Oral Biology Paper

Anatomy, Histology, and Physiology of Alveolar Bone

Group 13

Muhammad Qisthy (04111004038)

Sherly Septhimoranie (04111004039)

Siti Adityanti (04111004040)

Supervisor

Dr. Meilani Cindera

FACULTY OF MEDICINE

DENTAL EDUCATION PROGRAM

SRIWIJAYA UNIVERSITY

2012
 CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

I. BACKGROUND

The periodontal network consists of 4 connective tissues namely 2 fibrous tissues.

and 2 terminated networks. The 2 fibrous networks include
periodontal ligament and gingival lamina propria. Meanwhile, 2 tissues
Its terminalization is cementum and alveolar bone.

The alveolar bone is a part of the mandible and maxilla that

its function is to support the teeth. The alveolar process is a bone
the jaw where the roots of the teeth are located that anchor the teeth in place
fixed position on the tooth circle (alveoli).

II. PROBLEM FORMULATION

1. What is the anatomical structure of the alveolar bone?

2. What is the histological structure of the alveolar bone?

3. What is the physiology of the alveolar bone?

III. OBJECTIVE

Understanding and comprehending the anatomy structure of the alveolar bone

2. To know and understand the histological picture of alveolar bone

 3. Knowing and understanding the physiology of the alveolar bone

CHAPTER 2

DISCUSSION

A. DEFINITION

The alveolar bone is the part of the jawbone that supports the teeth so that
forming the alveolar process. And developing alongside its eruption
The dental geligi will undergo resorption when the teeth fall out.5

B. STRUCTURE OF ALVEOLAR BONE ANATOMY

The alveolar process is divided into two, namely the actual alveolar bone.
(Alveolar proper bone) and alveolar supporting bone (Alveolar supporting bone).4

B.1 Alveolar Bone Proper

The alveolar bone is actually the bone that surrounds the alveolus or
the socket bone that contains the tooth root. The alveolar bone is actually part of
from the periradicular network.

The alveolar bone actually consists of a bundle of bone at the edge of the alveoli and
lamellar bone toward the center of the alveolar process. Radiographic image
The alveolar bone is actually called lamina dura. The actual alveolar bone
it can also be referred to as a cribriform plate. This term arises from the abundance of
foramina that perforate the bone. These foramina contain blood vessels and nerves.
that supplies the teeth, periodontal ligaments, and bone.4

SUMBER : Ilmu Endodontik Dalam Praktek. Grossman, Louis. EGC. 1995

B.2 Alveolar Supporting Bone

The supporting alveolar bone is the bone that surrounds the alveolar bone.
actually and is a supporter of the socket. The supporting alveolar bone
consists of 2 parts namely

1. External Cortical Keeping. Formed by Havers' bone and bone lamella

compact that exists inside and outside the plate on the alveolar process.
This cortical keeping is thinner in the maxilla compared to the mandible. And
thicker in the molar and premolar areas of the mandibular region.7

The external cortical keeping runs obliquely towards the coronal to join.
with the actual alveolar bone and forming the alveolar wall with
thickness of about 0.1 – 0.4 mm.3

2. Sponge Bone (Cancellous Bone). This is the bone that fills the space between
compact bone and alveolar bone actually. The interdental septum consists of
 from bone spons yang
supporting the bones and
covering the inside part of the bone
compact4

Sumber : Oral Anatomy, Histology, and Embryology.B.K.B [Link].2009

(a. Keping alveolar bagian buccal. [Link] alveolar bagian lingual. c. Interdental
septum. d. Interradicular septum

C. HISTOLOGICAL DESCRIPTION OF ALVEOLAR BONE

Alveolar Bone Structure - The alveolar bone is connective tissue that...

termination consisting of

Bone matrix

This bone matrix consists of organic, inorganic components, and water.

Berat Volume
Inorganic components 60% 36%
Organic components 25% 36 %
 Air 15% 28%

Non-organic

Calcium and phosphorus are found in greater amounts than bicarbonate, citrate,
magnesium, potassium, and sodium. The mineral form is
Hydroxyapatite [Ca10(PO4)6(OH)2shaped like a crystal needle or
a thin plate with a thickness of 8 nm and varying length.

2. Organic

90% of the organic material components appear as type 1 collagen.

The basic substance contains proteoglycans and a small amount of protein.
other such as osteocalcin, osteonectin, and osteopontin.

b. Bone marrow

Osteoblast

2. Osteocyte

3. Osteoclast

4. Osteoprogenitor cell

5. Bone cell layer

[Link] and Endosteum2

C.1 The actual Alveolar bone

In basic histology, there are two types of bone: cancellous bone.

and compact bone. Alveolar bone is actually a modification of
compact bone that contains Sharpey's fibers. collagen fibers
this penetrates the alveolar bone actually at an angle or slant to the surface
 axis
length of teeth.
This is
facility
connector
for the ligament

periodontal
on gigi.
Bond letter
that comes from
this bone is much larger than the fiber bond that exists in
cement1

Because the bone in the alveolar process is usually penetrated by attachments.

collagen so it is called bone or actually alveolar bone.

The lamina dura appears denser than the supporting bone next to it.
but its density in radiography may be due to the orientation of minerals around it
the binding of fibers and lack of nutrients in the channel. Not all bones
The alveoli actually look like bone connections. Sometimes, there is none.
clear fiber holes in the socket bone layer.1

Sumber :Oral Development and [Link] K, James. Thieme.2002

 Constantly, the supporting bones undergo modifications in adaptation
minor tooth movement so that the fibers may disappear or be replaced by
From time to time in some root areas.1

C.2 Supporting Alveolar Bone

Cortical Bone

Cortical bone (compact) covers the spongy bone and is formed by bone.
lamellar. This lamellar bone has lacunae that are arranged in
Concentric circles around the central canal are called the Havers system. Bone
cortical joins the alveolar bone which actually forms the crest
alveolar (alveolar crest) around the neck of the tooth. At the interdental septum.
there is a canal hole of Zukerkandl and on the interradicular septum there is
channel of hirschfel, site of interdental and interradicular arteries, veins, vessels
lymph nodes, and nerves.4

Source: Oral Development and Histology. Avery K, James. Thieme. 2002

2. Spongy Bone
 In spongy bone, lamellae are arranged one after another to form trabeculae.
with a thickness of 50 µm.2

Inside the spongy bone, nutrient canals are found. These canals contain
vessels - vessels and nerves - nerves. The number of spongy bones varies among
the upper jaw and the lower jaw depend on the width of the alveolar process and
size and shape of dental roots.4

Radiographically, cancellous bone is divided into two types.

1. Type I – Interdental and interradicular trabeculae are arranged regularly and

horizontal like a staircase arrangement. Usually seen in the mandible and

showing the path shape on the sponge bone.

Type II - Shows an irregular arrangement, many, and

fine interdental and interradicular trabecula. It does not have a pattern
different pathways. This arrangement is often found in the maxilla.2

Source: Essentials of Oral Histology. Chatterjee, Kabita. Jaypee Brothers

Medical Publication. 2006

The spongy bone consists of osteocytes inside and osteoblasts or

osteoclast on the surface of the trabecula. Among the supporting bones that
 connecting the alveolar bone proper and the cortical bone
is the marrow cavity that contains osteogenic cells, adipose tissue, cells
mature and immature blood. In adults, the marrow in
the lower jaw and upper jaw are usually fatty, but the tissue
hematopoietic found in certain places such as the molar region
upper jaw, periradicular area of the premolar tooth.4

D. PHYSIOLOGY OF ALVEOLAR BONE

The alveolar process consists of bone formed from dental follicles.

bone proper) and other cells that are independent in tooth growth. Function
The main function of the alveolar bone is to distribute and provide strength.
the dental support that is caused, for example, chewing food and
contact with another tooth.6

The functions of the alveolar bone in general include:

1. Forming the socket bone to hold the root of the bone is the same thing

by being attached with the periodontal ligament

2. The place where the muscle attaches

3. Forming the bone marrow framework

4. Act as an ion storage (specifically calcium)

The most important biological component is plasticity, allowing

adjustment of shape according to functional demands. This component is very
important for orthodontic tooth movement.2

In the actual alveolar bone, osteocytes in the mineralized bone

located in an oval space called a lacuna, which are interconnected
with canaliculi. This canal system carries nutrients into the osteoid.
and eliminate useless metabolic waste.3
 In the supporting alveolar bone, channels are also found in the spongy bone.
nutrient. This channel contains vessels and nerves. This channel
usually ends at the alveolar crest at small foramina. Through
These foramina are the vessels and nerves that enter the gingiva.3

BIBLIOGRAPHY

1. Avery K [Link] Development and Histology third edition.

Thieme.227 – 229

2. Chatterjee, Kabita. 2006. Essential of Oral Histology. Jaypee Brothers

Medical Publication. 114-115
3. Garna Firena Devy, 2004. Resorption of Alveolar Bone in Disease
Periodontal. University of North Sumatra. 1-4

Grossman, Louis I. [Link] : EGC.62-64

Harty F.J, Ogston R. 1995. Kamus Kedokteran Gigi. Jakarta : EGC. 42

6. Lindhe, Jan, Thorkild, Karring, Niklaus P. Lang. Clinical Periodontology

and Implant Dentistry 4th ed, Blackwell Munksgaard, A. Blackewell
Publishing Company 34-43. 2003

7. Masthan, [Link] of Human Oral Embryology, Anatomy,

Physiology, Histology and Tooth. Jaypee Brothers : 83-87