TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY OF ESMERALDAS

LUIS VARGAS TORRES

SCHOOL OF ENGINEERING SCIENCES

MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

SUBJECT:
MANUFACTURING PROCESSES

TEMA:"MÉTODOS DE INSPECCIONES UTILIZADOS”

STUDENT(S):
MY GALARRAGA IVAN MAURICIO
MY TORAL GENESIS NAHOMI
MITE VALENCIA LUIS ANTONIO

CYCLE:
Fifth

TUTOR:
ING. FRANKLIN REINA

ESMERALDAS–ECUADOR

ACADEMIC PERIOD 2022

 TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY OF ESMERALDAS
LUIS VARGAS TORRES

INDEX

1. In What does a Quality Inspection consist of?....................................................................... 3

2. What What does a quality inspector do?

3. Types of inspection ............................................................................................................... 3

3.1. Inspection 100 %........................................................................................................... 4

3.2. Inspection by sampling............................................................................................... 4

3.2.1. Attribute Inspection ....................................................................................... 5

3.2.2. Inspection by variables........................................................................................ 5

4. Types of mistakes made................................................................................................... 6

5.2. One inadequate location of the places of the points of

inspection..........................................................................................................................7

Inappropriate determination of the form and typology of inspection

according to each previously determined inspection point: ............................8

5.4. Election inadequate composition of the sample size to be taken in the

inspection:............................................................................................................................. 9

5.5. Determination from the composition of the units that make up the sample to
take to carry out the inspection:......................................................................................... 9

5.6. Mark the frequency at which the sample to be inspected should be extracted in each
one of the inspection points:.......................................................................................... 9

6. Characteristics quality at each inspection point..................................................... 10

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 TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY OF ESMERALDAS
LUIS VARGAS TORRES

1. What does a Quality Inspection consist of?

In quality control, inspection systems are used to examine and measure.

the characteristics of a product, as well as the components and materials of
which is elaborated, or of a specific service or process, all of which using
measuring instruments, comparison standards or testing equipment and
tests, all with the purpose of verifying whether it meets the requirements or not

specified. Therefore, they serve to confirm that the quality system

It works as expected.

What does a quality inspector do?

Quality inspectors ensure and check quality standards

of the product, while ensuring that they are implemented the
correct procedures to ensure compliance with those standards.

They also read, follow plans, specifications, monitor and observe the
operations to ensure they meet production standards
relevant, recommend adjustments in the process, inspect, test or measure
the materials used in the final products, accept or reject the
finished articles, eliminate all products and materials that do not comply
with the specifications, discuss the inspection results with the
people in charge report all inspection and testing data.

3. Types of inspection

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 ESMERALDAS TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY
LUIS VARGAS TORRES
In a first classification, the types of inspection could be differentiated between
the '100% inspection' and 'sampling inspection'

3.1. 100% Inspection

The inspection process is the process that involves verifying all the
units of a batch. An inspection allows accepting only pieces of the quality
specified, but when the inspection is performed manually, it
they present two types of problems, one would be the involved expense and the other,
inspection accuracy, considers an error or a way to perform it
inspección adecuada.

Once the products have passed the inspection process, they will be sealed.
and they will be certified with a sticker to guarantee that each piece included in the
shipment meets the specified quality requirements. This is
particularly useful for products that must be completely compatible and
meet the strict quality requirements of the market and the customer. This
Inspection can be carried out at any stage of the manufacturing process.

3.2. Sampling inspection

Sampling inspection systems, also known as sampling of

acceptance or sampling of batches, is a procedure in which one is verified or
more samples from the batch to determine its quality. Sampling is used to
reduce the need to inspect each item or product, thus reducing the
time and inspection costs. Sampling inspection has a certain number
of advantages over 100% inspection.

Some of the factors to consider in the sampling inspection will be the

level of trust in suppliers, the cost incurred by accepting
defective products, and the risk of sampling, which will always exist due to the
statistical nature of the process. Within the sampling inspection of the
quality, there are mainly two types of inspection to control the
productive processes. These processes are called 'Inspection by
"Attributes" and "Variable Inspection".
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 TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY OF ESMERALDAS
LUIS VARGAS TORRES
3.2.1. Attribute Inspection

Attribute-based inspection can be considered a type of inspection of

random samples of units in which each item or product is classified
according to certain attributes such as acceptable or defective, that is, it consists of
in determining whether the material in question complies or does not comply with it

specified, regardless of the measure of the characteristic.

Some examples of attribute inspections can be:

• Measure a cylindrical piece using go/no-go gauges to

determine if it is within the tolerances.

• Determine the defect fraction rate of a sample of parts.

production.

• Count the number of defects per car as it leaves the plant

of final assembly.

• Count the number of employee absences per shift in a company.

For attribute inspection, the sample size and the interval between
the same should be such that approximately 5% of the
production. In very large processes that do not present frequent difficulties
or the percentage of defective production is not serious, this percentage can be
reduce to less than 5% where it is recommended that there must exist at least
25 defective items in each sample to establish a behavior
suitable for the process.

3.2.2. Inspection by variables

Variable inspection is a type of inspection that involves measuring and

register a unit of measurement in which a specific quality characteristic
It is measured with a continuous scale to check its variation.

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 TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY OF ESMERALDAS
LUIS VARGAS TORRES
The statistical methods applicable to variable inspection are based on
the assumption of a normal distribution and not on a distribution of
proportions as happens with attribute inspection. For the methods
applicable, and with the obtained measurements, a statistic will be calculated, which
it will generally depend on the mean and the sample standard deviation, and
depending on the value of this statistic when compared to a permissible value,
the entire batch will be accepted or rejected.

Some examples of inspections by variables can be:

• Measurement of the length of a certain piece.

• Measurement of the temperature of a baking oven.

• Measurement of the electrical resistance of a specific component

electronic.

• Measurement of the time a material can withstand fire.

The advantages that this method has over the inspection method by
attributes would be that the characteristic operating curve can be obtained with
a sample size smaller than required by a sampling plan due to
attributes, moreover, when destructive tests are used, sampling by
variables is particularly useful for reducing inspection costs. On the other hand
Particularly, the measurement data normally provides more information.
about the batch that the attribute data.

4. Types of errors made

The types of errors that can be made during a quality inspection

of a process are:

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 TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY OF ESMERALDAS
LUIS VARGAS TORRES
Type I error: it is the error made when a product is rejected while being
it is correct, fulfilling all the parameters we have defined as
of good quality.

Type II error: it is the error made when accepting a hypothesis as true.

shows that it is actually not within the parameters that we have.
defined as valid, and said sample is accepted when it still has effects not
desired.

Thus, these errors generate mistakes in the classification of the products.

derivatives of the process, and carry undesirable consequences in the control of
quality of a company.

5. Factors of production of errors

Among the types of factors that can produce errors in the inspection of the
products, highlight:

5.1. An incorrect and/or incomplete/insufficient choice of the

characteristics to inspect:

Not giving enough importance to some characteristics that are redundant.

directly on the quality of the final products or give it to another part
those that really do not have an impact on the final result allocating
unnecessary personal and economic resources. Choose the characteristics to
inspect that we are given reliability that a process is within the
quality parameters that we establish maintaining a relationship with a
reasonable implicit economic cost

5.2. An inadequate location of the places of the points of

inspection

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 TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY OF ESMERALDAS
LUIS VARGAS TORRES
Knowing where to place the different inspection points is very
important, since the resources available to a company are not
unlimited or free, all of this comes with a cost that is not always feasible.
reflect it to the intrinsic value of the product and its consequent benefit to be marked.

To carry out the described task, first of all, one must proceed to a
exhaustive study of the technological process or processes carried out in the
company, and from here decide which lockouts are necessary for its
inspection. Usually, about five locations are established for the
inspection points:

• Before the completion of a costly and/or irreversible operation

• In operations where it is necessary to prepare, adjust, calibrate the
process machines.
• While high-quality and/or high-cost operations are being carried out
where precision is key.
• At logical observation points of the process.
• In operations that require some technological adjustment or regulation
special.

No leave without points of inspection the tasks

de: manipulationstoragepackagingand shipment of the materials.

Así pues, es recomendable, una vez que se ha finalizado la producción, valorar

and to strike a balance between the means used in the inspection and the cost that
Hello assumes, looking at how many defective pieces can be assumed, without
that it turns out to be counterproductive.

5.3. Inappropriate determination of the form and typology of inspection

according to each predetermined inspection point:

Not all inspection points need to be handled in the same way.

form, since in each of them the workers will review, manually
automated, the products for the confirmation or rejection of the same, according to
the determined quality parameters.

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 TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY OF ESMERALDAS
LUIS VARGAS TORRES
When determining the method of inspection, it is usually done by:

• attributes: to determine that defective parts are those that have any
characteristic not conforming to the predefined standard;

• defect count: control the number of defects found in each

unit
• variables: in case of establishing quantitative characteristics.

The lack of knowledge about the characteristics of the object to be inspected, as well as the

each of these ways can generate errors, and it is very important

select the most suitable.

5.4. Inadequate choice of sample size composition

to take into account in the inspection:

As is known, thesample sizeit is essential to be able to determine with

security whether a process is under control or not. In terms of making decisions
decisions about a process that have a direct impact on quality
the derived and reflected on its products is essential to choose correctly
the composition of the sample to be extracted for study, without this implying a
disproportionate surcharge.

5.5. Determination of the composition of the units that make up

the sample to be taken for the inspection:

Thesample sizesmore employees are n = 25 units, considering it good

a 5% defect rate in production and up to 10% if it is a process
with constant variations in production.

[Link] the frequency with which the sample should be extracted to

inspect at each of the inspection points:

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 TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY OF ESMERALDAS
LUIS VARGAS TORRES
When setting the inspection frequency, the following must be taken into account
aspects:

• the sample size n;

• the characteristics of the various technological operations that make up
the process: assessing the existing production volume, as well as the
conditions of the process or its behavior: erratic, stable, and controlled;
• the consequences of deviations from quality characteristics: if the
the consequences are very serious, it is necessary to reduce the intervals of
inspection
• the nature of the product, according to its relevance;

• the history of previous inspections: the accumulated experience is

fundamental in the continuous improvement of a process, as well as in its control of

quality
• the nature of the production process: includes theanalysis of variancedel
proceso de producción, desde los siguientes puntos de vista:

• process capacity;
• dominant factors in a process: frequency, preparation, and regulation
of machines, time, components, and operators.

6. Quality characteristics at each inspection point

Uniformity in measurements will be determined by the following factors:

the worker
the object of measurement;

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 TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY OF ESMERALDAS
LUIS VARGAS TORRES
the measurement elements;
the measurement methods used;
the environmental conditions;
calculation methods, analysis, and diagnosis.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

• [Link]
• [Link]
Inspecting parts on their machine [Link]
• [Link]
• [Link]

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