PFR Process Control

7. Control Valve
Process Control

Objectives
Study the principle of operation of a
control valve
Recognize the parts of a control valve
Study the parameters of a valve
control
Study the types of valves

1
PFR Process Control

Control valve
It is a final control element used in
instrumentation for flow control
pressure or temperature of liquids or gases in
industrial processes
The control valve differs from other types of
valves in which it has a mechanism of
action that allows the movement of
closing element based on a signal of
entry

Control valve
The valve is a final control element that
It can be automatic or manual.
• Performs the function of varying the flow of the fluid
control, which in turn modifies the value of the
controlled variable
behaving like an area hole
continuously variable.
Of the elements of a control loop, it is the one that
greater amount of energy it manages.

2
PFR Process Control

Control valve

Parts of a control valve

Inlet Outlet

3
PFR Process Control

Parts of a control valve

The body of the valve contains inside the
shutter and the seats and is provided with threads and
of clamps to connect the valve to the pipe. The
shutter is the one that performs the function of passage of the
fluid and can act in the direction of its own
or have a rotary movement that is
attached to a stalk that passes through the cap of the
body and which is operated by the servomotor, the
Which can be pneumatic or electric

Parts of a control valve

Outlet

Inlet

4
PFR Process Control

Control valve
The valve control signal can be from 4 to 20mA or
3 to 15 psi.
The valve actuator converts the control signal
in a linear or rotational movement of the shutter
from the valve which allows the passage of the fluid
If there is a loss of control signal, the valve must
open (FO) or close (FC)
The valve outlet is the flow that enters the
process

Pneumatic actuator

5
PFR Process Control

Pneumatic actuator

Positioner
It is a device that allows you to regulate the pressure of
air that enters the diaphragm, which produces the
movement of the rod.
The positioning device is mechanically coupled with the
stem, its position is compared with the
control signal, coming from a controller.
If the stem is not in the desired position,
then the positioner adds or reduces the pressure
from the air that enters the valve actuator until
that the correct position is achieved.

6
PFR Process Control

Positioner

output

Positioner signal

supply

Advantages of the positioner

The positioner tends to eliminate or at least minimize
the effects of:
Delay in high-capacity actuators.
Stem friction due to packing.
Friction due to viscous or sticky fluids.
Changes in pressure in the process line where
the valve is installed.

7
PFR Process Control

Parameters of a control valve

Pressure drop (∆P)
Rangeability ( R )
Reason for pressure drop (PDR)
Valve capacity ( CV)

Pressure drop
The pressure drop in the valve is related
with the flow
Q=CA(∆P)1 / 2
What is the flow quantity?
C is a constant for flow conditions
A is the valve opening area
•∆P is the pressure drop across the valve

8
PFR Process Control

Rangeability

It is the relationship between the maximum flow and the flow

minimum that can be controlled by a valve

Qmax
R=
Qmin

Pressure loss relationship

It is the relationship between the pressure drop in the
valve fully open and the drop of
pressure in the completely closed valve

ΔP min ΔP valve open

PDR = =
ΔP max ΔP valve closed

9
PFR Process Control

Valve capacity ( cv)

It is the number of gallons/minute at temperature
environment that will pass through the valve
completely open with a pressure drop of
1 psi

∆P=1psi

Q
CV=
(∆P/G) 1/ 2
G is the specific gravity of the fluid

Capacity of a valve (kv )

It is the number of m3/
hour room temperature
what will pass through the completely valve
open with a pressure drop of 1 Kg/cm2

∆P=1kg/cm2

cv=1.17kv

10
PFR Process Control

Types of valve
The valves can be of various types depending on the
body design and shutter movement
Linear motion
Gate
Globe
Diaphragm
Rotary movement
Ball
Butterfly

Gate valve
This valve closes with a vertical disc.
plane, or in a special way, that moves
vertically to the flow of the fluid. It is suitable for
control on-off, since at intermediate positions
tends to get blocked. It presents very little resistance to
flow of the fluid when it is in the open position
total.

11
PFR Process Control

Gate valve

Inlet Outlet

Gate

Globe valve

They are used when

I worked with a leave.
differential pressure of
process. In position of
close the leaks are
minimums

Simple seat

12
PFR Process Control

Globe valve
It is used when one
I worked with a high
differential pressure of the
process. In position of
close the leaks they are
greater than in the
simple seat

Double seat

Globe valve

13
PFR Process Control

Diaphragm valve
They are used for cutting and strangling liquids
that can carry a large amount of solids in
suspension.
The fluid is isolated from the parts of the mechanism
operation. This makes them suitable for services
corrosive or viscous, as it prevents any
pollution to or from the outside.

Diaphragm valve
They are used for cutting and strangling liquids
which can carry a large amount of solids in
suspension.
• The fluid is isolated from the parts of the mechanism.
operation. This makes them ideal for services
corrosive or viscous, as it prevents any
pollution towards or from the outside.
Sealing is achieved through a
flexible membrane, generally made of elastomer,
being able to be reinforced with some metal, which is tensioned
by the effect of a linear motion punch axis,
until making contact with the body, which acts as
asiento.

14
PFR Process Control

Diaphragm valve
The tightness is achieved through a
flexible membrane, generally made of elastomer,
being able to be reinforced with some metal, which is tensioned
due to the effect of a linear motion pin-axis,
until making contact with the body, which acts as
seat

Pinch Valve They mainly apply

for low pressures and pastes
water sources that most of
the other teams them
would corrode and obstruct.

15
PFR Process Control

Three-way valve
It is a valve with three connections used for
diversify or combine a flow

Angle valve

16
PFR Process Control

Ball valve
In fully open position, the valve is equivalent
approximately 75% of the diameter of
the piping
Ball valves are
Outlet mainly used
for the control of
flow of fluids with high
percentage of solids in
suspension.

Inlet
ball

Ball valve

17
PFR Process Control

Ball valve
Advantages Disadvantages
Very High Cv Values High Friction => High Wear
Almost always it is free to No for abrasive fluids
dead spaces Without Noise Dampers
Total Step – Only for low pressure drops
Hermetic seal Limited Temperature Ranges
– Low Profile
Linear feature
It can be used in fluids
fibrous

Butterfly valve
The body is formed by a cylindrical ring inside.
from which a circular disk rotates transversely. In the
valve selection is important to consider the
differential pressures corresponding to the
positions of complete opening and closing.

Disco

18
PFR Process Control

Butterfly valve

The butterfly valves are

they are used for the control of
large fluid flows
at low pressure

Butterfly valve

19
PFR Process Control

Butterfly valve
Advantages Disadvantages
High values of Cv Low differential pressure in
Simple Design (centrical) open position
Low Profile Inherent natural characteristic
Underweight of flow
Self-drainage Actuator requires large
forces for large sizes or
Large Sizes high pressure drop
Fireproof availability Without noise dampers
Tight closure with seat Hard surfaces
double / triple eccentric or
soft seat

Conclusion
Control valves allow for regulating the flow
through the pipe
The selection of the control valve depends
of the type of fluid, the diameter of the pipe, the
pressure and temperature of the fluid
The control valve requires a
controller to be regulated

20