top 10 molecules for each target to validate the
receptor-ligand binding affinity. The results of Molecular Docking indicated
that PubChem IDs—71465,645 and 11152946 exhibited strong affinity,
designating them as the most efficient molecules. To further investigate their
potential, a Molecular Dynamics Simulation was performed to assess
conformational stability, and a pharmacophore analysis was also conducted
for indoctrinating interactions.

Harvard
Nayarisseri, A., Abdalla, M., Joshi, I., Yadav, M., Bhrdwaj, A., Chopra, I.,
Khan, A., Saxena, A., Sharma, K., Panicker, A. and Panwar, U., 2024.
Potential inhibitors of VEGFR1, VEGFR2, and VEGFR3 developed through
Deep Learning for the treatment of Cervical Cancer. Scientific Reports, 14(1),
p.13251.
Predicting Cervical Cancer with Metaheuristic
Optimizers for Training LSTM
Abstract

Disease prediction can be extremely helpful in saving people, especially

when we are diagnosed with cancer. Cervical cancer, also known as uterine
cancer, is the fourth most frequent cancer in women with an estimated
570,000 new cases in 2018 representing 6.6% of all female cancers. In
accordance with World Health Organization (WHO), the mortality rate for
cervical cancer reaches 90% in the underdeveloped nations and that the high
mortality rate found in it could suffer a substantial reduction if there were:
prevention, effective screening, treatment programs and early diagnosis.
Artificial Neural Networks (ANN) has been helping to provide predictions in
healthcare for several decades. Most research works utilize neural classifiers
trained with backpropagation (BP) learning algorithm to achieve cancer
diagnosis. the traditional BP algorithm has some significant disadvantages,
such as training too slowly, easiness to fall into local minima, and sensitivity
of the initial weights and bias. In this work, we use a type of Recurrent
Neural Network (RNN), known as Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM),
whose main characteristic is the ability to store information in a series of
temporal data. Instead of training the network with the backpropagation, the
LSTM network was trained using five different metaheuristic algorithms:
Cuckoo Search (CS), Genetic Algorithm (GA), Gravitational Search (GS),
Gray Wolf Optimizer (GWO) and Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO). From
results obtained can be observed that metaheuristic algorithms had
performances above 96%.

Harvard
Quintiliano Bezerra Silva, A., 2019. Predicting cervical cancer with
metaheuristic optimizers for training LSTM. In Computational Science–ICCS
2019: 19th International Conference, Faro, Portugal, June 12–14, 2019,
Proceedings, Part V 19 (pp. 642-655). Springer International Publishing.