FLOW NOZZLE

It consists of a restriction composed of a cone

elliptical that ends tangentially with a
cylinder or throat.

The flow nozzle is a measuring instrument.

that allows measuring pressure differential when
the ratio of ß is too high for the plate
orifice, that is, when the flow velocity is
much larger and the losses begin to happen
notorious.

Then, when installing a meter of this type, one achieves

much more accurate measurements. In addition, this type
The meter is useful for fluids with many
suspended particles or sediments, their
hydrodynamic shape avoids what sediments
transported by the fluid remain adhered to the
mouthpiece.
 FLOW NOZZLE
It is preferred where it is feared that the hole may be
damaged at its edge losing sensitivity, low
permanent pressure drop, high initial cost
short space of straight pipe available. Handles
approximately 60% more flow than the plate of
orifice.

Construction: cylindrical body with convergence

quick parabolic up to the midsection or throat.
Handles fluids at high speed. Its pressure drop
the differential is from 30% to 80% of that produced by the
hole plate. Its accuracy is in the order of ±0.95 to
± 1.5% approximately.

The differential pressure taps are located at 1

diameter of the face of the nozzle where it begins
elliptical curve and the low pressure at 1/2" diameter of
the same face.
 FLOW NOZZLE
Due to its aerodynamic profile, the flow nozzle tends to drag the solids in
suspension in small amounts through the throat. In the case of many solids, if it is
posible, se debe de instalar la tobera en un tramo vertical con el flujo hacia abajo.

The pressure measurements are located one diameter upstream and halfway downstream.
below the face of the nozzle. The high-pressure intake is made on the wall of the
pipeline, at the entrance, while the low-pressure one is usually placed at the exit, where
the flow section is minimal. This shot is made directly on the wall of the
pipe.
 FLANGED FLOW TUBES TYPE―T1―

Flanged flow nozzle for insertion between flanges. This type is more
commonly used with wall tube with local connections at a diameter
above the flow and 1 1/2" below the flow. The nozzle is centered within the line
of the pipe, requires tolerance for an unevenness behind the flange.

The design complies with the specifications—ASME, for flow nozzles,

Flanges and fittings are usually supplied for insertion between flanges.
raised face. They can be supplied for other coated flanges such as
R.T.J and notched for female - male, according to specifications.
 FLANGED FLOW METER TYPE -T2-

Flanged flow nozzle with fluid intake from below in flanged nozzle. This type
it is basically the same type as T1 except for the location of the socket.

This is mostly used in small sizes where the (fluid below)

locate the pipe wall outlet in an undesirable place such as in a pipe
too closed soldier, etc.

Designed according to ASME specifications for flow nozzles.

Normally supplied for other coated flanges according to
specifications.
 FLANGED FLOW CONTROL VALVES TYPE - T3 -

Flow throat type nozzle with flange intake type is used when the
Repetitiveness and accuracy are required; in most cases, this type of
toberas are acquired with the complete flow section and calibrated in
flow laboratories.

These are manufactured under strict compliance with the examination codes of
power―ASME.
 FLANGED FLOW SUPPLY TAPS TYPE-T4

Flow nozzle fitted between the bevelled ends of sections of

pipe, in services where flanges cannot be applied, such as
fluids at high pressure and temperature. The weldable flow nozzles
they use with holes in the wall of the tube.
 FLANGE TYPE FLOW TUBES TYPE―T5―

Flow nozzles to be used in sizes of 4 gp. And larger, and they

welded where clamps cannot be used. A ring and weldable pins,
made of the same material, they are used to locate the nozzle inside the tube. They
they use tomas on the wall of the tube.
 The flow nozzle shall be used when the following inequality is met:

For the English system:

Wg
140
Of2rho hm

For the Metric system:

Wg
48.85
Of2rho hm

Where:

Wg = Mass flow, in lb/hr. or kg/hr.

Di = Inner diameter of the pipe, in inches or in cm
ρ Fluid density, in lb/ft3or in g/cm3
hm Pressure differential, in inches or in cm of water
 SPECIFICATIONS

The relationship β must not be less than 0.4 or greater than 0.65 if good precision is required.
For greater accuracy in measurement, the limits must be 0.5 and 0.65.

The maximum differential of the measuring device 'hmit is determined in such a way that it is obtained
a value for the sizing coefficient, 'S', ranging between 0.09 and 0.55
(generally hmit has values of 20, 50, 100, 200, and 250 inches of water or 50.08, 127, 254,
508 and 635 cm of water.

The pressure loss caused by the nozzle is between 35% and 90%, and the accuracy is on the order of +/-
¼ % a +/- 3%.

The nozzles are used where the installation of a hole plate might be limited.
nozzles are also used for vapor or liquid flow conditions above 70 Kg/cm2
y/o 426 °C.

The small droplets carried in suspension in a gas flow can exert a

considerable erosive effect, and the curved surface at the front of the nozzle protects it
device against that action.

The flow nozzle by itself is very suitable for measuring wet gases, such as
saturated vapor with suspended condensate.

The flow nozzle can be used to measure fluids with high velocities; this condition
often finds that the plant's capacity increases without making the proper changes
in the pipe.
 SPECIFICATIONS

• The flow nozzle by itself lends itself very well to the measurement of wet gases, such
as almost saturated steam with suspended condensate.

• The flow nozzle can be used to measure fluids at high velocities; this condition
it is often found when the plant's capacity increases without making changes
suitable in the piping.

• The outlet or discharge side of the nozzle is usually beveled and is one of the most important points.
critics for manufacturers. Where the posterior angle of 10° meets the diameter of
the throat, the edge must be sharp. In particular, care must be taken to avoid the
conicity and leaving the throat out of roundness (to give greater precision).

• If the steam is dry or superheated, then the use of the nozzle will not be
necessary unless there is another condition that requires it.
• Also in those cases where steam is produced at high temperatures, there is a tendency
to limit the diameter of the pipe to the minimum due to the high increase in the cost of the pipe for
high temperatures. From the above, it is clear that the nozzle has its advantages for measurement of
steam flow for high speeds and temperatures.

• The nozzles can be made from any material that can be machined; typically
They are made of stainless steel or chrome-molybdenum steel.

• Flow nozzles are made in different shapes; the most common is the flanged type, but
others are with ring support, of the solderable type and of the pressure connection type in the
throat.
 ADVANTAGES DISADVANTAGES

Permanent pressure loss less than The flow nozzle is not advisable for
hole plate, due to its entry fluids with large amounts of solids.
hydrodynamics.
• Limited use in pipes larger than 48" or
It can be built with a great variety of 121.92 cm.
materials.
It is more expensive than the hole plate.
It can be used in a pipe that does not have
braces (welded nozzle). It has the disadvantage that the losses
totals are much larger due to
Nozzles are normally used to measure the lack of guidance of the jet downstream of
steam flows and other high fluids the opening of the nozzle.
speed where erosion can be a
problem.

For non-homogeneous fluids, the nozzle of

flow is preferable to the hole plate, but
it should not be used if there are large amounts
of solids.

La Tobera handles 60 to 65% more flow

that the hole plate, with the same
diameter and generating the same differential
of pressure.
HOW TO ORDER A FLOW NOZZLE
 VENTURI TUBE

The Venturi tube create the physical e inventor Italian

Giovanni Battista Venturi (1746–1822) was the one who discovered the tube that bears his name.
name, "venturi tube". According to him, the tube is a device for measuring the flow of the fluid,
That is to say, the amount of flow per unit of time, from a pressure difference.
what exists between the place where the current enters and the point, measurable as minimum
section of the tube, where its final wider part acts as a diffuser.
 VENTURI TUBE

Definition
The Venturi Tube is a device that causes a pressure drop when a fluid flows through it.
Essentially, it consists of a short straight pipe, or throat, between two conical sections. The
pressure varies in the vicinity of the narrow section; thus, by placing a manometer or
recording instrument in the throat measures the drop in pressure and makes it possible to calculate the
instantaneous flow rate.
These models are used in numerous devices where the speed of a fluid is
important and constitute the basis of devices such as thecarburetor.
The Venturi effect is a consequence of Bernoulli's equation and occurs when
A fluid circulates through a tube that has a narrowing, and it refers to the decrease in
the static pressure on the walls of the tube in the area of the narrowing due to the
fluid increases the speed in that area.

The figure shows a diagram that helps to understand the effect, it is about the
The Venturique tube has a constriction in the center, as can be seen.

A flow circulates through the device, which at the larger section A1has a speed 1, less than
la velocidad 2 en la sección del estrechamiento. Los dos tubos perpendiculares colocados en
both sections provide the pressure value in each area in the form of fluid height, note
that in the area of narrowing the pressure is lower than in the wide section of the tube. And the
the difference is bounded as h.
How is this phenomenon explained?
Let's start by noting that the volume of fluid per unit of time that circulates through a
tube at a certain point in its length, cannot disappear or appear by magic
magic, the same amount has to circulate through the rest of the tube, which implies that:

The amount of fluid that circulates through a given point along the length of a tube must be
the same as the one that circulates through all other points mandatorily.

How is it possible to make the same amount of fluid pass through a narrow part of the tube? Of course.
the answer is evident, increasing its speed. Everyone has been able to notice
that if we put our finger partially closing the mouth of a hose, the speed of the
the outgoing water increases, and of course the water that exits is the same as the one that circulates through the
rest of the hose.

This evident issue is called the law of conservation of mass.

In every chemical reaction, mass is conserved, that is, the total mass of the reactants is
equal to the total mass of the products

But there is another law of physics that applies to this case, the law of conservation of energy,
That is to say, in any system, energy does not appear and disappear by magic.
magic, it only transforms from one type of energy to another.
In the case of fluids, the energy they possess can be of two types:
❖ Potential energy.
❖ Kinetic energy.

Potential energy manifests as static pressure in the closed pipe.

Extending the dam example to the Venturi tube, we will have that since the energy only is
it can transform, if the fluid velocity increases in the narrowing, it implies that
it will also increase its kinetic energy, this requires that it necessarily will have to
reduce its potential energy by the same amount, and as we have pointed out above that the
potential energy manifests as pressure will also necessarily have to decrease the
pressure.

The Venturi tube is made from various materials depending on the intended application, the material
the most used is carbon steel, brass, bronze, stainless steel are also used
cement, and elastomeric coatings to prevent the effects of corrosion. The
The Venturi tube offers advantages over other collectors, such as:

1) Lower permanent pressure drop than that produced by the orifice plate and the
flow nozzle, thanks to the inlet and outlet cones.
2) Measurement of flow rates exceeding 60% of those obtained by the orifice plate for the
same differential pressure and equal pipe diameter.
3) The Venturi requires a shorter straight entry section than other primary elements.
Ease of measuring liquid flow with suspended solids.
 MAIN PARTS OF THE VENTURI TUBE
The Venturi tube consists of a reduction in the pipe, which is achieved with a straight section, a
inlet cone, throat, and outlet cone.
The Venturi effect is explained by Bernoulli's Principle and the principle of mass continuity.
If the flow rate of a fluid is constant but the section decreases, the velocity necessarily
increases after passing through this section. By the theorem of conservation of energy
mechanics, if the kinetic energy increases, the energy determined by the value of pressure
decreases forcefully.

It is usually desired to calculate the flow velocity of thevolumen.

Since , we have:
It is recommended that C for a Venturi Tube manufactured under the following
conditions (in the main pipeline) have the following values
Cuando se utiliza un tubo de Venturi hay que tener en cuenta un fenómeno que se
cavitation.

This phenomenon occurs if the pressure in any section of the tube is less than the pressure of
vapor of the fluid. For this particular type of tube, the risk of cavitation is found in the
throat of it, since here, with a minimal area and maximum speed, the pressure is the
smaller than can be found in the tube.

When cavitation occurs, bubbles are generated locally, which move along the
tube. If these bubbles reach areas of higher pressure, they can collapse, producing
local pressure spikes with the potential risk of damaging the pipe wall.

CAVITATION
It is a hydrodynamic effect that occurs when water or any other fluid flows at high speed.
speed through a sharp edge, causing a decompression of the fluid.

It may happen that the vapor pressure of the liquid is reached in such a way that the molecules
that make up change immediately to vapor state, forming bubbles or, more
correctly, cavities.

The bubbles formed travel to areas of higher pressure and implode (the vapor returns to the state
liquid suddenly, "crushing" the bubbles sharply) producing a trail
of gas and a metal spark from the surface where this phenomenon originates.
The Venturi tube is recommended in cases where the flow is large and a low pressure is required.
pressure drop, or the fluid is highly viscous, it is used where required.
maximum accuracy in the measurement of highly viscous fluids, and when it is needed
minimum permanent pressure drop, the venturi tube is difficult to construct and has a cost
higher than other primary elements recovers up to 98% of pressure for a relationship
beta of 0.75.

Venturi tubes are generally used in large diameter conduits, of 12" in

forward, there the orifice plates produce significant pressure losses and it is not achieved
A good measure, the Venturi is used in air or smoke ducts.
non-cylindrical, in large cement pipes, for water conduction, etc.

ADVANTAGES
•High accuracy of 0.75%
The maintenance it requires is minimal.
The permanent pressure loss is much less than that caused by the hole and the
nozzle.
It is not affected by solid particles or bubbles.
The Qmax/Qmin ratio is 60% higher than in the P.O.

Disadvantages:
High cost, the manufacturing cost of the venturi tube is about 20 times that of a plate.
orifice that is used to measure the same flow.
Difficult to install
Comparison between the orifice plate and the Venturi tube:
A orifice plate can be easily replaced to accommodate different flow rates.
the diameter of the Venturi is fixed so the measurement range is limited by the drop of
pressure caused by the Venturi.

The orifice plate generates a large permanent pressure loss due to the presence of
whirlpools downstream of the hole, the shape of the Venturi prevents the formation of
vortices which greatly reduce the permanent pressure loss.

The opening is economical and easy to install, the Venturi is expensive and must be handled carefully.
designed. A orifice plate can be easily replaced while a Venturi is
designed for permanent installations.