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 Class - 12 Biology
Previous Year Questions
Chapter - 2
Human Reproductions

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 Human Reproduction

The Male Reproductive System

SA I (2 marks)

1. Name and state the function of interstitial cell present in the human testes.
(2021 C)

2. Why are the human testes located outside the abdominal cavity? Name the
pouch in which they are present. (Al 2014)

3. Write the location and functions of the following in human testes:

(a) Sertoli cells
(b) Leydig's cells (Al 2014)

SA II (3 marks)

4. Draw a labelled diagram to show interrelationship of four accessory ducts in a

human male reproductive system. (Delhi 2019)

5. The given diagram shows human male reproductive system (one side only).

(a) Identify ' X ' and write its location in the body.
(b) Name the accessory gland ' Y ' and its secretion.
(c) Name and state the function of ' Z '. (Delhi 2015C)

6. Draw a sectional view of seminiferous tubules of human. Label Sertoli cells,

spermatogonia and Leydig's cell on it and write their function. (3/5, Al 2015C)

7. Read the following passage and answer the questions that follow.
Spermatogenesis is an important primary sex characteristic in humans and all
other vertebrates. The process is coordinated and controlled under the influence
of hormones. It starts with the onset of puberty in humans and thereafter
continues. The primordial cells within the embryonic testis which differentiate into
spermatogonia are the precursors of the sperms. These are located at the outer
walls of the somniferous tubules where the process of spermatogenesis proceeds.
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(a) State the site of action of FSH in the testes and describe its action there after.
OR
(a) Describe the role of LH in the process of spermatogenesis.
(b) Name the cells and their products which undergo:
(i) Mitosis and Differentiation
(ii) Meiosis I and Meiosis II during the process of spermatogenesis.
(c) Name the accessory ducts that the sperms travel through from somniferous
tubules to reach the epididymis. (2024)

8. Given below is a diagram of human ovum surrounded by sperms.

i) Compare fates of sperms P, Q, and R in diagram

ii) Role of zona pellucida
iii) Analyse changes in ovum after sperm entry
iv) Explain the role of acrosome and middle piece in human sperm during
fertilization (2025)

The Female Reproductive System

MCQ

9. The figure given below shows the sectional view of the human female
reproductive system.
 Identify the option that shows correct labeling for W, X, Y and Z in the given table.
W X Y Z
(a) Endometrium Infundibulum Vagina Perimetrium
(b) Myometrium Ampulla Cervix Perimetrium
(c) Perimetrium Ampulla Vagina Endometrium
(d) Endometrium Isthmus Cervix Myometrium
(Term I, 2021-22)

[Link] the option that gives the correct identification of ovum, morula and
blastocyst in a human female reproduction system as shown in the following
diagram

(a) Ovum – B, Morula – D, Blastocyst – F

(b) Ovum – A, Morula – B, Blastocyst – G
(c) Ovum – A, Morula – E, Blastocyst – G
(d) Ovum – B, Morula – D, Blastocyst – G (2024)

SA II (3 marks)
11.

The diagram above shows a part of the human female reproductive system.
(a) Name the gamete cells that would be present in ' X ' if taken from a newborn
baby.
(b) Name ' Y ' and write its function.
(c) Name ' Z ' and write the events that take place here. (Al 2015C)

12. Name and explain the role of the inner and middle walls of the human uterus.
(Delhi 2014)

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 Gametogenesis

MCQ

13. In human sperm numerous mitochondria are present in the region known as
(a) Head
(b) Neck
(c) Middle piece
(d) Tail (Term I, 2021-22)

14. After spermatogenesis, the sperm heads get embedded in which of the
following cells?
(a) Leydig cells
(b) Sertoli cells
(c) Germinal epithelium
(d) Seminal vesicle (2020)

15. The hormone that regulates the synthesis and secretion of androgens in
human males is
(a) GH
(b) FSH
(c) LH
(d) prolactin. (2020 C)

16. In humans, the secondary oocyte completes meiotic division when:

(a) it gets implanted in the uterine endometrium.
(b) it is released from the matured Graafian follicle.
(c) it is penetrated by the sperm cell.
(d) acrosomal enzymes break down the zona pellucida. (2024)

SA I (2 marks)

17. Differentiate between spermiogenesis and spermiation. (2019C)

18. Explain the role of pituitary and sex hormones in the process of
spermatogenesis. (2/5, Al 2015C)

OR

Explain the hormonal regulation of the process of spermatogenesis in humans.

(2/5, Al 2013)

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 19. Draw and label the parts of the head region only of a human sperm. (Al 2014C)

SA II (3 marks)

20. The diagram given below shows the events occurring in an ovary during
oogenesis in a human female.

(a) Identify ' X ' Mention the time when the process occurs in a human female.
(b) Identify ' Y '. When and how is it formed?
(c) Name the hormone produced by 'Z' (2023)

21. Study the transverse section of human ovary given below and answer the
questions that follow.

(a) Name the hormone that helps in growth of A→B→C.

(b) Name the hormone secreted by A and B.
(c) State the role of hormone produced by D. (2020)

22. Name the three different parts of a human sperm and write their involvement in
the process of fertilisation. (2020 C)

23. Draw a sectional view of the human ovary showing the different stages of
developing follicles, corpus luteum and ovulation. (Delhi 2019)

24. (a) Draw a sectional view of human ovary. Label the following parts:
(i) Primary follicle
(ii) Secondary oocyte
(iii) Graafian follicle
(iv) Corpus luteum
(b) Name the hormones influencing follicular development of corpus luteum.
(Al 2019)
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 25. Construct a flow chart exhibiting sequential events of oogenesis. (2019 C)

26. Draw a diagram of a mature human sperm. Label any three parts and write their
functions. (2018)

27. Draw a labelled diagrammatic sectional view of a human seminiferous tubule.

(Delhi 2017, Foreign 2015, Delhi 2014)

28. Draw a labelled diagram of a human sperm. (NCERT, Foreign 2015)

29. Draw a diagram of human sperm. Label only those parts along with their
functions that assist the sperm to reach and gain entry into the female gamete.
(Foreign 2014)

30. Explain the hormonal control of spermatogenesis in humans. (Foreign 2014)

LA (5 marks)

31. (a) Draw a sectional view of a human ovary and label primary follicle, tertiary
follicle, Graafian follicle and corpus luteum in it.
(b) Name the gonadotropins and explain their role in oogenesis and the release of
ova. (2020)

32. (a) Draw a sectional view of a somniferous tubule of human. Label it’s any six
parts.
(b) Name the pituitary hormone involved in the process of spermatogenesis. State their
function. (2020)

33. (a) Differentiate between spermatogenesis and oogenesis on the basis of:
(i) Time of initiation of the process
(ii) Site of completion of the process
(iii) Nature of meiotic division undergone by gamete mother cells
(b) Name the hormones and state their role involved in controlling spermatogenesis in
(2020)
humans.
34. Explain the development of a secondary oocyte (ovum) in a human female from the
embryonic stage upto its ovulation. Name the hormones involved in this process.
(Delhi 2015)

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 35. (a) Name the hormone that initiates spermatogenesis in humans. Describe the process
of spermatogenesis in sequence mentioning the ploidy of the cells at each step.
(b) Draw the diagram of a mature human sperm and label the parts that
(i) helps it reaching to the ovum
(ii) providing energy for it to reach the ovum.
(iii) helping it to gain entry into the ovum. (Delhi 2015C)

36. Schematically represent and explain the events of spermatogenesis in humans.

(NCERT, Delhi 2014C)

37. (a) Draw a labeled diagrammatic view of human male reproductive system.
(b) Differentiate between:
(i) Vas deferens and vasa efferentia.
(ii) Spermatogenesis and spermatogenesis. (Delhi 2014)

38. (a) How is 'oogenesis' markedly different from 'spermatogenesis' with respect to the
growth till puberty in the humans?
(b) Draw a sectional view of human ovary and label the different follicular stages, ovum
and corpus luteum. (NCERT Exemplar, Delhi 2014)

39. (a) Draw a transverse section of human ovary showing the sequential development of
different follicles up to the corpus luteum.
(b) Comment on the corresponding ovarian and pituitary hormone levels during these
events. (Al 2014C)
Menstrual Cycle
MCQ

40. Which of the following hormones are active during the ovulatory phase of
menstrual cycle in a normal human female?

(a) FSH and LH

(b) LH and Estrogen
(c) FSH and Estrogen
(d) Estrogen and Progesterone (2023)

41. The source organ and function of hormone FSH are

(a) Anterior pituitary, corpus luteum formation
(b) Posterior pituitary, Graafian follicle formation
(c) Anterior pituitary, follicular formation
(d) Hypothalamus, primary oocyte formation. (Term I, 2021-22)

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 SA I (2 marks)

42. The graph given below shows the number of primordial follicles per ovary in
women at different ages. Study the graph and answer the questions that follow:

(a) What is the average age of the women at the onset of menopause?
(b) At what age are maximum primordial follicles present in the ovary, according to
the given graph? (2023)

43. Write the effect of the high concentration of LH on mature Graafian follicle.
(Al 2014)

44. Study the graph given below that represents the changes in the thickening of the
uterine wall in women 'X' and women 'Y' over a period of one month:

What does the graph with respect to woman 'X' and woman 'Y' indicate? Give a
suitable reason. (2024)

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 SA II (3 marks)

45. Explain the uterine changes taking place during the follicular phase of the
menstrual cycle in a human female. Name and explain the role of hormones that
bring about these changes. (2021 C)

46. Explain the role of pituitary and ovarian hormones in the menstrual cycle of
human females. (NCERT, 3/5, 2020)

47. Explain the events in a normal woman during her menstrual cycle on the
following days:
(a) Ovarian event from 13-15 days
(b) Ovarian hormones level from 16 to 23 days
(c) Uterine events from 24 to 29 days (Delhi 2015C)

48. Explain the events in a normal woman during her menstrual cycle on the
following days:
(a) Pituitary hormone levels from 8 to 12 days.
(b) Uterine events from 13 to 15 days.
(c) Ovarian events from 16 to 23 days. (Al 2015C)

LA (5 marks)

49. (a) Explain menstrual cycle in human females.

(b) How can the scientific understanding of the menstrual cycle of human females
help as a contraceptive measure? (2018)
OR

(a) Explain the following phases in the menstrual cycle of a human female :
(i) Menstrual phase
(ii) Follicular phase
(iii) Luteal phase
(b) A proper understanding of menstrual cycle can help immensely in family
planning. Do you agree with the statement? Provide reasons for your answer.
(Al 2017)

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 50. (a) Explain the menstrual phase in a human female. State the levels of ovarian
and pituitary hormones during this phase.
(b) Why is follicular phase in the menstrual cycle also referred as proliferative
phase? Explain.
(c) Explain the events that occur in a Graafian follicle at the time of ovulation and
thereafter.
(d) Draw a Graafian follicle and label antrum and secondary oocyte. (Al 2016)

51. Describe the roles of pituitary and ovarian hormones during the menstrual
cycle in a human female. (Al 2015)

OR

Explain the ovarian and uterine events that occur during a menstrual cycle in a
human female under the influence of pituitary and ovarian hormones respectively.
(Delhi 2014)
OR

Explain the different phases of menstrual cycle and correlate the phases with the
different levels of ovarian hormones in a human female. (Al 2014C)

52. Explain the ovarian and uterine events taking place along with the role of
pituitary and ovarian hormones, during menstrual cycle in a normal human female
under the following phases :
(i) Follicular phase/proliferative phase
(ii) Luteal phase/secretory phase
(iii) Menstrual phase (2024)

CASE STUDY QUESTIONS:

53. In a human female, the reproductive phase starts on the onset of puberty and
ceases around middle age of the female. Study the graph given below regarding
menstrual cycle and answer the questions that follow:

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 (a) Name the hormones and their source organ, which are responsible for menstrual
cycle at puberty. (b) For successful pregnancy, at what phase of the menstrual cycle
an early embryo (upto 3 blastomeres) should be implanted in the Uterus (IUT) of a
human female who has opted for Assisted Reproductive Technology (ART)? Support
your answer with a reason.
(c) Name the hormone and its source organ responsible for the events occurring
during proliferative phase of menstrual cycle. Explain the event.

OR

(c) In a normal human female, why does menstruation only occurs if the released
ovum is not fertilized? Explain. (2024)

54. Study the graphs given below for Case 1 and Case 2 showing different levels of
certain hormones and answer the questions that follow:
 a) Which hormone is responsible for the peak observed in Case 1 and Case
2? Write one function of that hormone.
b) Write the changes that take place in the ovary and uterus during follicular
phase.
Student to attempt either subpart c or d:
c) Name the hormone Q of Case 2. Write one function of hormone Q.
OR
d) Which structure in the ovary will remain functional in Case 2? How is it
formed? (2025)

Fertilisation and Implantation

MCQ

55. The specific site for fertilisation in human female is

(a) infundibulum
(b) uterus
(c) ampulla
(d) ampullary isthmic junction. (2020 C)

56. Match the following items of Column-I with Column-II

Column-I Column-II
a) Trophoblast i) Embedding of blastocyst in endometrium
b) Implantation ii) Group of cells to differentiate embryo
c) Inner cell mass iii) Embryo with 8-16 blastomeres
d) Morula iv) Outer layer of blastocyst
Choose the option that matches Column-I with Column-II correctly.
Options :
(A) (iv), (i), (ii), (iii)
(B) (i), (ii), (iii), (iv)
(C) (ii), (i), (iv), (iii)
(D) (ii), (iv), (iii), (i) (2025)
 VSA (1 mark)

57. Mention the function of zona pellucida. (1/2, Delhi 2015C)

SA I (2 marks)

58. Where does fertilisation occur in humans? Explain the events that occur during
this process. (2/5, Al 2014)

59. List the different parts of the human oviduct through which the ovum travels till
it meets the sperm for fertilisation. (Delhi 2014C)

SA II (3 marks)

60. Study the given diagram.

A is an embryonic stage that gets transformed into B, which in turn gets implanted
in the endometrium in human females.
(a) Identify A, B and its parts C and D.
(b) State the fate of C and D in the course of embryonic development in humans.
(2020)
61. Briefly explain the events of fertilisation and implantation in an adult human
female. (3/5, Delhi 2016)

62. Name the stage of human embryo at which it gets implanted. Explain the
process of implantation. (NCERT Exemplar, Delhi 2015)

LA (5 marks)

63. Given below is a diagrammatic representation of a human ovum.

 (i) Identify the parts 'a', 'b' and ' c '.
(ii) This ovum is released from the ovary with incomplete meiotic division. When,
where and how is the meiotic division completed?
(iii) How does an ovum ensure the entry of a single sperm during fertilisation?
(2023)

64. Study the figure given below of a human female reproductive tract showing
the transport of ovum, its fertilisation and growing embryo moving through the
fallopian tube and answer the questions that follow:

(i) Identify the embryonic stages ' e ' and ' g ' and differentiate between them.
(ii) Describe the process of implantation as shown in figure ' H '. (2021 C)

65. Where does fertilisation occur in the oviduct of human female? Describe the
process of fertilisation. (2020)

66. (a) Explain the process of fertilisation in human.

(b) Name the embryonic stage that gets implanted in human females. Explain the
process of implantation. (Delhi 2019)

67. Given below is the diagram of a human ovum surrounded by a few sperms.
Study the diagram and answer the following questions:

(a) Which one of the sperms would reach the ovum earlier?
(b) Identify ' D ' and ' E '. Mention the role of ' E '.

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 (c) Mention what helps the entry of sperm into the ovum and write the changes
occurring in the ovum during the process.
(d) Name the specific region in the female reproductive system where the event
represented in the diagram takes place. (Al 2019)

68. Mention the site of fertilisation of a human ovum. List the events that follow
in sequence until the implantation of the blastocyst. (Delhi 2015C, Foreign 2015)

Pregnancy and Embryonic Development

MCQ

69. During embryonic development the limbs and digits are formed in the human
fetus by the end of
(a) 15 days of pregnancy
(b) 30 days of pregnancy
(c) 45 days of pregnancy
(d) 60 days of pregnancy. (Term I, 2021-22)

70. Which of the following are true in respect of chorionic villi in humans?
(i) It appears after implantation of hum\zan embryo in the uterus.
(ii) It becomes interdigitated with cervical tissue of the female reproductive tract.
(iii) It increases the surface area for exchange of materials.
(iv) It develops from the inner cell mass of the blastocyst.
Choose the correct option.
(a) (i) and (ii)
(b) (ii) and (iii)
(c) (i) and (iv)
(d) (i) and (iii) (Term I, 2021-22)

71. Which one of the following hormones is secreted by the human placenta that
helps in the maintenance of pregnancy?
(a) Relaxin
(b) Human Chorionic Gonadotropin (hCG)
(c) Oxytocin
(d) Human Placental Lactogen (hPL) (2024)

SA I (2 marks)

72. List the three hormones produced in women only during pregnancy. What
happens to the levels of estrogen and progesterone during pregnancy? (2020)

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 73. Comment on the role of placenta as an endocrine gland. (2/5, Delhi 2016)

SA II (3 marks)

74. Explain the formation of placenta after implantation in a human female. (2020)

75. (a) How is placenta formed in the human female?

(b) Name any two hormones which are secreted by it and are also present in a non-
pregnant woman. (Foreign 2014)

76. (i) Explain the formation of placenta after the implantation in a human female.
(ii) Draw a diagram showing human fetus within the uterus and label any four parts in
it. (2023)

77. (a) Arrange the following hormones in sequence of their secretion in a pregnant
woman.
(b) Mention their source and the function they perform :
hCG; LH; FSH; Relaxin (Delhi 2017)

78. (a) When and how does placenta develop in human female?
(b) How is the placenta connected to the embryo?
(c) Placenta acts as an endocrine gland. Explain. (Delhi 2015)

Parturition and Lactation

MCQ

79. Assertion (A): The perimetrium of uterus exhibits strong uterine contractions during
child birth.
Reason (R): Oxytocin released from maternal pituitary causes strong uterine
contractions.
(a) Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are correct statements, and Reason (R) is the
correct explanation of the Assertion (A).
(b) Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are correct statements, but Reason (R) is not the
correct explanation of the Assertion (A).
(c) Assertion (A) is correct, but Reason (R) is incorrect statement.
(d) Assertion (A) is incorrect, but Reason (R) is correct statement. (Term I, 2021-22)

VSA (1 mark)

80. State from where the signals for parturition originate in human females.
(NCERT Exemplar, Al 2019)

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 SA II (3 marks)

81. Medically it is advised to all young mothers that breast feeding is the best
for their newborn babies. Do you agree? Give reasons in support of your
answer. (2018)

82. Why is breast feeding recommended during the initial period of an infant's
growth? Give reason. (Delhi 2016)

83. Describe the process of parturition in humans. (Delhi 2015)

Assisted Reproductive Technologies:

84. Explain the IUI and IVF methods of assisted reproductive technologies.
(2024)

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 Class - 12 Biology
PYQ Solut ions
Chapt er 2
Hum an Reproduct ion

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 SOLUTIONS

1. (b): Interstitial cells synthesise and secrete testicular hormones called

androgens (e.g., testosterone).

2. The human testes are located outside the abdominal cavity within a pouch
called scrotum. The scrotum helps in maintaining the low temperature of the
testes (2 − 2.5∘ C) lower than the normal internal body temperature, necessary
for spermatogenesis.
Note:
• Scrotum protects the testicles and acts as a temperature control system.

3. (a) Sertoli cells are present in the wall of seminiferous tubules. Sertoli cells
provide nourishment to the developing sperms.
(b) Leydig's cells present between the seminiferous tubules, synthesise and
secrete testicular hormones called androgens.

4. The interrelationship of four male sex accessory ducts; rete testis, vasa
efferentia, vasa deferentia and epididymis shown in the given diagram.

5. (a) is testis. It is located outside the abdominal cavity within a pouch called scrotum.
(b) Y is seminal vesicle. It produces an alkaline secretion which forms 60% of the volume of
the semen.
(c) Z is epididymis. It stores the sperms and also secretes a fluid which nourishes the sperms.
Note:
• Seminal vesicle - Male accessory gland
• Epididymis - Male sex accessory duct

6. Sectional view of human seminiferous tubule is as follows:

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 Functions:
(i) Sertoli cells: These cells provide nourishment to the developing sperms.
(ii) Spermatogonia: During spermatogenesis, spermatogonia grow into primary
spermatocytes which undergo meiosis, producing haploid cells, first secondary
spermatocytes and then spermatids. The spermatids then convert into
spermatozoa (sperms).
(iii) Leydig's cell: Leydig's cells present between the seminiferous tubules,
synthesise and secrete testicular hormones called androgens.

7. FSH acts on the Sertoli cells in the seminiferous tubules of the testes. It stimulates
the Sertoli cells to facilitate the process of spermatogenesis by providing
nourishment and support to the developing spermatogenic cells.
OR
LH stimulates the Leydig cells in the testes to produce testosterone. Testosterone is
crucial for the development and maintenance of male reproductive tissues and for
the continuation of spermatogenesis.
(b) Name the cells and their products which undergo:
(i) Mitosis and Differentiation:
Spermatogonia undergo mitosis and differentiation to produce primary
spermatocytes.
(ii) Meiosis I and Meiosis II during the process of spermatogenesis:
Primary spermatocytes undergo Meiosis I to produce secondary spermatocytes,
which then undergo Meiosis II to produce spermatids.
(c) Name the accessory ducts that the sperms travel through from seminiferous
tubules to reach the epididymis.
The sperms travel through the rete testis and efferent ductules to reach the
epididymis.

8. (i) P is able to penetrate or fertilise the ovum ,whereas Q and R are unable to
penetrate or fertilise.
(ii) When a sperm comes in contact with the zona pellucida layer of the ovum it
induces changes in the membrane that blocks the entry of additional sperms.
(iii) Entry of sperm induces completion of meiotic division of the secondary oocyte
and formation of second polar body and a haploid ovum (ootid)
(iv) -Acrosome : It is filled with the enzyme which helps the sperm to enter into the
cytoplasm of the ovum -Middle piece : It has numerous mitochondria which
produce energy for the movement of tail that facilitate sperm motility for
fertilisation

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9. (b) : W-Myometrium, X-Ampulla, Y-Cervix,
Z – Perimetrium

10. (c) Ovum -A, Morula - E, Blastocyst – G (2024)

11. (a) Primary oocytes will be present in ovary (X) of a newborn baby.
(b) Y is fimbriae. The edges of the infundibulum possess finger-like projections
called fimbriae, which help in collection of the ovum after ovulation.
(c) Z is the ampullary-isthmic junction. It is the site of fertilisation in humans.

12. The inner glandular wall of the uterus is known as endometrium.

Role - During the menstrual cycle, the endometrium wall grows into a thick, vascular
(blood vessel-rich) glandular layer. This condition of the endometrium favours the
implantation of the fetus. If fertilisation does not occur, the endometrium is
shed during the hemorrhagic phase of the menstrual cycle.
The middle wall of the uterus is known as myometrium. Role-It consists of
smooth muscles. It exhibits contraction during delivery of the baby.

The middle piece of sperm contains mitochondria coiled around the axial
filament. They provide energy for the movement of the sperm.
Note: Middle piece is the power house of sperm.

13. (c) Middle piece

14. (b) Sertoli cells

15. (c) LH

16. (C) it is penetrated by the sperm cell. (2024)

17. Differences between spermiogenesis and spermiation are as follows:

Spermiogenesis Spermiation
It is the process by which mature
It is the process of spermatozoa or spermatids are
transforming spermatids released from the Sertoli cells into
into matured the seminiferous tubule lumen
spermatozoa or sperms. prior to their passage to the
epididymis.
 18. During spermatogenesis, gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH) is secreted
by the hypothalamus, which stimulates the anterior pituitary gland to secrete
luteinising hormone (LH) and follicle stimulating hormone (FSH). LH acts on the
Leydig's cells of the testes to secrete testosterone while FSH acts on Sertoli cells of
the seminiferous tubules of the testes to secrete androgen binding protein (ABP)
and inhibin. ABP concentrates testosterone and inhibin suppresses FSH synthesis.
FSH also acts on spermatogonia to stimulate sperm production.

19. Labelled parts of head region of human sperm are as follows

20. (a) In the given figure, is primary follicle. The process is initiated during
embryonic development stage.
(b) is Graafian follicle. Graafian follicle is formed during ovulation stage. The
primary follicles are surrounded by more layers of granulosa cells and called
secondary follicles. The secondary follicle soon changes into a tertiary follicle
which is characterised by a fluid filled cavity called follicular antrum. The tertiary
follicle is further converted into mature follicle or Graafian follicle.
(c) is corpus luteum which secretes progesterone hormone.

21. (a) In the given figure is primary follicle, is tertiary follicle showing antrum
and C is Graafian follicle. Anterior lobe of pituitary gland secrete LH and FSH. FSH
stimulates the growth of ovarian follicles, i.e., from A → B → C.
(b) Hormone secreted by and is estrogen.
(c) D in the given figure is corpus luteum. It secretes progesterone which helps in
the maintenance of endometrium.

22. The three different parts (regions) of the human sperm are head, middle piece
and the tail. Their involvement in the process of fertilisation are as follows:

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 Head - contains nucleus and enzyme in acrosome. During fertilisation, acrosome
helps the sperm to enter the egg and the nucleus of sperm combines with the
nucleus of the egg and restores the normal number of 23 pairs of chromosomes.
Middle piece: It contains mitochondria which acts as a power house of the sperm
cell and there are several mitochondria available at the middle piece. This gives
the ability to navigate in the female gene (reproductive) tract. Tail - It help the
sperm to reach to the egg.

23. Diagrammatic sectional view of human ovary showing the development of

follicles, corpus luteum and ovulation is as follows:

24.(a) Diagrammatic sectional view of human ovary is as follows:

(iv) Corpus luteum (b) After ovulation, the remaining cells of the ovarian follicles
are stimulated by luteinising hormone (LH) to develop corpus luteum. Now, the
corpus luteum secretes large amount of progesterone that is essential for the
maintenance of the endometrium.
Note:
• LH is secreted by anterior pituitary gland which is stimulated by GnRH secreted by
hypothalamus.

25. Flowchart showing the schematic representation of events of oogenesis is as

follows:

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 26. The diagram of a human sperm with labelled partsacrosome, nucleus and middle piece
is as follows:

Three important parts of mature human sperm and its functions are as follows:
(i) Acrosome: It is formed from Golgi body and contains enzymes called sperm lysins
that are used to contact and penetrate the egg at the time of fertilisation.
(ii) Nucleus : It contains chromosomal material which is the carrier of genetic
information.
(iii) Middle piece: It contains mitochondria in spiral form that provides energy for the
movement of the sperm hence also called power house of sperm.
Note:
• Head of sperm contains anterior small acrosome and posterior large nucleus. 6

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 27. Sectional view of human seminiferous tubule is as follows:

28. Labelled diagram of a human sperm is as follows:

29. Diagram of a human sperm with labelled parts that assist in sperm to reach and
gain entry into female gametes is as follows :

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 Functions:
Acrosome - It contains enzymes called spermlysins that are used to contact and
penetrate the egg at the time of fertilisation.
Mitochondrial spiral - It provides energy for the movement of the sperm.
Tail - It help the sperm to reach to the egg.
Note:
• On an average sperm production takes around 64 days. After coitus, sperm cells
can live upto as long as 5 days in female reproductive system.

30. During spermatogenesis, gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH) is secreted

by the hypothalamus, which stimulates the anterior pituitary gland to secrete
luteinising hormone (LH) and follicle stimulating hormone (FSH). LH acts on the
Leydig's cells of the testes to secrete testosterone while FSH acts on Sertoli cells of
the seminiferous tubules of the testes to secrete androgen binding protein (ABP)
and inhibin. ABP concentrates testosterone and inhibin suppresses FSH synthesis.
FSH also acts on spermatogonia to stimulate sperm production.
Note:
In males, LH is called interstitial cells stimulating hormone (ICSH).

31. (a) Diagrammatic sectional view of human ovary showing the sequential
development of different follicles, upto corpus luteum is as follows:

(b) GnRH secreted by the hypothalamus stimulates the anterior lobe of pituitary
gland to secrete LH and FSH. FSH stimulates the growth of Graafian follicles and
also the development of egg/oocyte within the follicle to complete the meiosis I
to form secondary oocyte. FSH also stimulates the formation of estrogens. LH
induces the rupture of the mature Graafian follicle and thereby the release of
secondary oocyte.

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 Thus LH causes ovulation. The remaining part of the Graafian follicle is stimulated by
LH to develop into corpus luteum which secretes progesterone.
The rising level of progesterone inhibits the release of GnRH, which in turn, inhibits
production of FSH, LH and progesterone.

32. (a) (a) Sectional View of a Seminiferous Tubule of Human with Labels
Here's a simple diagram of a sectional view of a seminiferous tubule of a human:
Labeled Parts:
1. Spermatogonia: Located on the basal lamina, these are the germ cells that
divide by mitosis.
2. Primary Spermatocytes: These cells undergo the first meiotic division to form
secondary spermatocytes.
3. Secondary Spermatocytes: These cells undergo the second meiotic division
to form spermatids.
4. Spermatids: These immature sperm cells undergo spermiogenesis to
become mature spermatozoa.
5. Spermatozoa: The mature sperm cells released into the lumen.
6. Sertoli Cells: These cells support and nourish the developing sperm cells.
7. Lumen: The central cavity where mature sperm are released.
(b) Pituitary Hormone Involved in Spermatogenesis and Its Function
Hormones:
1. Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH)
2. Luteinizing Hormone (LH)
Functions:
• FSH: Stimulates the Sertoli cells, which are essential for nurturing the
developing sperm cells and facilitating the process of spermatogenesis.
• LH: Stimulates the Leydig cells, which are located outside the seminiferous
tubules, to produce testosterone. Testosterone is crucial for the
development of secondary sexual characteristics and the promotion of
spermatogenesis.
(b) Pituitary gland secretes two hormones, FSH and LH. LH acts on Leydig's cells
of the testes to secrete testosterone. FSH acts on Sertoli cells of the
seminiferous tubules of the testes to secrete Androgen Binding Protein (ABP)
which concentrates testosterone in seminiferous tubules. FSH acts on
spermogonia to stimulate sperm production.

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 33. (a) Differences between spermatogenesis and oogenesis are as follows:

34. The process of formation of a mature female gamete (ovum) is called oogenesis.
It occurs in the ovaries. It consists of three phases : multiplication, growth and
maturation.
(i) Multiplication phase: In the fetal development, certain cells in the germinal
epithelium of the ovary of the fetus are larger than others. These cells divide by
mitosis, producing a couple of million egg mother cells or oogonia in each ovary
of the fetus. The oogonia multiply by mitotic divisions forming the primary
oocytes. (ii) Growth phase: This phase of the primary oocyte is very long. The
oogonium grows into a large primary oocyte by taking food from the
surrounding follicle cells.
(iii) Maturation phase: Each primary oocyte undergoes two maturation
divisions, first meiotic and the second meiotic.

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 In the first, meiotic division, the primary oocyte divides into two very unequal
haploid daughter cells - a large secondary oocyte and a very small first polar body
or polocyte. In the second maturation division, the first polar body may divide to
form two second polar bodies. The secondary oocyte again divides into unequal
daughter cells, a large ootid and a very small second polar body. The ootid grows
into a functional haploid ovum. Thus, from one oogonium, one ovum and three
polar bodies are formed. The polar bodies take no part in reproduction and,
hence, soon degenerate. In humans, ovum is released from the ovary in the
secondary oocyte stage, this process is called ovulation.
The hormones involved in this process are luteinising hormone (LH) and follicle
stimulating hormone (FSH), both secreted by anterior pituitary gland under the
influence of GnRH from hypothalamus. FSH stimulates the growth of Graafian
follicle and also the development of egg (secondary oocyte) within the follicle. LH
induces the rupture of mature Graafian follicle and thereby the release of
secondary oocyte (ovulation).
Note:

• Maturation of secondary oocyte is completed in the fallopian tube usually after

the sperm has entered the secondary oocyte for fertilisation.

35. (a) In humans, follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) initiates the process of
spermatogenesis.
Spermatogenesis is the process of formation of haploid spermatozoa from diploid
spermatogonia inside the testes of the male. It includes following three phases:
(i) Multiplication phase - At sexual maturity, the undifferentiated primordial germ
cells divide several times by mitosis to produce a large number of spermatogonia
or sperm mother cells. Spermatogonia (2N) are of two types: type A
spermatogonia and type B spermatogonia. Type A spermatogonia serve as the
stem cells which divide to form second type of spermatogonia whenever
required.
Type B spermatogonia are progenitor cells which function as precursors of
spermatozoa.
(ii) Growth phase-Each type Bspermatogonium actively grows to a larger primary
spermatocyte by obtaining nourishment from the nursing cells.
(iii) Maturation phase - Each primary spermatocyte undergoes two successive
divisions, called maturation divisions. The first maturation division is reductional
or meiotic. Hence, the primary spermatocyte divides into two haploid daughter
cells called secondary spermatocytes. Both secondary spermatocytes now
undergo second maturation division which is an ordinary mitotic division to form
four haploid spermatids, by each primary spermatocyte.

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 (b) The labelled diagram of human sperm is as follows:

36. (a) Sectional View of a Seminiferous Tubule of Human with Labels

Here's a simple diagram of a sectional view of a seminiferous tubule of a human:
Labeled Parts:
1. Spermatogonia: Located on the basal lamina, these are the germ cells that
divide by mitosis.
2. Primary Spermatocytes: These cells undergo the first meiotic division to form
secondary spermatocytes.
3.. Secondary Spermatocytes: These cells undergo the second meiotic divisi
to form spermatids.
4.. Spermatids: These immature sperm cells undergo spermiogenesis
become mature spermatozoa.
5.. Spermatozoa: The mature sperm cells released into the lume
6.. Sertoli Cells: These cells support and nourish the developing sperm cell
7.. Lumen: The central cavity where mature sperm are release

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 37. (a) Diagrammatic view of human male reproductive system is as follows:

External urethral orifice (Urinogenital aperture)

(b) (i) Differences between vasa efferentia and vasa deferens are as follows:

Vasa efferentia Vas deferens

They arise from the They arise from the cauda
(i)
rete testis. epididymis.
They vary from 15 to
(ii) They are only 2 in number.
20 in number.

Vasa efferentia are

(iii) Vasa deferentia are thick.
fine.

Their lining bears Their lining has many

(iv)
many ciliated cells. stereocilia.
It carries spermatozoa It carries spermatozoa
(v) from the rete testis to from cauda epididymis to
the epididymis. the ejaculatory duct.

(ii) Differences between spermatogenesis and spermiogenesis are as follows:

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 Spermatogenesis Spermiogenesis
It is the process of formation of It is the process of
haploid spermatozoa from differentiation of
germinal cells. spermatozoan
(i) from a spermatid.

It involves conversion of It changes a haploid

(ii) a diploid structure into structure into another haploid
haploid structures. structure.
There is reconstruction
There is growth and divisions
during spermiogenesis. Divisions
(iii) During spermatogenesis.
and growth are absent.

Golgi bodies are lost during

(iv) No organelle is lost.
spermiogenesis.
A spermatogonium forms four Here a spermatid forms a single
(v)
spermatozoa. spermatozoan.
It consists of multiplication phase,
spermatocytogenesis, maturation
phase and
It consists of only
(vi)
differentiation phase.

Note:
• Vasa efferentia and vas deferens are male sex accessory ducts.

38. (a) In spermatogenesis, the growth phase is very short. The spermatogonium
actively grows into a larger primary spermatocyte by obtaining nourishment from
the nursing cells.

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 In oogenesis, the growth phase is very long. It may extend over many years. The oogonium grows
into a large primary oocyte. It then gets surrounded by a layer of granulosa cells to form primary
follicle. A large number of these follicles degenerate during the period from birth to puberty. So, at
puberty only 60,000 − 80,000 primary follicles are left in each ovary.
(b) Diagrammatic sectional view of human ovary showing different follicular stages, ovum and
corpus luteum is as follows :

39. a)

(b) Follicular Phase (Days 1-14):

• Ovarian Hormones: Estrogen levels gradually increase as the follicles in the ovary
mature.
• Pituitary Hormones: Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) levels rise to stimulate
follicle growth. Luteinizing hormone (LH) remains relatively low until it spikes just
before ovulation.
Ovulation (Around Day 14):
• Ovarian Hormones: Estrogen levels peak, triggering a surge in LH.
• Pituitary Hormones: LH surges dramatically, causing the release of the mature
egg from the follicle. FSH also rises but to a lesser extent.
Luteal Phase (Days 15-28):
•Ovarian Hormones: Progesterone levels rise, produced by the corpus luteum, and
estrogen levels remain elevated.
•Pituitary Hormones: Both FSH and LH levels drop after the ovulatory surge.

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  Menstruation (Days 1-5 of the new cycle):
• Ovarian Hormones: Both estrogen and progesterone levels fall, leading
to the shedding of the uterine lining.
• Pituitary Hormones: FSH levels begin to rise again to start the next
cycle.
40. (c): FSH

41. (c) Anterior pituitary, follicular formation

FSH (Follicle-Stimulating Hormone) is produced by the anterior pituitary
gland and plays a key role in the development of the ovarian follicles in
females.

42. (a) The average age of the women at the onset of menopause is 50 years.
(b) According to the given graph, maximum primordial follicles are present
in premenopausal women of age around 5-10 years.

43. High concentration of LH cause rupturing of Graafian follicle and thereby

the release of ovum. This is called ovulation.

44. X- In woman X thickness of uterine wall increases after mid of menstrual

cycle, Reason- due to fertilization of egg/pregnancy/conceived • Y- In woman
Y thickness of uterine wall decreases after mid of menstrual cycle, Reason-
egg has not been fertilized/leading to the breakdown of lining of the
uterus/menstrual flow/ bleeding. The graph depicts the variation in the
thickness of the uterine wall over a period of 30 days, which corresponds to
the menstrual cycle.
Woman 'X' shows a gradual increase in wall thickness, suggesting a normal
menstrual cycle with phases of proliferation and secretion.
Woman 'Y' shows a different pattern, possibly indicating a disrupted or
irregular menstrual cycle

45. The menstrual phase is followed by proliferative phase (Days 5-14).

Proliferative phase consists of growth of endometrium of uterus, fallopian
tube and vagina. In ovary, a Graafian follicle grows, matures and secretes
estrogen during this phase. The endometrium grows thicker and becomes
more vascularised and glandular. Change in the levels of pituitary and ovarian
hormones bring about these changes in the ovary and uterus.
The levels of LH and FSH increase gradually during this phase and
stimulates follicular development as well as secretion of estrogens
by the growing follicles.

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 46. Menstrual cycle is regulated by certain hormones, some of which are
secreted by the pituitary gland. The pituitary gland is stimulated by releasing
factors produced in hypothalamus. The hormones produced by pituitary gland
influence the ovaries, which in turn affect the uterus. Anterior pituitary gland
secretes two hormones FSH and LH. FSH stimulates maturation of follicle and
stimulate it to secrete estrogens. Rapid secretion of LH (LH surge) induces
rupturing of Graafian follicle, thereby leading to release of ovum (ovulation).
Ovary secretes two hormones: estrogen and progesterone. Estrogen
stimulates follicular development and proliferation of the endometrium of
the uterine wall. Progesterone produced by corpus luteum helps to
maintain endometrium which is required for implantation of the fertilised
ovum and other events of pregnancy.

47. (a) During 13-15 days, FSH stimulates the ovarian follicle to secrete
estrogens that further stimulate the proliferation of the endometrium of the
uterine wall. On 14th day, LH surge causes ovulation.
(b) From 16 to 23 days, the remaining cells of the ovarian follicles are
stimulated by the LH to develop corpus luteum. The corpus luteum secretes
progesterone which is required for the maintenance of endometrium. In
the absence of fertilisation, corpus luteum degenerates causing
disintegration of endometrium leading to menstruation that takes place for
3-5 days.
(c) During 24 to 29 days (luteal phase of 15 to 28 days), the luteinising
hormone (LH) is secreted by the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland. LH
causes ovulation. The remaining cell of the ovarian follicles are stimulated
by the LH to develop corpus luteum. The corpus luteum secretes large
amount of progesterone. Progesterone stimulates the uterine glands to
produce increased amount of watery mucus. During the secretory phase,
there is also similar increase in the secretion of watery mucus by the
vaginal glands and by the glands of the fallopian tubes. Progesterone is also
essential for maintenance of the endometrium which is necessary for
implantation of the fertilised ovum and other events of pregnancy. In the
absence of fertilisation, the corpus luteum degenerates. This causes
disintegration of the endometrium leading to menstruation marking a new
cycle.

48. (a) From 8-12 days (follicular phase), the level of gonadotropins
(LH and FSH) increase gradually and stimulate follicular development as well
as secretion of estrogens by growing follicles. (b) Refer to above answer .
(c) Refer to above answer.

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 49. (a) In human females, menstruation is repeated at an average interval of
about 28/29 days, and the cycle of events starting from one menstruation till
the next one is called the menstrual cycle.
Menstrual cycle in a human female consists of menstrual phase,
proliferative phase (follicular phase), ovulatory phase and secretory phase
(luteal phase).
(i) The cycle starts with the menstrual phase, when menstrual flow occurs
and it lasts for 3-5 days. The menstrual flow results due to breakdown of
endometrial lining of the uterus and its blood vessels which forms liquid
that comes out through vagina. Menstruation only occurs if the released
ovum is not fertilised.
(ii) The menstrual phase is followed by proliferative phase (Days 5-14).
Proliferative phase consists of growth of endometrium of uterus, fallopian
tube and vagina. In ovary, a Graafian follicle grows, matures and secretes
estrogen during this phase. The endometrium grows thicker and becomes
more vascularised and glandular. Change in the levels of pituitary and
ovarian hormones bring about these changes in the ovary and uterus. The
levels of LH and FSH increase gradually during this phase and stimulates
follicular development as well as secretion of estrogens by the growing
follicles.
(iii) In ovulatory phase, both LH and FSH attain a peak level in the middle of
cycle (about 14th day). Rapid secretion of LH leading to its maximum level
during the mid-cycle called LH surge induces rupture of Graafian follicle and
thereby the release of ovum (ovulation).
(iv) After ovulation and in response to luteinising hormone, the portion of
the Graafian follicle that remains in the ovary enlarges and is transformed
into a corpus luteum containing yellow substance (called lutein) and the
luteal phase begins. The corpus luteum secretes large amount of
progesterone which is essential for maintenance of endometrium. Such an
endometrium is necessary for implantation of the fertilised ovum and other
events of pregnancy. In the absence of fertilisation, the corpus luteum
degenerates. This causes disintegration of the endometrium leading to
menstruation, marking a new cycle.
(b) Scientific understanding of menstrual cycle of human females helps as a
contraceptive measure because ovulation occurs at about the 14th day of the
menstruation. Hence, avoiding or abstaining from coitus from days 10 to 17 of
the cycle reduces the chances of fertilisation as ovum survives for about 1-2
days and sperms survive for about 3 days. So, temporary avoidance of coitus
during this phase will help as natural method of birth control.

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 50. (a) In a 28-day menstrual cycle, the menses takes place on days 3 − 5. The
production of LH from the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland is considerably
reduced. The withdrawal of this hormone causes degeneration of the corpus
luteum and, therefore, progesterone production from the ovary is reduced.
Production of estrogens from the ovary is also reduced in this phase. The
endometrium of the uterus breaks down and menstruation begins. The cells
of endometrium secretions, blood and the unfertilised ovum constitute the
menstrual flow.
(b) During follicular phase, follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) stimulates the
ovarian follicle to secrete estrogens, which in turn stimulate the
proliferation of the endometrium of the uterine wall. As a result,
endometrium becomes thicker by rapid cell multiplication and is
accompanied by an increase of uterine gland and blood vessels. Hence, this
phase is also referred as proliferative phase.
(c) At the time of ovulation, rapid secretion of LH induces rupturing of
Graafian follicle, thereby releasing ovum. After ovulation has taken place,
LH stimulates cells of ovarian follicle to develop corpus luteum. Corpus
luteum secretes large amount of progesterone.
(d) The structure of a mature Graafian follicle is as follows:

51. Menstrual cycle in a human female consists of menstrual phase,

proliferative phase (follicular phase), ovulatory phase and secretory phase
(luteal phase). Days 1-5 of the cycle are known as the menstrual phase. During
this phase, menstruation occurs. At the beginning of this stage, levels of
progesterone and estrogen have dropped dramatically because of the
degeneration of the last cycle's corpus luteum.

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 dŚŝƐƚƌŝŐŐĞƌƐƚŚĞƐŚĞĚĚŝŶŐŽĨĞŶĚŽŵĞƚƌŝƵŵ͘dŚĞĚĞƚĂĐŚĞĚƉŽƌƚŝŽŶŽĨƚŚĞ
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ĂLJƐϭϱͲϮϴĂƌĞŬŶŽǁŶĂƐůƵƚĞĂůƉŚĂƐĞŽƌƐĞĐƌĞƚŽƌLJƉŚĂƐĞ͘ĨƚĞƌŽǀƵůĂƚŝŽŶĂŶĚ
ŝŶƌĞƐƉŽŶƐĞƚŽůƵƚĞŝŶŝƐŝŶŐŚŽƌŵŽŶĞ͕ƚŚĞƉŽƌƚŝŽŶŽĨƚŚĞ'ƌĂĂĨŝĂŶĨŽůůŝĐůĞƚŚĂƚ
ƌĞŵĂŝŶƐŝŶƚŚĞŽǀĂƌLJĞŶůĂƌŐĞƐĂŶĚŝƐƚƌĂŶƐĨŽƌŵĞĚŝŶƚŽĂĐŽƌƉƵƐůƵƚĞƵŵ
ĐŽŶƚĂŝŶŝŶŐLJĞůůŽǁƐƵďƐƚĂŶĐĞ;ĐĂůůĞĚůƵƚĞŝŶͿĂŶĚƚŚĞůƵƚĞĂůƉŚĂƐĞďĞŐŝŶƐ͘dŚĞ
ĐŽƌƉƵƐůƵƚĞƵŵƐĞĐƌĞƚĞƐůĂƌŐĞĂŵŽƵŶƚƐŽĨƉƌŽŐĞƐƚĞƌŽŶĞǁŚŝĐŚŝƐĞƐƐĞŶƚŝĂůĨŽƌ
ŵĂŝŶƚĞŶĂŶĐĞŽĨĞŶĚŽŵĞƚƌŝƵŵ͘^ƵĐŚĂŶĞŶĚŽŵĞƚƌŝƵŵŝƐŶĞĐĞƐƐĂƌLJĨŽƌ
ŝŵƉůĂŶƚĂƚŝŽŶŽĨƚŚĞĨĞƌƚŝůŝƐĞĚŽǀƵŵĂŶĚŽƚŚĞƌĞǀĞŶƚƐŽĨƉƌĞŐŶĂŶĐLJ͘/ŶƚŚĞ
ĂďƐĞŶĐĞŽĨĨĞƌƚŝůŝƐĂƚŝŽŶ͕ƚŚĞĐŽƌƉƵƐůƵƚĞƵŵĚĞŐĞŶĞƌĂƚĞƐ͘dŚŝƐĐĂƵƐĞƐ
ĚŝƐŝŶƚĞŐƌĂƚŝŽŶŽĨƚŚĞĞŶĚŽŵĞƚƌŝƵŵůĞĂĚŝŶŐƚŽŵĞŶƐƚƌƵĂƚŝŽŶ͕ŵĂƌŬŝŶŐĂŶĞǁ
ĐLJĐůĞ͘

52. (i) Follicular Phase/Proliferative Phase:

• Ovarian Events:ƵƌŝŶŐƚŚŝƐƉŚĂƐĞ͕ƐĞǀĞƌĂůŽǀĂƌŝĂŶĨŽůůŝĐůĞƐďĞŐŝŶƚŽ
ŵĂƚƵƌĞƵŶĚĞƌƚŚĞŝŶĨůƵĞŶĐĞŽĨĨŽůůŝĐůĞͲƐƚŝŵƵůĂƚŝŶŐŚŽƌŵŽŶĞ;&^,Ϳ
ƐĞĐƌĞƚĞĚďLJƚŚĞƉŝƚƵŝƚĂƌLJŐůĂŶĚ͘KŶĞĚŽŵŝŶĂŶƚĨŽůůŝĐůĞĐŽŶƚŝŶƵĞƐƚŽ
ĚĞǀĞůŽƉ͕ǁŚŝůĞŽƚŚĞƌƐĚĞŐĞŶĞƌĂƚĞ͘
• Uterine Events:dŚĞĞŶĚŽŵĞƚƌŝƵŵ;ůŝŶŝŶŐŽĨƚŚĞƵƚĞƌƵƐͿƚŚŝĐŬĞŶƐŝŶ
ƌĞƐƉŽŶƐĞƚŽĞƐƚƌŽŐĞŶƉƌŽĚƵĐĞĚďLJƚŚĞĚĞǀĞůŽƉŝŶŐĨŽůůŝĐůĞƐ͘dŚŝƐ
ƉƌĞƉĂƌĞƐƚŚĞƵƚĞƌƵƐĨŽƌŝŵƉůĂŶƚĂƚŝŽŶŽĨĂĨĞƌƚŝůŝnjĞĚĞŐŐ͘
• Hormones Involved:&^,ƐƚŝŵƵůĂƚĞƐĨŽůůŝĐůĞĚĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚ͕ůĞĂĚŝŶŐƚŽƚŚĞ
ƉƌŽĚƵĐƚŝŽŶŽĨĞƐƚƌŽŐĞŶďLJƚŚĞĚĞǀĞůŽƉŝŶŐĨŽůůŝĐůĞƐ͘
(ii) Luteal Phase/Secretory Phase:
• Ovarian Events:ĨƚĞƌŽǀƵůĂƚŝŽŶ͕ƚŚĞƌƵƉƚƵƌĞĚĨŽůůŝĐůĞĨŽƌŵƐƚŚĞĐŽƌƉƵƐ
ůƵƚĞƵŵ͕ǁŚŝĐŚƐĞĐƌĞƚĞƐƉƌŽŐĞƐƚĞƌŽŶĞĂŶĚĞƐƚƌŽŐĞŶ͘
• Uterine Events:WƌŽŐĞƐƚĞƌŽŶĞĂŶĚĞƐƚƌŽŐĞŶĐĂƵƐĞĨƵƌƚŚĞƌƚŚŝĐŬĞŶŝŶŐ
ĂŶĚǀĂƐĐƵůĂƌŝnjĂƚŝŽŶŽĨƚŚĞĞŶĚŽŵĞƚƌŝƵŵ͕ƉƌĞƉĂƌŝŶŐŝƚĨŽƌŝŵƉůĂŶƚĂƚŝŽŶ͘

20
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 • Hormones Involved:>,;ůƵƚĞŝŶŝnjŝŶŐŚŽƌŵŽŶĞͿƐƚŝŵƵůĂƚĞƐŽǀƵůĂƚŝŽŶĂŶĚ
ƉƌŽŵŽƚĞƐƚŚĞĨŽƌŵĂƚŝŽŶŽĨƚŚĞĐŽƌƉƵƐůƵƚĞƵŵ͕ǁŚŝĐŚƐĞĐƌĞƚĞƐ
ƉƌŽŐĞƐƚĞƌŽŶĞĂŶĚĞƐƚƌŽŐĞŶ͘
(iii) Menstrual Phase:
• Ovarian Events:/ĨĨĞƌƚŝůŝnjĂƚŝŽŶĚŽĞƐŶŽƚŽĐĐƵƌ͕ƚŚĞĐŽƌƉƵƐůƵƚĞƵŵ
ĚĞŐĞŶĞƌĂƚĞƐ͕ĐĂƵƐŝŶŐĂĚƌŽƉŝŶƉƌŽŐĞƐƚĞƌŽŶĞĂŶĚĞƐƚƌŽŐĞŶůĞǀĞůƐ͘
• Uterine Events:dŚĞůŽƐƐŽĨŚŽƌŵŽŶĂůƐƵƉƉŽƌƚůĞĂĚƐƚŽƐŚĞĚĚŝŶŐŽĨƚŚĞ
ĞŶĚŽŵĞƚƌŝĂůůŝŶŝŶŐ͕ƌĞƐƵůƚŝŶŐŝŶŵĞŶƐƚƌƵĂůďůĞĞĚŝŶŐ͘
• Hormones Involved:ĞĐƌĞĂƐĞĚůĞǀĞůƐŽĨƉƌŽŐĞƐƚĞƌŽŶĞĂŶĚĞƐƚƌŽŐĞŶ
ƚƌŝŐŐĞƌƚŚĞƐŚĞĚĚŝŶŐŽĨƚŚĞĞŶĚŽŵĞƚƌŝƵŵ͘

53. ,ŽƌŵŽŶĞƐ͗
ϭ͘ &ŽůůŝĐůĞ^ƚŝŵƵůĂƚŝŶŐ,ŽƌŵŽŶĞ;&^,ͿʹƐĞĐƌĞƚĞĚďLJƚŚĞĂŶƚĞƌŝŽƌƉŝƚƵŝƚĂƌLJ͘
Ϯ͘ >ƵƚĞŝŶŝnjŝŶŐ,ŽƌŵŽŶĞ;>,ͿʹƐĞĐƌĞƚĞĚďLJƚŚĞĂŶƚĞƌŝŽƌƉŝƚƵŝƚĂƌLJ͘
ϯ͘ ƐƚƌŽŐĞŶʹƐĞĐƌĞƚĞĚďLJƚŚĞŽǀĂƌŝĞƐ;ĚĞǀĞůŽƉŝŶŐĨŽůůŝĐůĞƐͿ͘
ϰ͘ WƌŽŐĞƐƚĞƌŽŶĞʹƐĞĐƌĞƚĞĚďLJƚŚĞĐŽƌƉƵƐůƵƚĞƵŵŽĨƚŚĞŽǀĂƌLJ͘
ŶƐǁĞƌ͗/ŵƉůĂŶƚĂƚŝŽŶƐŚŽƵůĚŽĐĐƵƌŝŶƚŚĞƐĞĐƌĞƚŽƌLJƉŚĂƐĞ;ůƵƚĞĂůƉŚĂƐĞͿ
ŽĨƚŚĞŵĞŶƐƚƌƵĂůĐLJĐůĞ͘
ZĞĂƐŽŶ͗
ƵƌŝŶŐƚŚŝƐƉŚĂƐĞ͕ƚŚĞĞŶĚŽŵĞƚƌŝƵŵďĞĐŽŵĞƐƚŚŝĐŬ͕ǀĂƐĐƵůĂƌ͕ĂŶĚ
ŐůĂŶĚƵůĂƌƵŶĚĞƌƚŚĞŝŶĨůƵĞŶĐĞŽĨƉƌŽŐĞƐƚĞƌŽŶĞĨƌŽŵƚŚĞĐŽƌƉƵƐůƵƚĞƵŵ͘
dŚŝƐŵĂŬĞƐƚŚĞƵƚĞƌƵƐƌĞĐĞƉƚŝǀĞĂŶĚƐƵŝƚĂďůĞĨŽƌƚŚĞŝŵƉůĂŶƚĂƚŝŽŶŽĨƚŚĞ
ĞĂƌůLJĞŵďƌLJŽ͕ĞŶƐƵƌŝŶŐŶŽƵƌŝƐŚŵĞŶƚĂŶĚĐŽŶƚŝŶƵĂƚŝŽŶŽĨƉƌĞŐŶĂŶĐLJ͘
,ŽƌŵŽŶĞ͗ƐƚƌŽŐĞŶ
^ŽƵƌĐĞKƌŐĂŶ͗ĞǀĞůŽƉŝŶŐŽǀĂƌŝĂŶĨŽůůŝĐůĞƐ;ŵĂŝŶůLJ'ƌĂĂĨŝĂŶĨŽůůŝĐůĞͿ
ǀĞŶƚ͗
ƐƚƌŽŐĞŶƐƚŝŵƵůĂƚĞƐƚŚĞƌĞƉĂŝƌĂŶĚƉƌŽůŝĨĞƌĂƚŝŽŶŽĨƚŚĞĞŶĚŽŵĞƚƌŝƵŵ
ĂĨƚĞƌŵĞŶƐƚƌƵĂƚŝŽŶ͘
dŚĞĞŶĚŽŵĞƚƌŝĂůůŝŶŝŶŐďĞĐŽŵĞƐƚŚŝĐŬĞƌĂŶĚƌŝĐŚůLJƐƵƉƉůŝĞĚǁŝƚŚďůŽŽĚ
ǀĞƐƐĞůƐ͕ƉƌĞƉĂƌŝŶŐƚŚĞƵƚĞƌƵƐĨŽƌƉŽƐƐŝďůĞŝŵƉůĂŶƚĂƚŝŽŶŽĨĂĨĞƌƚŝůŝnjĞĚĞŐŐ͘

ϱϰ͘ ĂͿ >ƵƚĞŝŶŝƐŝŶŐŚŽƌŵŽŶĞͬ>,͕ŚĞůƉƐŝŶŽǀƵůĂƚŝŽŶͬŝŶĚƵĐĞƌƵƉƚƵƌŝŶŐŽĨ
ŐƌĂĂĨŝĂŶĨŽůůŝĐůĞƐ
ďͿ KǀĂƌLJ͗DĂƚƵƌĂƚŝŽŶŽĨĨŽůůŝĐůĞƐ͘
hƚĞƌƵƐ͗WƌŽůŝĨĞƌĂƚŝŽŶŽĨĞŶĚŽŵĞƚƌŝƵŵůŝŶŝŶŐ͘
ĐͿ YͲWƌŽŐĞƐƚĞƌŽŶĞ͕
DĂŝŶƚĂŝŶƐƉƌĞŐŶĂŶĐLJͬŵĂŝŶƚĞŶĂŶĐĞŽĨĞŶĚŽŵĞƚƌŝƵŵ
KZ
ĚͿ ŽƌƉƵƐůƵƚĞƵŵ͕'ƌĂĂĨŝĂŶĨŽůůŝĐůĞƚƌĂŶƐĨŽƌŵƐŝŶƚŽĐŽƌƉƵƐůƵƚĞƵŵĂĨƚĞƌ
ŽǀƵůĂƚŝŽŶ

21
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55. (d) ampullary–isthmic junction

56. A) (a)-(iv),( b)-(i), (c)-(ii),( d)-(iii)

57. During fertilisation, a sperm comes in contact with the zona pellucida layer
of ovum which induces changes in the egg membrane that block the entry of
additional sperms. So, zona pellucida ensures that only one sperm can fertilise
an ovum.
Note:
P Polyspermy-Entry of more than one sperm into oocyte.
Monospermy -Entry of one sperm into oocyte.

58. The motile sperms swim rapidly, pass through the cervix, enter into the
uterus and finally reach the junction of the isthmus and ampulla (ampullary-
isthmic junction) of the fallopian tube. The ovum released by the ovary is also
transported to the ampullary-isthmic junction where fertilisation takes place.
During fertilisation, a sperm comes in contact with the zona pellucida layer of
the ovum and induces changes in the membrane that block the entry of
additional sperms. The secretions of the acrosome help the sperm enter into
the cytoplasm of the ovum through the zona pellucida and the plasma
membrane. This induces the completion of the meiotic division of the
secondary oocyte. The second meiotic division is also unequal and results in
the formation of a second polar body and haploid ovum (ootid). Soon the
haploid nucleus of the sperms and that of the ovum fuse together to form a
diploid zygote.

59. Fimbriae, infundibulum, ampulla and isthmus are the main parts of
oviduct, through which ovum travels till it meets the sperm for fertilisation.
Finally it reach the ampullary-isthmic junction of oviduct where fertilisation
occurs.

60. (a) Morula is shown in figure and blastocyst is shown in the figure . ' '
is inner cell mass and ' ' is trophoblast.
(b) Inner cell mass (C) forms the fetus. The cells of trophoblast (D) helps to
provide nutrition to the embryo. The cells of trophoblast later form the
extra embryonic membranes.
 61. The events of fertilisation in human female are:
(i) Acrosomal reaction: After ovulation, the secondary Oocyte reaches the
fallopian tube. The capacitated sperm releases hydrolytic enzymes (sperm
lysins) present in the acrosome, when it comes in contact with surface of
egg covering. Important sperm lysins are (i) hyaluronidase that acts on the
ground substances of follicle cells, (ii) corona penetrating enzyme that
dissolves corona radiata and (iii) zona lysine or acrosin that helps to digest
the zona pellucida. Due to acrosomal reaction, plasma membrane of sperm
fuses with that of secondary oocyte and depolarisation of oocyte
membrane occurs.
(ii) Cortical reaction : Immediately after the fusion of sperm and egg plasma
membranes, the egg shows a cortical reaction to further check the entry of
more sperms. In this reaction, the cortical granules present beneath the
ovum's plasma membrane fuse with the same and release their contents
(enzymes) between it and zona pellucida.

These enzymes harden the zona pellucida, which now functions as the sure
block to polyspermy.
(iii) Sperm entry: The egg extends around the entering sperm, finger-like
processes, called microvilli, which constitute a fertilisation cone. The latter
take the entire sperm into the egg. The distal centriole of the sperm divides
and forms two centrioles to generate the mitotic spindle for cell division.
(iv) Karyogamy: The sperm entry stimulates the egg (secondary oocyte) to
resume and complete the suspended meiosis - II. This produces a haploid
mature ovum and a
second polar body. The head of sperm separates from the middle piece and
tail to become male pronucleus and nucleus of ovum is called female
pronucleus. The second polar body and sperm tail degenerate. Mixing up of
the chromosomes of a spermatozoon and an ovum is called karyogamy or
amphimixis. This completes the act of fertilisation. The fertilised ovum is
now a diploid cell having 23 pairs of chromosomes, and is termed zygote.
The events of implantation are discussed as follows: Implantation is the
attachment of blastocyst to the uterine wall. It occurs after 7 days of
fertilisation. As zygote moves towards the uterus, it undergoes series of
mitotic divisions known as cleavage and forms 2,4,8,16 daughter cells called
blastomeres. The embryo with 8 blastomeres is called morula. The morula
transforms into blastocyst. In a blastocyst, the blastomeres are arranged
into an outer layer called trophoblast and an inner group of cells called the
inner cell mass. The trophoblast then gets attached to the endometrium
and the inner cell mass gets differentiated as the embryo. After attachment
the uterine cells divide rapidly and cover the blastocyst. As a result, the
blastocyst becomes embedded in the endometrium of the uterus. This
whole phenomenon is called implantation and it leads to pregnancy. 22
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 62. The stage of the human embryo at which it gets implanted is the blastocyst
stage (about 6–7 days after fertilization).
Process of Implantation:
After fertilization in the fallopian tube, the zygote divides repeatedly to form a
morula, which later develops into a blastocyst. The blastocyst travels down to
the uterus and comes in contact with the endometrium (uterine wall).

The outer layer (trophoblast) of the blastocyst attaches to and invades the
endometrial lining. This process, called implantation, firmly anchors the embryo
to the uterus. The trophoblast cells then secrete enzymes to erode maternal
tissues and form a connection for nutrient and gas exchange, establishing the
foundation for the placenta.

63. (i) : a - Cells of corona radiata

b - Perivitelline space
c - Ovum nucleus
(ii) The meiotic division is completed before fertilisation in fallopian tube.
The entry of sperm stimulates the egg (secondary oocyte) to resume and
complete the suspended meiosis - II. This produces a haploid mature ovum
and a second polar body. (iii) Binding of the sperm to the zona pellucida of
secondary oocyte induces depolarisation of the oocyte plasma membrane
and prevents polyspermy i.e., entry of more than one sperm into the
oocyte.

64. (i) Embryonic stage ' ' is morula while ' ' is blastocyst. Morula is a
mulberry like solid mass of 8-16 cells called blastomeres formed by cleavage
of zygote while the blastocyst is a hollow sphere of 64 cells formed by the
rearrangement of blastomeres of morula. It has a cavity called blastocoel and
an inner cell mass within. It also has an outer envelope of cells called the
trophoblast.
(ii) Process of Implantation:After fertilization in the fallopian tube, the zygote
undergoes cleavage and develops into a blastocyst by the time it reaches the
uterus.
Around the 6th–7th day after fertilization, the blastocyst comes in contact
with the endometrium of the uterus.
The trophoblast cells (outer layer of the blastocyst) secrete enzymes which
digest a part of the endometrium, allowing the blastocyst to get embedded.
The inner cell mass differentiates to form the embryo, while the trophoblast
contributes to the placenta.
The endometrium, in response, thickens and becomes more vascular to
supply nutrients.
Thus, implantation ensures the firm attachment of the blastocyst to the
uterine
Docum ent Nam e lining and marks the beginning of pregnancy.
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 65. Fertilisation occurs in the ampullary-isthmic junction of the fallopian tube
of female. The events of fertilisation in human female are:
(i) Acrosomal reaction: After ovulation, the secondary oocyte reaches the
fallopian tube. The capacitated sperm releases hydrolytic enzymes (sperm
lysins) present in the acrosome, when it comes in contact with surface of
egg covering. Important sperm lysins are (i) hyaluronidase that acts on the
ground substances of follicle cells, (ii) corona penetrating enzyme that
dissolves corona radiata and (iii) zona lysine or acrosin that helps to digest
the zona pellucida. Due to acrosomal reaction, plasma membrane of sperm
fuses with that of secondary oocyte and depolarisation of oocyte
membrane occurs.
(ii) Cortical reaction: Immediately after the fusion of sperm and egg plasma
membranes, the egg shows a cortical reaction to further check the entry of
more sperms. In this reaction, the cortical granules present beneath the
ovum's plasma membrane fuse with the same and release their contents
(enzymes) between it and zona pellucida. These enzymes harden the zona
pellucida, which now functions as the sure block to polyspermy.
(iii) Sperm entry: The egg extends around the entering sperm, finger-like
processes, called microvilli, which constitute a fertilisation cone. The latter
take the entire sperm into the egg. The distal centriole of the sperm divides
and forms two centrioles to generate the mitotic spindle for cell division.

(iv) Karyogamy: The sperm entry stimulates the egg (secondary oocyte) to
resume and complete the suspended meiosis - II. This produces a haploid
mature ovum and a second polar body. The head of sperm separates from
the middle piece and tail to become male pronucleus and nucleus of ovum
is called female pronucleus. The second polar body and sperm tail
degenerate. Mixing up of the chromosomes of a spermatozoon and an
ovum is called karyogamy or amphimixis. This completes the act of
fertilisation. The fertilised ovum is now a diploid cell having 23 pairs of
chromosomes, and is termed zygote.
63. (a) The motile sperms swim rapidly, pass through the cervix, enter into the
uterus and finally reach the junction of the isthmus and ampulla
(ampullary-isthmic junction) of the fallopian tube. The ovum released by
the ovary is also transported to the ampullary-isthmic junction where
fertilisation takes place. During fertilisation, a

24
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 sperm comes in contact with the zona pellucida layer of the ovum and induces
changes in the membrane that block the entry of additional sperms. The
secretions of the acrosome help the sperm enter into the cytoplasm of the
ovum through the zona pellucida and the plasma membrane. This induces the
completion of the meiotic division of the secondary oocyte. The second
meiotic division is also unequal and results in the formation of a second polar
body and haploid ovum (ootid). Soon the haploid nucleus of the sperms and
that of the ovum fuse together to form a diploid zygote.
(b) Blastocyst gets implanted in human female. In a blastocyst, the
blastomeres are arranged into an outer layer called trophoblast and an
inner group of cells called the inner cell mass. The trophoblast then gets
attached to the endometrium and the inner cell mass gets differentiated as
the embryo. After attachment the uterine cells divide rapidly and cover the
blastocyst. As a result, the blastocyst becomes embedded in the
endometrium of the uterus. This whole phenomenon is called implantation
and it leads to pregnancy.

64. (a) Sperm ' ' would reach the ovum earlier than both ' ' and ' '.
(b) In the given diagram, ' D ' is corona radiata that is formed of radially
elongated follicular cells. ' ' is zona pellucida that is present outside the
perivitelline space. The function of the zona pellucida is to prevent the
implantation of the blastocyst at an abnormal site. It does not expose the
sticky and phagocytic cells of the trophoblast till the blastocyst reaches the
proper implantation site. As the blastocyst is formed, zona pellucida
becomes thinner and finally disappears.
(c) The sperms in the female genital tract are made capable of fertilising
the egg by sec retions of the female genital tract. These secretions remove
coating substances deposited on the surface of sperm, mainly on
acrosome and exposes its receptor sites. The phenomenon of sperm
activation in mammals is known as capacitation. The capacitated sperms
undergo acrosomal reaction and release various chemicals contained in
the acrosome. These chemicals are collectively called sperm lysins.
Important sperm lysins are: hyaluronidase, corona penetrating enzymes
and zona lysine or acrosin.
Due to acrosomal reaction, plasma membrane of the sperm fuses with the
plasma membrane of the secondary oocyte so that the sperm contents
enter the oocyte.

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 The changes occurring in the ovum are as follows:
(i) During fertilisation, binding of the sperm to the secondary oocyte
induces depolarisation of the oocyte plasma membrane. Depolarisation
prevents polyspermy. Thus, it ensures that only one sperm can fertilise an
ovum. (ii) The cortical granules present beneath the plasma membrane of
the secondary oocyte fuse with the plasma membrane and release their
contents including cortical enzymes.
(iii) The secondary oocyte forms a projection termed fertilisation cone
which receives the sperm.
(iv) Sperm entry stimulates the metabolism in the fertilised ovum (zygote).
As a result, the rates of cellular respiration and protein synthesis increase
greatly.
(d) It takes place in the ampullary isthmic junction of the fallopian tube.
Note:
• Cortical enzymes between plasma membrane and zona pellucida harden
the zona pellucida to prevent polyspermy.

65. Fertilisation occurs in ampullary-isthmic junction of fallopian tube.

The events of implantation are discussed as follows: Implantation is the
attachment of blastocyst to the uterine wall. It occurs after 7 days of
fertilisation. As zygote moves towards the uterus, it undergoes series of
mitotic divisions known as cleavage and forms 2,4,8,16 daughter cells called
blastomeres. The embryo with 8 blastomeres is called morula. The morula
transforms into blastocyst. In a blastocyst, the blastomeres are arranged into
an outer layer called trophoblast and an inner group of cells called the inner
cell mass. The trophoblast then gets attached to the endometrium and the
inner cell mass gets differentiated as the embryo. After attachment the
uterine cells divide rapidly and cover the blastocyst. As a result, the blastocyst
becomes embedded in the endometrium of the uterus.

66. (a) Process of Fertilisation in Humans:

Fertilisation in humans is the fusion of a sperm and an ovum to form a
zygote. During copulation, sperms are released into the vagina and travel
through the cervix and uterus to reach the fallopian tube. When an ovum is
released from the ovary during ovulation, one sperm penetrates its
membrane. The nuclei of the sperm and ovum fuse, forming a diploid zygote
(2n). This marks the beginning of a new individual. Fertilisation usually occurs
in the ampullary–isthmic junction of the fallopian tube.

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(b) Embryonic Stage and Implantation: The blastocyst is the embryonic
stage that gets implanted in the uterus of a human female. After
fertilisation, the zygote undergoes repeated mitotic divisions (cleavage) to
form a morula, which later develops into a blastocyst. Around the 6th–7th
day after fertilisation, the blastocyst attaches to the endometrial wall of the
uterus. The trophoblast layer of the blastocyst penetrates the
endometrium, ensuring the embryo is firmly embedded — this process is
known as implantation. It marks the beginning of pregnancy.

67. (a)Among the sperms A, B, and C, the sperm C would reach the ovum
earlier as it is closest to the ovum and aligned properly for penetration through
the egg membrane.
(b)D – Zona pellucida
E – Corona radiata
Role of E (Corona radiata): The corona radiata consists of several layers of
follicular cells that surround the ovum and supply vital proteins and
nourishment to it. These cells also help guide and protect the ovum during
fertilisation.
(c)Entry of sperm into the ovum: The entry of the sperm into the ovum is aided
by acrosomal enzymes present in the head of the sperm. These enzymes
dissolve the outer layers of the ovum (corona radiata and zona pellucida),
allowing the sperm membrane to fuse with the ovum membrane.
Changes in the ovum during fertilisation:
The ovum completes its second meiotic division and forms a mature ovum
nucleus.
The haploid nuclei of the sperm and ovum fuse to form a diploid zygote
nucleus.
The ovum membrane becomes impermeable to other sperms, preventing
polyspermy.
(d)The event represented in the diagram takes place in the ampulla of the
fallopian tube, which is the site of fertilisation in human females.

68. Fertilisation of a human ovum occurs in the ampullary region of the fallopian
tube.
Events following fertilisation until implantation (in sequence):
Fertilisation: Sperm penetrates the ovum to form a zygote.
Cleavage: The zygote undergoes mitotic divisions to form a morula (solid ball of
cells).
Blastulation: The morula transforms into a blastocyst with an outer trophoblast
and inner cell mass.
Movement: The blastocyst moves down the fallopian tube toward the uterus.
Implantation: The blastocyst attaches to the uterine wall (endometrium) around
the 6th–7th day after fertilisation.
 69. (d):During embryonic development, human fetus develops limbs and digits
by the end of second month of pregnancy, i.e., 60 days.

70. (d): The chorionic villi and uterine tissue becomes interdigitated with each
other to form a structural and functional unit between developing embryo
and maternal body called placenta. Inner cell mass of the blastocyst
differentiates into ectoderm, endoderm and mesoderm immediately after
implantation.

71. (B) Human Chorionic Gonadotropin (hCG)

72. Human chorionic gonadotrophin (hCG), human placental lactogen (hPL)

and relaxin are produced in women only during the pregnancy. There would
be a rapid increase in estrogen levels during the first trimester. It plays major
role in the milk duct development that enlarge the breasts during second
trimester. Progesterone level remain high throughout the pregnancy.

73. The placenta acts as an endocrine gland and secretes hormones : human
chorionic gonadotropin (hCG), human chorionic somatomammotropin (hCS),
progesterone, estrogen, relaxin, chorionic thyrotropin and chorionic
corticotropin.
The hCG stimulates and maintains the corpus luteum to secrete
progesterone until the end of pregnancy. The hCS stimulates the growth of
the mammary glands during
pregnancy. Relaxin facilitates parturition (act of birth) by softening the
connective tissues of the pubic symphysis. The level of hormones like
estrogen, progesterone, etc. are increased in maternal blood during
pregnancy. Increased production of these hormones is necessary for
supporting the fetal growth, metabolic changes in mother and maintenance
of pregnancy.

74. After implantation, finger-like projections appear on the trophoblast

called chorionic villi which are surrounded by the uterine tissue and maternal
blood. The chorionic villi and uterine tissue become interdigitated with each
other and jointly form a structural and functional unit between developing
embryo (fetus) and maternal body called placenta, which facilitates the supply
of oxygen and nutrients to the embryo and also removal of carbon dioxide
and excretory waste materials produced by the embryo.

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 Placenta also acts as an endocrine tissue and produces several hormones
essential for supporting the fetal growth, metabolic changes in the mother
and maintenance of pregnancy.

75. (a) Refer to above answer

(b) Estrogen and progesterone are two hormones, secreted by placenta and
they are also present in nonpregnant woman.
Note:
• Estrogen - Proliferation of endometrium.
• FSH - Maintenance of endometrium.
76. (i) The placenta begins to develop after implantation of a blastocyst which
occurs in the maternal endometrium. The blastocysts have two different cell
types; they have outer trophoblast cells and inner cell mass. These
trophoblast cells develop to form the placenta, while the inner cell mass
forms the fetus and fetal membrane. The placenta is formed by 18 - 20 weeks
and continues to grow throughout the pregnancy. It has a length of about
22 cm and a width of about 2.5 cm. By the 12 weeks, the placenta is formed
and ready to help the fetus with the nourishment. It allows in the uptake of
nutrients, eliminates waste, aids in thermoregulation and gases exchange.
Antibodies like IgG can pass through the human placenta and later it protects
the fetus in the uterus. Placenta also performs the endocrine function, i.e.
they release few hormones which are needed for the growth of sex organs.
(ii) The diagram of human fetus within the uterus is as follows:

77. (a) The sequence of secretion of the given hormones in a pregnant woman
is :
FSH → LH → hCG → Relaxin
(b) Sources and functions of hormones are:

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78.(a) Placenta develops after implantation of embryo in the uterus of human
female. After implantation, finger-like projections appear on the trophoblast
called chorionic villi which are surrounded by the uterine tissue and maternal
blood. The chorionic villi and uterine tissue become interdigitated with each
other and jointly form a structural and functional unit between developing
embryo (fetus) and maternal body called placenta, which facilitates the supply
of oxygen and nutrients to the embryo and also removal of carbon dioxide
and excretory waste materials produced by the embryo.
Placenta also acts as an endocrine tissue and produces several hormones
essential for supporting the fetal growth, metabolic changes in the mother
and maintenance of pregnancy.
(b) An umbilical cord connects placenta to the embryo.
(c) Refer to answer 63

79. (d) Assertion (A) is incorrect, but Reason (R) is correct statement.
Explanation: The perimetrium is the outermost serous layer of the uterus
and does not take part in contractions. The myometrium (middle
muscular layer) is responsible for strong uterine contractions during
childbirth.
Oxytocin released from the maternal posterior pituitary stimulates these
myometrial contractions.
 80. The signals for parturition originate from the fully developed fetus and the
placenta induce mild uterine contractions called fetal ejection reflex.

81. Yes, I agree that all young mothers must breastfeed their newborn babies
to provide best nourishment to them. Human milk consists of fat, casein (milk
protein), lactose (milk sugar), mineral salts (sodium, calcium, potassium,
phosphorus, etc). and vitamins that are necessary for development of the
child. Mammary glands start producing milk at the end of pregnancy. The milk
produced by the mammary glands of mother during initial days after child
birth, for 2 to 3 days is called colostrum. It is rich in proteins (lactalbumin and
lactoprotein) and various other nutrients. It also contains certain antibodies
(IgA), which provide passive immunity to the baby. This milk helps in
developing resistance to disease for newborn babies. It helps the baby to fight
from viruses and bacteria.

82. After birth, the breast's first released milk is called colostrum for 2 or 3
days. This is a thin, yellowish, fluid, often called foremilk. It contains cells from
the alveoli and is rich in protein (lactalbumin and lactoprotein), antibodies
( lg ), but low in fat. Breast-feeding during the initial period of infant growth
is recommended by doctors for bringing up a healthy baby.

83. The act of expelling the full term young one from the mother's uterus at
the end of gestation period is called parturition. Process of parturition is
induced by both nervous system and hormones secreted by the endocrine
glands of the mother. The signals for child birth (parturition) originate from
the fully matured fetus and placenta which induce mild uterine contractions
called fetal ejection reflex. This causes quick release of oxytocin from the
maternal pituitary gland.
Oxytocin acts on the uterine muscles and causes stronger uterine
contractions which in turn further stimulates the secretion of oxytocin. The
stimulatory reflex between the uterine contraction and oxytocin secretion
continues resulting in stronger and stronger contractions. This leads to
expulsion of the baby from the uterus through the birth canal.
Note:
Relaxin increases the flexibility of pubic symphysis and dilates uterine cervix
during labour pains

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 84. IUI (Intrauterine Insemination):
• Definition: IUI involves placing prepared sperm directly into the uterus
around the time of ovulation to facilitate fertilization.
• Process: Sperm is collected, processed in the lab, and then inserted into
the uterus via a catheter.
• Indications: Used in cases of male infertility, unexplained infertility, or
when donor sperm is used.
• Success Rate: Success depends on various factors but is generally lower
compared to IVF.
IVF (In Vitro Fertilization):
• Definition: IVF involves fertilizing an egg with sperm outside the body in
a laboratory dish ("in vitro") and then implanting the embryo into the
uterus.
• Process: Ovarian stimulation is followed by egg retrieval, fertilization in
the lab, embryo culture, and finally embryo transfer.
• Indications: Used for various infertility issues such as blocked fallopian
tubes, endometriosis, male infertility, etc.
• Success Rate: Higher success rates compared to IUI, especially in cases
where there are severe infertility issues.

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