UNIVERSITY OF SAN CARLOS OF GUATEMALA

FACULTY OF ENGINEERING
SCHOOL OF CIVIL
STRUCTURES AREA
STRUCTURAL TYPOLOGY 1
ENG. GALINDO

GROUP 1:
TRIANGULAR STRUCTURES
AND ITS APPLICATION

MEMBERS NOTEBOOK
Héctor Giovanni Enamorado Minera 200416179
Williams René Sacalxot Chojolán 201231225
Maria Victoria Coyote Hernandez 201314129
Lilian Alexandra Palacios Chin 201314512
Rodolfo Estuardo Miranda Argueta 201314516
Heidi Hannah Beatrix Orozco Ramírez 201314781

5 DE SEPTIEMBRE DE 2017
 INDEX
INTRODUCTION
OBJECTIVES ...........................................................................................................................................4
GENERAL ..........................................................................................................................................4
SPECIFIC ...................................................................................................................................4
THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK .............................................................................................................5
Triangular Structuress ....................................................................................................................5
Features....................................................................................................................................5
Mechanism
Two-Dimensional and Three-Dimensional Structures ..............................................................................7
Structural Behavior
Advantages and Disadvantages
APPLICATIONS
In the world .......................................................................................................................................9
In Guatemala
CONCLUSIONS
REFERENCES....................................................................................................................................17
 INTRODUCTION

Structural typology is the science that studies the various structural types in
relationship with the different materials to be used. The structural types, in turn,
they represent the defined solutions to address the different structural problems
within a determined structural work system.
Different structural systems can be classified.
One of the great advancements in structural science was the technologization of the
triangulated systems, which provide advantages that are difficult to achieve with others
systems economically. These systems are suitable for covering large areas,
with large spans without the use of intermediate supports and with relatively low weight if
it is compared with the covered area.
Its possibilities for formal expression are unlimited given its characteristics.
particular, being able to adapt even to structural types specific to other systems.
Its building is based on a framework of bars with specific requirements.
armadas in the plane or in space through assemblies that form knots of
barras triangulados. Sus mayores ventajas son la rigidez y la poca deformación de sus
component elements, as well as the light weight of the overall structure,
constituting extremely lightweight solutions, for large lights.
 OBJECTIVES

GENERAL
Understand the behavior of triangular structures.

SPECIFIC
1. To know the main characteristics of triangular structures.
2. Know the triangular structures generally used in the field.
3. Know the advantages of using triangular structures.
4. Know the disadvantages of using triangular structures.
 THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK

Triangular Structures
The triangle is the only polygon that does not deform when acted upon by a force.
force. When applying a compressive force on any of the vertices of a
triangle formed by three beams, automatically the two beams that start from it
The vertex remains subjected to this compressive force, while the third will remain
subjected to a pulling effort.

Any other geometric shape that the elements of a structure may take will not be
rigid or stable until it is triangulated.

By means of triangulation, beams of great length have been achieved and

resistance, which are called trussed or braced beams and are used
profusely in the construction of large buildings that require wide areas
Cantilevered and without pillars, just like in the case of bridges with a large span. Beams of this type
they have greater resistance than solid beams. In fair booths, you can
observe, during the assembly and disassembly processes, the triangles that support the
weight of the canvas that covers them. These triangles are called trusses. It is also
It's understandable why braces or struts are used in the diagonal of doors.
garden or gates. The cranes so frequent in the vicinity of large cities
they are reinforced detachable structures with a multitude of triangles.

Triangulated structures This structural system has as one of its

main characteristics of force decomposition in pure tension or compression
Pure. Another important aspect is that they are very rigid structural systems. However,
How much is under compression and they are very slender, they suffer from buckling.

We understand the importance of understanding how various operate.

structures around us. Triangular structures are structures that have
introduced into our lives, such as steel bridges, buildings like the Eiffel Tower,
electric power distribution towers, etc.

Features
• Large spans can be covered without the use of intermediate supports.
• Your possibilities of formal expression are unlimited.
• There are few deformations due to its rigidity.
• They have little weight
Mechanism
1. Decomposition of external parts
The external forces are transmitted axially through the bars.
3. The bars must have a small section, short length, be straight, and must be
to form triangles
➢ Narrow section: allows the relationship of slenderness
➢ Short length: Being short, the weight would be less.
➢ Triangulation: It fosters the proper position for the decomposition of forces
applied.
4. It's important to know the angle that the bars form to be between the
60° and 45°.
➢ Smaller angles: They overload the bars because they will need to be larger.
resistant sections.
➢ Larger angles: Little work from the bars resulting in being overdesigned and
underutilized the resistant sections.
The bars closest to the reactions or supports carry more.
components that the bars that are far away from them
It would be ideal for the section of these bars to be larger when close to the support,
however, due to the ease of construction, the most section is taken into account
thicker, the one that will resist more, for the design of all the bars and thus unify
the section with the material that will be used
7. Standardizing the thickness of the sections makes assembly at the joints easier.

The main types of structures are:

• The armor or beveled scissors
• The constant camber armor
• Triangulated framework
 • The arch
• Special reticle

Two-Dimensional and Three-Dimensional Structures

Bars: a piece or element that is rigid, prismatic or cylindrical, linear and straight, slender.
of minimum section compared to its other dimensions capable of conducting
axial tensile or compressive efforts along its center of gravity axis. The bars
They can be made of round or square tubes, angles, bars, or sheets.
Nods: They are the points of convergence of the bars. A nod can be
composed of one, two, or three elements whose purpose is to join firmly the
concurrent bars. In case of joining the ends of the bars with welding, it is this
the same welding joining and melting the bars that act as a knot.
Reticulum: tissue with a network shape, a set of two or more cords or threads
crossed or parallel.
Stereo: solid
Structural Behavior
A stereostructure can behave like a slab, partition, beam, or column.
Behavior of the stereostructure as a slab:
• The upper external mesh is subjected to compression and the inner external mesh is
subjected to tension taking both axial stresses.
• The connective or intermediate matrix takes the sliding stresses.

Advantages and Disadvantages

ADVANTAGE DISADVANTAGE
RIGIDITY, STABILITY, It is not economical, the assembly and the
RESISTANCE, LIGHT WEIGHT, LITTLE complex building, nor does it cover spans
[Link].
 APPLICATIONS

In the world
• Existing cargo crane at the maritime museum of Bilbao

• Eiffel Tower in Paris, France

The French civil engineer Alexandre Gustave Eiffel designed it for the Exhibition
Universal Exhibition of Paris in 1889. The building, without its modern telecommunications antenna,
It measures about 300 m in height. The base consists of four enormous arches that rest
about four pillars located at the corners of a rectangle. As the tower
Elevate, the pillars rotate inward until they unite into a single articulated element.
It has stairs and elevators, and on its route, three rise.
platforms at different levels, each with an observation deck, and the first one, additionally, with a
restaurant. About 6,300 tons of iron were used for its construction. Near
At the end of the tower, there is a weather station, a radio station, a
transmission antenna for television and some rooms where he himself lived
Eiffel.
• We can also see triangular structures in a large construction of the
Monte Tossal: the roof of the Technification Pavilion, the work of architect Enric
Miralles.
• The triangle and polyhedra with triangular faces are used in constructions.
to increase its rigidity and support large weights, as occurs with the structure
the pyramids that support the Red Bridge of Gran Vía over the train tracks.
 • Akashi Kaikyo Japanese Bridge.

Japanese engineers, aware of the terrible weather conditions,

They placed the bridge deck on a support frame formed by a complex
network of triangular supports beneath the pavement. The open network of triangles provides
rigidity to the bridge while allowing the wind to pass through the structure.

In Guatemala

Joist for beam:

It is mainly used as armor or steel reinforcement in beams for slabs.
prefabricated type "beam and block", it is made with high tension cables or rods
variable diameter resistance up to 12 mm, according to the load capacity that
want to obtain.
Composed of an upper cord, two lower ones, and two diagonal ones, it is distinguished by being
a system with an open core, in which the core material has been replaced by the
diagonals that provide the necessary and exact reinforcement to the element.
 • Trusses in industrial buildings:

They are used as special beams of large dimensions, and divided into cells.
triangular, supporting the roof, made up of two pairs, a strap, and other pieces
accessories, arranged parallel to the walls and supported by the
Beams form the structure of a cover. They are usually subjected to stress.
of inflection.

●Joists used in intermediate floors:

They are secondary structural beams with open web in rolled steel, designed
as simply supported elements that replace conventional beams in
concrete and achieving work in composite section with the concrete slab. Designed for
support direct loads from floors.
 Electric transmission towers:
it is a tall structure, usually built inlatticeofsteelwhose
the main function is to provide support forthe electrical conductorsairlines' aircraft
of transmissionelectric [Link] can come in a wide variety of shapes and sizes.
depending on the usage and the voltage of the transmitted energy. The normal height ranges
they range from 15mup to 55 m, although sometimes they can be exceeded
the 300 m.1In addition tothe steelother materials such as e can be usedthe concretey
the wood.
 Pedestrian walkways:
Made with triangular steel trusses that support the tension caused by
the service loads in combination with the concrete slab.
 CONCLUSIONES

1. Because the triangle is the only polygon that does not deform when acted upon.
about it a force. When applying the same, automatically the two beams that start
from that vertex are subjected to that compressive force, while the
third will be subjected to a tensile stress.
2. The triangular structural system has one of its main characteristics
the decomposition of forces in pure tension or pure compression. They are very rigid.
However, those that are under compression and are very slender suffer buckling.
3. The triangular structures that have been introduced are like
steel bridges, buildings like the Eiffel Tower, energy distribution towers
electric.
4. The main advantages of using these structures are: Rigidity, Stability,
resistance, low weight, little deformation.
5. The disadvantages of triangular structures are: it is not economical, the assembly
and the complex building does not cover small clearings
 REFERENCES

1. Thesis: Structural analysis by the finite element method assisted by

computer. Salcedo Malaver, Christian Gonzalo. March 2014.
2. Thesis: Theoretical and practical guide of the structural typology course. Rosales Chiquin,
Rodolfo Ernesto. October 2004.
3. First Practice of Technology 3rd ESO, Triangular Structures. School
Holy Spirit, Baena Córdoba. 2013.
4. Structures triangular Consulted online on the webpage
the day of August 31st
2017.
5. Akashi Kaikyo Bridge consulted online on the website
the day 31 of
August 2017.
6. Structures Triangles. Consulted online on the webpage
[Link] the
August 31, 2017.
7. Joist in Guatemala. Online consulate on the website
[Link] the day 03 of
September 2017.
8. Joist in mezzanine. Online consultation on the website
[Link] the day 03 of
Septiembre del 2017.
9. Joist in the intermediate floor. Consulted online on the Joist website in the intermediate floor.
Consulate online on the website [Link]
metal beams - steel joist/ on September 3, 2017./ on the day of 03 of
September 2017