Third Year Class: First Semester 2019-2020 (Lecture # 5) Dr.
Montadar Abas Taher
Department of Communications Engineering, College of
Engineering, University of Diyala
Digital Communication I
Lecture # 5
Multiplexing Techniques
FDM, TDM, Line Coding, Applications
Multiplexing:
Multiplexing is a technique which allows many users to share a common communication
channel simultaneously.
Thus, Multiplexing is the process of transmitting multiple signals over a single
communication channel
The major types of multiplexing techniques are:
1) Frequency Division Multiplexing (FDM),
2) Time Division Multiplexing (TDM).
3) Code Division Multiplexing (CDM)
4) Spatial Multiplexing (SM)
Spatial Multiplexing is a scheme of multiplexing used widely in wireless
systems.
Spatial multiplexing can be achieved using different parameters such as
the antenna polarization.
Frequency Division Multiplexing:
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Third Year Class: First Semester 2019-2020 (Lecture # 5) Dr. Montadar Abas Taher
Example:
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Third Year Class: First Semester 2019-2020 (Lecture # 5) Dr. Montadar Abas Taher
Each sub-band is called frequency channel slot.
Major problem in FDM is the cross talk due to the nonlinearity of the amplifier, thus,
cross talk (intermodulation) appears.
There are intelligible cross talk (cross modulation) and unintelligible cross talk.
Unintelligible cross talk is due to the effects of the nonlinearity of the filters.
Guard bands are the solution to the unintelligible cross talk problem.
Total occupied bandwidth, hence, is the summation of the frequency slots and the guard
bands.
∑ ∑
Where:
The commercial AM and FM broadcasting stations are examples of FDM.
Example 1: assume that a voice channel occupies a bandwidth of 4KHz. We need to combine
three voice channels into a link with a bandwidth of 12KHz, from (20 to 32)KHz. Show the
configuration, using frequency domain. Assume there are no guard bands (or assume that the
guard bands width is 0Hz).
Solution: first channel: 20 – 24 KHz
Second channel: 24 – 28 KHz
Third channel: 28 – 32 KHz
Example 2: Fifteen channels, each with a 200KHz bandwidth, are to be multiplexed together.
What is the minimum bandwidth of the link if there is a need for a guard band of 15KHz
between the channels to prevent interference?
Solution: Number of Channels
Slot bandwidth
Guard bandwidth
–
Then, total bandwidth
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Third Year Class: First Semester 2019-2020 (Lecture # 5) Dr. Montadar Abas Taher
Example 3: A cable TV service uses a single coaxial cable with a bandwidth of 860MHZ to
transmit multiple TV signals to subscribers. Each TV signal is 6MHz wide. How many channels
can be carried? Assume no guard bands.
Solution: Total Bandwidth
Channel Bandwidth
Then, Number of channels channels.
Example 4: Advanced Mobile Phone System (AMPS) was an analog mobile phone system
standard developed by Bell Labs. AMPS uses two bands. The first band is used for uplink (from
mobile station to the system) from 824MHz to 849MHz, and the second band for downlink (from
the system to the mobile station) from 869MHz to 894MHz. Each user has a bandwidth of
30KHz in each direction. How many users can use their Cellular Phones simultaneously if you
know that there are 42 channels reserved for control and signaling?
Solution: Uplink band
Downlink band
For each direction: each
Number of channels
In real practice is channels only.
Since there are 42 channels are reserved for control and signaling,
The Channels for users are users can use the cellular phones.
Analog Carrier Systems:
Carrier systems are designed for long-distance services lines such as Coaxial cables and
microwave systems.
Long distance carrier systems carry voicebands.
A very common technique for utilizing high-capacity links is FDM.
ITU-T institute has put an international standards as follows:
Each
Each are combined to ranging
from
Each are combined to
in the range
Each combined in
Thus,
Then,
Each 6 multiplexed to .
Then 1 .
1
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Third Year Class: First Semester 2019-2020 (Lecture # 5) Dr. Montadar Abas Taher
Time Division Multiplexing (TDM)
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Third Year Class: First Semester 2019-2020 (Lecture # 5) Dr. Montadar Abas Taher
A sampled waveform is off most of the time, leaving the time between samples available
for other purposes.
In particular, sample values from several different signals can be interleaved into a single
waveform.
This is the principle of Time Division Multiplexing (TDM)
If all inputs have the same bandwidth then the commutator rotates at a rate
.
Successive samples from any one input are spaced by
The time interval contains one sample from each input, this interval is called frame.
If there are N input channels, the pulse to pulse spacing within a frame is
Total number of pulses per second is: pulse per second
Here is called the signaling rate of the TDM system.
Minimum transmission bandwidth of a PAM-TDM channel is
this is also the bandwidth of the LPF
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Third Year Class: First Semester 2019-2020 (Lecture # 5) Dr. Montadar Abas Taher
In practice, the commutator is not mechanical, instead, it is electronic.
Synchronization between commutator and decommutator is very important to deliver the
correct signal’s pulse to the assigned branch.
One synchronization technique is by using marker pulse or non-pulse time-slot to help
the receiver in the synchronization operation.
Therefore, because of the synchronization marker, the number of signal channels (time-
slots) reduced by one.
If sources are not equal bandwidth‼! The source of larger band will be sampled more
often than smaller band sources.
If the sources are digital, pulse-stuffing must be used to make all sources have the same
data rate of the largest source.
Example 7.1: Two analog signals and are to be transmitted over a common
channel by means of time division multiplexing (TDM). The highest frequency of is 4 kHz
and that of is 4.5 kHz. What will be the minimum value of permissible sampling rate?
Solution: The highest frequency component of the composite signal consisting of and
is 4.5 kHz. Therefore, the minimum value of permissible sampling rate will be,
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Third Year Class: First Semester 2019-2020 (Lecture # 5) Dr. Montadar Abas Taher
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Third Year Class: First Semester 2019-2020 (Lecture # 5) Dr. Montadar Abas Taher
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Third Year Class: First Semester 2019-2020 (Lecture # 5) Dr. Montadar Abas Taher
TDM Multiplexing Systems:
The famous TDM application is in Telephone systems.
Wire and wireless (mobile cellular phones).
In 1960, the T1 carrier, which carries 24 digital telephone connections was used in North
America.
The Digital telephone speech signal is obtained by sampling a speech waveform 8000
times/sec.
Each sample represented by 8 bits.
T1 system’s frame contains 24 slots, each 8 bits.
Each slot carries one PCM sample for a single connection.
Beginning of frame is single bit indicator.
T1 transmission speed is:
[ ⏞ ⏞ ⏞ ]
North American Digital Telephone Hierarchy:
In North America and Japan, Digital System 1 (DS1) was introduced:
1. DS0: voice channel 64 Kbps
2. DS1: basic building block (T1) = 1.544 Mbps
3. DS2: 4× DS1 = 6.312 Mbps
4. DS3: 28× DS2 = 44.736 Mbps
In Europe the CCITT developed CEPT system:
1. CEPT1 or E1: is 32 voice channel 64 Kbps = 2.048 Mbps.
2. CEPT2 or E2: is 4E1 = 8.44 Mbps.
3. CEPT3 or E3: is 4E2 = 16E1 = 34.368 Mbps.
4. CEPT4 or E4: is 4E3 = 64E1 = 139.264 Mbps.
In E1 only 30 channels of the 32 channels are used for voice channels.
Thus, the two other channels are used as follows:
The first channel for signaling,
The second channel for alignment and link maintenance.
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