Comprehensive Guide to Loaders and Excavators
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ScribdTranslationsComprehensive Guide to Loaders and Excavators
Translated by
ScribdTranslationsLoader
The loader is a very versatile loading and starting vehicle that has
great mobility, maneuverability, and a small turning radius. In cases
special vehicles are used to transport material over short distances and can
to tackle and work on pending tasks, adapting to different methods of
operation.
Usage.
Earthworks (excavation and restoration).
Removal of unconsolidated material.
Loading at the front and in the aggregate park with dump trucks, trucks, and hoppers
of food.
Transportation of materials (short distances) to their unloading point:
readings, intermediate storages and dumps.
Clean the work area before and after carrying out a blasting.
Sanitation work at the front and in the gravel park.
Construction and cleaning of transport tracks. Preparation of ramps and
access
Main dimensions and average technical characteristics of a loader
based on their weight in the work order:
Exterior parts of a wheel loader.
Cabin
It is the soundproof cabin, reserved for the equipment operator, which isolates them.
and protect from the outside.
Contains:
The controls of the shovel and the instrument panel.
The seat with adjustable suspension.
The seatbelt.
Heating and air conditioning
Articulated frame
The two frames are connected by a double vertical hinge.
This joint allows rotations in both directions of up to 450 giving
provides extraordinary maneuverability to the vehicle.
The front frame supports the bucket, the loading mechanism (powered
hydraulically) and the front axle.
The rear frame supports the engine, the transmission, the rear axle and the
cabin (in most cases) controls and instrument panel
The controls govern:
The movement of the shovel (direction, sense, speed, and braking).
The loading mechanism.
Air conditioning.
The instrument panel includes:
Analog and/or digital indicators.
Alarm system.
Engine and transmission.
The diesel engine used in the loading shovels is located in the frame.
posterior.
There are two types of transmission used by these vehicles:
Hydraulically driven mechanical transmission, known as
servo transmission: the engine is connected to a torque converter.
the gearbox, the drive shafts, axles, and differentials
they complete the mechanical transmission.
Hydrostatic transmission (rare).
Work team.
The bucket, the lifting arms, and the tipping mechanism make up the
work team.
The bowl is wider than the rest of the machine to protect the
tires when loading material.
Depending on the type of material to be loaded, light or rock, the bucket is straight.
with wear-resistant lips or with the attack edge in a "V" shape and
teeth, to improve penetration.
Some shovels come equipped with a multipurpose scoop, which also
the traditional download system opens for various applications
(stone collection, spreading, block removal, etc.).
Hydraulic system.
The wheel loaders have a hydraulic system for:
Control the direction.
Activate the brakes and the steering.
Control the lifting and tipping circuits of the bucket or scoop.
Security elements.
These vehicles incorporate the following safety elements (active and
passive). Most of them are standard:
Fall protection over the cabin (FOPS).
Rollover protective structure (ROPS).
Alarm and reverse lights.
Lights for working at night.
Handrails on stairs.
Horn.
Fire extinguisher.
Vibration-damping seat.
Seat belts.
Mirrors.
Emergency brake and steering (in modern equipment).
Hydraulic excavator
The hydraulic excavator is a widely used excavation and loading equipment.
used in quarries, gravel pits, and public works.
It can be front or rear start. The latter is the most commonly used.
in aggregate exploitation.
It is a very versatile machine that has great mobility.
maneuverability and ability to pick up and load material.
The backhoe is a very flexible machine when it comes to performing its
jobs, being able to do it at the same level or from a higher level than that
the transport unit is located.
It can climb slopes, adapting to different methods of
excavation and loading, as well as various ground conditions.
It is used for various tasks on the front of the exploitation.
Excavation of earth.
Arranque de materiales no consolidados.
Removal of large blocks from the front after carrying out an explosion
(according to the capacity of the pot).
Loading of material (bulk and riprap) into dumpers, trucks, and hoppers.
nutrition.
Sanitation work on the front.
Demolition of concrete with a jackhammer.
Auxiliary work: trench and foundation openings, excavation and
slope stabilization, demolition of structures, leveling of the area
load, etc.
The main dimensions and average technical characteristics of an excavator
based on their mass are:
Main elements.
Cabin
It is the soundproof cabin, reserved for the equipment operator, that isolates him.
and protects from the outside. Contains:
The controls that govern all the movements of the excavator.
The instrument panel.
The seat with adjustable suspension.
The seatbelt.
Heating and air conditioning
The cabins are usually reinforced with an object falling prevention system (FOPS),
when the excavator is intended to work in areas exposed to this type of
risk.
Controls and instrument panel.
The controls are grouped in the cabin and operate: the translation system, the
machine rotations, the movements of the work team, and the air conditioning.
The instrument panel includes: the indicators (analog and/or digital) and the
witnesses of abnormal operation warning.
Frame.
The frame is H-shaped and is the element that transmits the loads of the
superstructure to the wheel set. A large central crown constitutes the axis.
vertical around which the superstructure and the work team pivot.
In tire excavators, the chassis incorporates stabilizers.
at its ends, hydraulically actuated.
Superstructure.
The superstructure carries the power plant and auxiliary elements, in addition
de:
The cabin and control panels.
The motor and the rotary reducer.
The work team, the hydraulic pumps, the oil tanks and
flammable.
The efforts generated during the excavation, loading, and turning operations,
are absorbed by the superstructure, which in turn transmits them to the chassis to which
is joined by the toothed turntable.
Motor
The usual excavators in quarries use diesel engines that are located
at the back of the superstructure.
They operate normally in a constant regime coupled to the pumps.
hydraulics that are the ones that drive the various moving elements of the
equipment (hydraulic cylinders, translation and rotation motors).
In modern equipment, the coupling and regulation of the motor can
to be conducted electronically.
Rolling stock.
Excavators have two possible tracking systems: tracks and
tires.
The usual ones in quarries and gravel pits are the tracked ones.
The crawlers are used in heavy equipment, providing greater
stability and traction, and less pressure on the ground and turning radius.
There are different types of caterpillars depending on the conditions of the terrain.
characteristics of the work to be done and speed of movement. In the
the front part of each car contains the guiding wheel and at the rear the
drive wheel.
They have a lower capacity for translation over medium distances than the
equipment on tires due to the rapid deterioration of the undercarriage
working under these conditions.
Work team.
The pen, the arm (rocker), and the ladle make up the work equipment.
They are articulated with each other and are operated by hydraulic cylinders.
The pen and the arm are designed to withstand various stresses.
that originate in an excavation.
The same machine model can use various boom lengths and
arm based on the characteristics of the work it is going to be assigned to
excavator
Depth of the excavation (backhoe equipment).
Discharge height.
Capacity of the pot.
Sometimes, the spoon is replaced by a hydraulic breaker hammer or
"Pica-pica" for sticking pins and for cleaning any debris from the front.
Hydraulic system
The hydraulic circuit transmits the energy from the power plant to the cylinders.
hydraulic translation and rotation motors, dosifying it through a complex
regulation system (mechanical, electronic or mixed).
Combine the variation of the flow rate of the hydraulic pumps with the
motor rotation speed.
The main circuit activates the lifting of the boom, arm, bucket, and the
translation.
The rotation motor of the superstructure is powered through the circuit
secondary.
Security elements
These vehicles incorporate the following safety elements (active and
passive). Most of them are standard:
Falling object protection over the cabin (FOPS).
Alarm and reverse lights.
Lights to work at night.
Handrails on stairs.
Speaker.
Fire extinguisher.
Anti-vibration seat.
Seat belts.
Rearview mirrors
Maintenance
Maintenance consists of two complementary operations.
Visual inspection: It is used to verify the external condition and
functioning of the main elements and components. Not one
needs measuring devices.
Periodic maintenance: It is carried out by specialized personnel as
requires more complex technical knowledge and means.
The maintenance of equipment allows, first of all, to know its condition and
then, take the necessary measures to correct the detected defects.
Safety measures during maintenance
The maintenance, inspection, and repair operations are those that produce
the highest number of accidents in the aggregates operations.
Therefore, pay close attention to the following recommendations.
Remember that you have to adhere to the DIS guidelines on repairs,
reviews and maintenance of the operation.
Visual inspection and basic maintenance usually fall on the
own team worker.
The mechanical inspection and general maintenance must be carried out by
qualified persons for that work.
In both cases, they are specialized individuals and/or those who have the ...
due authorization from their superiors:
They must have appropriate practical training on:
The work team
The risks that may arise from your work