EE 240 Circuits I
Dr. Zubair Khalid
Department of Electrical Engineering
School of Science and Engineering
Lahore University of Management Sciences
- Circuit Analysis
- Kirchhoff’s Current Law (Nodal Analysis)
- Kirchhoff’s Voltage Law (Loop Analysis)
- Examples
Circuit Analysis
Determine the current through or the voltage across every element in the circuit.
Big Picture: We will learn techniques to carry out circuit analysis in the following order.
Kirchhoff’s Laws
• Equivalent Networks
• Formulation of equations for
• Series parallel equivalent (already covered)
• Single node, single loop
• Source transformation
• Multiple nodes or loops
• Thevenin Equivalent
• Norton Equivalent
• Nodal Analysis
• Super Node
• Superposition Principle
• Resistive networks
• Concept of Duality
• Loop Analysis
• Super Loop
• Resistive networks
• Matrix formulation of equations
Circuit Analysis
Circuit:
Interconnection of circuit elements; passive elements and energy sources such that the energy
flows between elements.
We analyse circuit by formulating network equations that is governed by Kirchhoff’s Laws. These
laws can be intelligently employed to formulate minimum number of independent equations. Before
we formally define these laws, we quickly review the concepts node, loop, branch and ground node.
Node (Junction):
A point of connection of two or more circuit elements.
Loop:
Any closed path through the circuit in which no node is encountered more than once.
Branch:
Part of circuit containing one element and nodes on both sides.
Ground, Zero potential node, Reference or Datum Node:
Since voltage in a circuit is a relative quantity, it is useful to have one reference node
such that all the voltages are expressed with respect to the reference node.
Circuit Analysis
Independent Loop:
A loop is said to be independent if it contains at least one branch which is not a part of any
other independent loop.
Network Topology (Graphical Representation of a Circuit):
Topology is the branch of Geometry (helps us in analyzing the circuit).
Graph is a collection of nodes and lines connecting the nodes.
- Nodes are also called as vertices.
- Lines are also called edges or branches.
- If the path from one node to the other node is uni-directional, such path is represented by
an arrow and the graph is referred to as directed graph or oriented graph.
For a given electrical circuit, we construct graph by replacing network elements with
branches.
A network with b branches, n nodes, and l independent loops will satisfy the fundamental
theorem of network topology:
number of nodes + number of independent loops = number of branches + 1
n+ l= b + 1
Graphical Representation of Electric Circuits (Networks)
Example:
Circuit 1 Circuit 2 Graph Graph
Equivalent
Circuit Analysis
Example: Interpretations:
1
• There are 6 nodes
• There are 9 branches
• We have considered node 6 as ground node
2 3 4 • Node 4 is at 10 V (with respect to ground node)
• 2A current is being drawn from node 2 and is being fed
to node 1 through the branch connecting nodes 1 and 2.
5 6 • Node 2 is at 5V with respect to node 5
Circuit Analysis
Example:
Figure 2.5 (Irwin and Nelms):
• Both are same circuits
Kirchhoff’s Current Law (KCL)
Statement:
Algebraic sum of all the currents entering (or leaving) a node is equal to zero.
OR
Algebraic sum of the currents leaving a node is equal the algebraic sum of the currents
entering a node.
4A
Example 1: 3A
2A I2
I1
7A
2A
I1 = -12A
I2 = 10A
Kirchhoff’s Current Law (KCL)
Example 2 (E2.6 Irwin and Nelms):
Nodal Analysis using Kirchhoff’s Current Law
Steps:
• Define ground (reference) node
• Define the variables to indicate voltages at other nodes
• Apply KCL at each node to obtain equation associated with the node.
• Number of equations = number of nodes -1
Example:
Single Node-Pair Circuit:
Nodal Analysis using Kirchhoff’s Current Law
Example:
Single Node-Pair Circuit:
Nodal Analysis using Kirchhoff’s Current Law
Example:
Single Node-Pair Circuit:
Kirchhoff’s Voltage Law (KVL)
Statement:
Algebraic sum of all the drop (or gain) of voltages around any closed-path is equal to zero.
OR
Algebraic sum of the drop of voltages is equal the algebraic sum of the gain of voltages around
a closed path.
Example:
Single Loop Circuit:
Loop Analysis using Kirchhoff’s Voltage Law
Steps:
• Define Loop (or mesh) currents (variable + direction)
• Apply KVL around each loop to obtain equation associated with the loop.
Example:
Single Loop Circuit: