Higher Technological Institute

FROM CIUDAD ACUÑA

Computer Systems Engineering

Subject:
Programmable systems

Teacher:
M.I. José Yahveh Contreras de los Reyes

Student:
Francisco Ramírez González

Research Unit 3

Microcontrollers
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Content
3.1 General characteristics.........................................................................................1
3.1.1 Introduction.............................................................................................................2
3.1.2 Families3
3.1.3 Bus Width......................................................................................................4
3.1.4 Memory...................................................................................................................5
3.2 Alternative circuitry for input/output.............................................................6
3.1.2 Generalities.........................................................................................................7
3.2.2 Displays LED, LCD and other display devices................................8
3.2.3 Position encoders9
Conclusion.......................................................................................................................10
Consultation sources.......................................................................................................11
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3.1 general characteristics

Microcontrollers are designed to reduce the economic cost and the

energy consumption of a particular system. That is why the size of the unit
processing center, the amount of memory and the included peripherals
will depend on the application. The control of a simple appliance like a
The blender will use a very small processor (4 or 8 bits) because it will replace a
finite automaton. In contrast, a digital music and/or video player (MP3 or
MP4) will require a 32-bit or 64-bit processor and one or more codecs
digital signal (audio and/or video). The control of an ABS (Antilock) brake system
The Brake System is usually based on a 16-bit microcontroller, just like
that the electronic engine control system in a car.

Microcontrollers represent the vast majority of chips

Computers sold, about 50% are 'simple' controllers and the rest
correspond to more specialized DSPs. While one or two can be had
general-purpose microprocessors at home (you are using one for this),
you surely have distributed among the appliances in your home a
or two dozen microcontrollers. They can be found in almost any
electronic devices such as cars, washing machines, microwave ovens,
phones, etc.

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3.1.1 Introduction

Microcontrollers are taking over the world, you can see them present,
in your work, in your home, and in your life in general. You can find them
controlling the operation of computer mice and keyboards, the
phones, microwave ovens, and in the televisions of your home.

A microcontroller (abbreviated μC, UC, or MCU) is an integrated circuit

programmable, capable of executing the commands stored in its memory. It is
composed of several functional blocks, which perform a task
specific. A microcontroller includes within it the three main units
functionalities of a computer: central processing unit, memory and
input/output peripherals.

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3.1.2 Families

Atmel(AVRHitachiH8), Intelof 8bits(8XC42, MCS51, 8xC251) oIntelof 16

bits (MCS96, MXS296) National Semiconductor (COP8), Microchip, Motorolafrom 8
bits (68HC05, 68HC08, 68HC11) or 16 bits (68HC12, 68HC16) or 32-bit
(683xxNEC78K), Texas Instruments (TMS370) yZilog(Z8, Z86E02).

ATmel microcontroller family

This company handles microcontrollers based on RISC architecture.
CPUs go up to 32 bits, there are several groups of microcontrollers:

Microcontrollers based on Intel 8051 incorporate a memory of

Flash program.
AT91 microcontrollers support C compilations, emulator.
AVR microcontrollers, with RISC architecture and 8-bit CPU, includes
USART, SPI, ADC modules, etc. Implemented on Harvard architecture.

The widest and most complete range of PICs. It includes models with packaging.
from 18 pins to 68, covering various options that integrate different
peripherals. In this range, their components add new features to the
that those in the lower range possessed, making them more suitable in applications
complex. They allow interruptions, have magnitude comparators
analog, A/D converters, serial ports, and various timers. The
the instruction repertoire is 35, compatible with the low range.

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Its various models contain all the resources needed in
the applications of 8-bit microcontrollers. It also has

interrupts and an 8-level stack that allows for the nesting of subroutines.

3.1.3 Bus width

The bus width is the number of bits in which each instruction is handled, such as
we saw in assembler this capability is directly related to length
of a processor instruction and operations that can be
supported by this.

The three bus widths most commonly used in microcontrollers are:

8-bit microcontrollers
16-bit microcontrollers
32-bit microcontrollers

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3.1.4 Memory

In microcontrollers, memory is not abundant; you will not find here.

Gigabytes of memory like in personal computers. Typically the
The program memory shall not exceed 16 K non-volatile memory locations.
(flash or eprom) to contain the programs.
RAM is intended for the storage of temporary information that
it will be used by the processor to perform calculations or other types of operations
Logics. In the RAM memory address space, the
work records of the processor and those of the configuration and work of the different
microcontroller peripherals. This is why in most cases,
even if one has an address space of a certain size, the
amount of RAM that the programmer has to store their
data is less than what the processor can address.

The type of memory used in the RAM memories of microcontrollers is

SRAM, which avoids the need to implement refresh systems like in the
in the case of personal computers, which use a large amount of memory,
typically some DRAM technology. Although SRAM memory is more
more expensive than DRAM, it is the right type for microcontrollers because
they have small amounts of RAM.

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3.2 Alternative circuitry for input/output

Also known as I/O ports, generally grouped into ports of

8 bits in length, allow reading data from the outside or writing to them from the
inside the microcontroller, the usual destination is working with devices
simple as relays, LEDs, or anything else the programmer can think of.
Some I/O ports have special characteristics that allow them to handle
outputs with specific current requirements, or incorporate mechanisms
interrupt special features for the processor.
Typically, any I/O pin can be considered general-purpose I/O.
but since microcontrollers cannot have infinite pins, not even all of them
the pins we want, the general purpose I/O share the pins with
other peripherals. To use a pin with any of its characteristics
assigned we must configure it through the records intended for them.

An embedded system usually has three different types of input:

Data acquisition modules (sensors).
User interface input (buttons, switches, knobs).
Communication with external systems (input/output).

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3.1.2 Generalities

In 1969, engineers from the Japanese company BUSICOM were looking for solutions for
to manufacture their devices (calculators) with few components, this proposition
was done to INTEL who in a project led by Marcian Hoff and supported by
Federico Faggin succeeded in creating an integrated circuit known as
"microprocessor" acquiring the rights of the company BUSICOM and
delivering to the market in 1971 the first microprocessor, the 4004 of 4 bits.
As already mentioned, they were followed by the i8008, i8080, the Motorola 6800, Z80,
i8085.

In 1976, a new device that incorporates a CPU appeared on the market,

RAM memory - ROM and I/O ports, this device is called
"microcontroller" which are microcomputers on a single chip, two of the most
the first representative microcontrollers were:

Intel 8048, with modified Harvard architecture with program ROM in the
same chip, RAM from 64 to 256 bytes and I/O (input/output) interface.

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3.2.2 Displays LED, LCD and other display devices.

LCD. It is a device for displaying images composed of a

a determined number of pixels aligned with each other, where each pixel has three
red, green, and blue sub-pixels. Pixels do not produce their own light, because
Thus, to display the image on the screen, they are illuminated by the lights.
fluorescents in general.
LED. They are LCD screens that use LED backlighting technology.
LED screens are increasingly used in computer monitors and televisions.
due to its ultra-slim design, high brightness and contrast images, and low
energy consumption, being its main disadvantages compared to LCDs
conventional the price, a higher panel temperature and a useful life of the
diodos LED limitada.
OLED. It is a variant of the classic LED, but where the emission layer
it has an organic component. It is known that these screens do not need light
rear, which saves much more energy than any other alternative.
Additionally, its cost is also lower. However, its usage time is not as
Well, like the previous technologies we have discussed.

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PLASMA. In this type of screens, the image is decomposed into
pixels that are properly arranged form the image that

we perceive through our eyes. The technology on which these are based
screens are a kind of symbiosis between the systems used by the
cathode ray monitors and liquid crystal (LCD) ones, since on one hand they maintain the
use of phosphorus responsible for lighting and on the other hand they have a
cell structure for point-to-point formation of the images that are
wants to represent.

3.2.3 Position encoders

They are those that directly provide a digital signal from an input.
analog. They are used to make measurements, generally of linear position or
angular and can be incremental or absolute.

Incremental Rotary Encoder.

It consists of a disk with radial grooves located generally very close together.
around its entire circumference, or with alternating lines in light and dark colors, that
they turn in front of a photo sensor (or a set of them, for more precision),
generating a pulse for each slot or color change.
Absolute Encoders.
Absolute encoders provide a coded output that indicates the position.
of the movable element with respect to a reference. The movable element has
zones that allow distinguishing and assigning values of one or zero.

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Operating principle of position encoders
absolutes.

The main difference with incremental encoders is that it has

various tracks with differentiated and grouped areas, so that the system of
reading obtains directly, at each position of the movable element, the number
encoded that gives its position. Each track represents a bit of the output, being the
the innermost track corresponding to the most significant bit.

Conclusion

3.1 General characteristics

Microcontrollers are designed to reduce economic cost and the
energy consumption of a particular system. Microcontrollers
They are used in all electronic devices since they can be programmed to
according to the requirements of various electronic devices. There are
different families of microcontrollers each with different characteristics and
capabilities for each electronic device the family of is chosen
microcontrollers suitable for their function.

3.2 Alternative circuitry for input/output

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Also known as I/O ports, generally grouped in
8-bit long ports allow reading data from the outside or writing.

in them from inside the microcontroller.

In the year 1976, the device that incorporates a CPU appears on the market.
RAM memory - ROM and I/O ports, this device is called
"microcontroller" which are microcomputers on a single chip.
The different displays are used to show some results on screen.
according to the needs of what is being done, each person chooses the type of
screen that is most convenient for what you are doing.

There are different types of position encoders such as:

Incremental position encoders and absolute encoders
These encoders are those that directly provide a digital signal to
starting from an analog input. They are used to perform measurements generally of
linear or angular position and can be incremental or absolute.

Sources of consultation

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