Cross Method for Structural Analysis
Translated by
ScribdTranslationsCross Method for Structural Analysis
Translated by
ScribdTranslationsSUMMARY
This report deals with the Cross Method, this method consists of
successive approximations, which does not mean that it is approximate. It wants
to say that the degree of precision in the calculation can be as high as it
this method is designed to solve problems of
reticular structures.
The calculation for this method is relatively simple, without appearing in
its development complex integrations or systems of equations
Complicated. It's also not necessary to memorize all the formulas.
since there are tables of moments, stiffnesses, and transmission factors,
any structure can be resolved.
The method allows for a step-by-step follow-up of the distribution process.
moments in the structure, giving a very clear physical sense to the
mathematical operations that are performed.
INTRODUCTION
In the Moment Distribution Method, each joint of the
the structure that will be analyzed is fixed in order to develop the Moments
at the fixed ends. Then each fixed joint is sequentially
released and the moment at the fixed end (which at the moment of being released
it is not in equilibrium) are distributed to adjacent members until the
equilibrium is achieved.
The method of moment distribution from a mathematical point of view
it can be demonstrated as the process of solving a series of systems of
equations by iterations.
OBJECTIVES
GENERAL OBJECTIVE:
Understand the Cross method in such a way that it allows us
determine the value of the moments at the nodes or supports of the
hyperstatic elements
SPECIFIC OBJECTIVES:
THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK
Background:
The structural analysis necessary for large constructions of
Reinforced concrete structures in 1950 were a formidable task. This is
an attribute to the profession of engineering, and for Hardy Cross, that here
there are so few failures. When engineers have to calculate the
efforts and deflections in a statically indeterminate framework, they
they inevitably return to what was known as "Distribution of
Moments" or "Hardy Cross Method". In the distribution method of
moments, the moments at the fixed ends of the frames are
gradually distributed to the adjacent members in a number of
steps such that the system eventually reaches its configuration of
natural balance. However, the method was still an approximation.
but it could be solved to be very close to the real solution.
Cross Method:
It is a method ofstructural analysis for statically beams and
frames/flat porticoes.
In the Cross method, to analyze eacharticulationthe node of the
structure is considered fixed in an initial phase in order to develop
the Moments at Fixed Supports. Then each fixed joint is
considered released sequentially and the moment at the fixed end (which
at the moment of being released it is not in equilibrium) they are "distributed" to
adjacent members until thebalanceis achieved. The method of
Cross in mathematical terms can be demonstrated as the process of
solve a series ofsystems of equationsby means ofiteration.
The method of moment redistribution or Cross method falls within
the category of displacement methods of structural analysis.
Implementation
In the position to apply the Cross method to analyze a structure,
we must take the following into account.
Moments of embedding at fixed ends
Bending moments at fixed ends they are the moments
produced at the end of the member due to external loads when the joints
they are fixed.
Bending Rigidity
Bending stiffness is the property that an element has that allows it to
resist a limit of bending efforts without deforming. Therigidity
flexional(EI/L) of a member is represented as the product of themodule
of elasticity(E) and thesecond moment of area, also known as
Moment of Inertia (I) divided by the length (L) of the member, which is
necessary in the moment distribution method, it is not the exact value
but it is theArithmetic reasonof the flexural stiffness of all members.
Distribution coefficients
The distribution coefficients can be defined as the proportions
of the unbalanced moments that are distributed to each of the
members. An unbalanced moment in a knot is distributed to each
concurrent member presents each of these members.
Transmission coefficients
The unbalanced moments are carried over to the other end of the
member when rotation is allowed in the support. The moment reason
carried over to the other end at the moment on the fixed end of the
The initial extreme is the transmission coefficient.
Typical values:
0.5 for nodes without anchoring
0 for embedded nodes
Convention of signs
A moment acting in a clockwise direction is considered positive. This
differs from the usual sign convention in engineering, which uses a
Cartesian coordinate system with the positive X axis to the right and the
positive Y axis upward, resulting in positive moments about the Z axis
being anti-clockwise.
Frame structures
Frame structures with or without bracing can be analyzed using the
method of moment distribution.
Example
The statically indeterminate beam shown in the figure will be analyzed.
The statically indeterminate beam shown in the figure will be analyzed.
Members AB, BC, CD have the same length
The flexural stiffnesses are EI, 2EI, EI respectively.
Concentrated loads of magnitude they act at a
distance from support A.
Uniform intensity load acts in BC.
CD member is loaded halfway with a load.
concentrated magnitude .
In the following calculations, counterclockwise moments are positive.
1.- Moments at Fixed Extremes
2.-Allocation Coefficients
The distribution coefficients of boards A and D are
3.-Transmission coefficients
The transmission coefficients are 0.5 (because the section is constant),
except for the carry factor from D (fixed support) to C which is zero.
4.- Distribution of Moments
Gray numbers are balanced moments; arrows (→ / ←) represent the
moment transfer from one end to the other end of a member
Articulation Articulation Articulate Articulation
A B C D
ion n tion ion
Coefficient
0.727
before 0 1 0.2727 0.6667 0.3333 0 0
3
distribution
Moment
os in
14.700 -6.300 8.333 -8.333 12.500 -12.500
Extreme
Fixed
Step 1 -14.700 → -7.350
Step 2 1.450 3.867 → 1.934
Step 3 -2.034←-4.067 -2.034 → -1.017
Step 4 0.555 1.479 → 0.739
Step 5 -0.246←-0.493 -0.246 → -0.123
Step 6 0.067 0.179 → 0.090
Step 7 -0.030←-0.060 -0.030 → -0.015
Step 8 0.008 0.022 → 0.011
Step 9 -0.004←-0.007 -0.004 → -0.002
Step 10 0.001 0.003
Sum
of 11.56
0 -11.569 -10.18610.186 -13.657
Moment 9
tos
5.-Results
Moments in joints, determined by the distribution method
moments
The usual sign convention in engineering is used here, i.e. The
Positive moments cause elongation in the lower part of a component.
of beam.
For comparison purposes, the following are the results
generated, using amatrix methodNote that in the upper analysis, the
iterative process was taken to >0.01 precision. The fact that the
result of matrix analysis and the result of distribution analysis of
moments equal to 0.001 precision is mere coincidence.
Moments in joints determined by the matrix method:
The complete shear and bending moment diagrams are as follows.
Note that the method of moment distribution only determines the
moments in the meetings. Developing bending moment diagrams
completes require additional calculations using the moments
determined in the joints and thebalanceinside the section.
CONCLUSIONS
The Cross method was understood for calculating moments.
in hyperstatic structures.
DEC DMF
Shear force diagram. Bending moment diagram.
RECOMMENDATIONS
BIBLIOGRAPHY
R.C. HIBBELER, STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS, 8th edition, 2012
José L. CAMBA, Francisco CHACON, NOTES ON ANALYSIS
STRUCTURAL I, 1982
[Link]
Moment of inertia#Resistance to bending