Mechatronics and Automation

2nd Level - Fall Semester (2025/2026)

Fluid Mechanics
(MAE207)
Lecturer
Degree: PhD in Mechanical Power Engineering, Benha University,
Egypt.
Academic Positions: Lecture at Mechatronics and Automation Program, BNU

Student Activities Coordinator, Faculty of Engineering

Academic Advisor , ENACTUS BNU
Coordinator
Innovation and Entrepreneurship Unit,
Innovators Support Fund (ISF)
Coordinator
Ministry of Higher Education, BNU

Dr. Dina El-Nagar

Edu- Mail: dina_elnagar@[Link]
Class Rules
Assignments: (No Late)

Be in class on time Mobile phone Silent Mode

Come to class with all needed No food or drinks in classroom

material

Lab Coat
Course Assessment

Join WhatsApp group

The score for this course is distributed according to the following table: -
❖ Semester Work
➢ Lect. Activity 10
➢ Reports &Assignments 10
➢ Lab Experiments 5
➢ Quiz 5
Total 30
Course Outline
Week Date Topic
1 --- 23/9 Introduction & Fundamental Notions
2 TUT 30/9 Physical Properties of Fluids - Viscosity
3 lAB &TUT 7/10 Fluid Statics : Pressure, manometry
4 lAB &TUT 14/10 Hydrostatic forces, Buoyancy
6 Quiz (1) &TUT 21/10 stability of floating and immersed bodies
7 28/10 Midterm Exam (1)
8 lAB &TUT 4 /11 Fluid Kinematics
9 lAB &TUT 11/11 Momentum Principle
10 Quiz (2) &TUT 18/11 Momentum Principle
11 lAB &TUT 25/11 Bernoulli’s Equation
12 2/12 Midterm Exam (2)
13 lAB &TUT 9/12 Flow through pipes - losses
14 lAB &TUT 16/12 Applications for Engineering Problems
15 lAB &TUT 23/12 Dimensional Analysis - Revision & Discussion
16 Final Exam
Fluid Mechanics Lab
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Reference Textbooks
 Course Objectives
• Understand the basic concepts of fluid mechanics.
• Have a working knowledge of basic properties of fluids.
• Determine the variation of pressure in a fluid at rest.
• Calculating pressure using various kinds of manometers.
• Apply the conservation of mass equation to balance the incoming and outgoing flow rates in a flow system.
• Understand the use of the Bernoulli equation, and apply it to solve a variety of fluid flow problems.
• Identify the various kinds of forces and moments acting on a control volume
• Use control volume analysis to determine the forces associated with fluid flow , the moments caused by fluid
flow and the torque transmitted.
• Learn about pumping systems, how to calculate manometric head, and how to choose a pump.
✓ Please read this part by your self from the textbook

Faces of Fluid Mechanics

Archimedes Da Vinci Newton Leibniz Euler

287 BC - 212 BC 1452 - 1519 1642 - 1726 1646 - 1716 1707 - 1783

Bernoulli Navier Stokes Reynolds Prandtl

1700–1782 1785 - 1836 1819 - 1903 1842 - 1912 1875 - 1953
 Mechatronics and Automation Engineering Program
Faculty of Engineering

Fluid Mechanics (MAE207)

2nd Level - Fall Semester

2025/2026

Introduction and basic concepts

Dr. Dina EL-Nagaar

Lecture Objectives
➢What is a Fluid Mechanics
➢ Fluid Mechanics Applications
➢ Fluid Mechanics Branches
➢ Fluid Mechanics Categories
➢ Classification of Fluid Flows
➢ Compressible Versus Incompressible Flow
➢ Laminar Versus Turbulent Flow
➢ Natural (or Unforced) Versus Forced Flow
➢ Steady Versus Unsteady Flow
➢ Units and Dimensions
Mechanics
➢ Mechanics is the oldest physical science that deals with both stationary and moving bodies under the
influence of forces.

➢ The branch of mechanics that deals with bodies at rest is called statics, while the branch that deals with
bodies in motion is called dynamics.

Dynamics deals with bodies in motion. Statics deals with bodies at rest
What is a Fluid
o You will recall from physics that substance exists in three primary phases

• In solids, the atoms are tightly bound by intermolecular forces and do not translate.

• In liquids, the intermolecular forces keep the atoms close together and make it possible for groups of atoms
to slide past each other.

• In a gas, the molecules can move independently of each other in random motion.
 What is a Fluid

Fluid is the substance in the liquid or gas phase that deforms continuously under the
application of shearing stress (or tangential stress) , no matter how small the shearing stress.
 Fluid
1- has a free surface 1- has no free surface
2- incompressible fluid 2- compressible fluid
Change in volume ≅ 0 Change in volume ≠ 0

Liquids take the shape of the Gases do not form a free surface, and it
container and forms a free surface in expands to fill the entire available
the presence of gravity. space.

The claim that the material is a fluid or not is made on the basis of the ability of the material to withstand the
applied shear stress that tends to change its shape.
 Attribute Liquids Gases

Visualization

Take the shape of the container and will

Description stay in open container and form a free Gasses expands to fil a closed tank
surface
Medium ( example, for water is 1000
Density Small ( example, for air is 1.2 kg/m3)
kg/m3)
Effect of shear Produces flow Produces flow

Viscosity High , decrease as temperature increases Low, increases as temperature increases

Difficult to compress Easy to compress

Compressibility
Bulk modulus is 2.2 x E9 (Pa) Bulk modulus is about 1 x E5 (Pa)
Application Areas of fluid mechanics
✓ Fluid mechanics is widely used both in everyday activities and in the design of
modern engineering systems.

✓ Fluid mechanics plays a vital role in the human body.

✓ The piping systems for water, natural gas and sewage primarily based on fluid
mechanics.

✓ We can also see many applications of fluid mechanics in an automobile.

Application Areas of Fluid Mechanics

Flow rate Measurement Dam Design

Pressure Measurement

Hot Air Ballons Power from Wind Energy Pump Room in Fire Fighting
Fluid Mechanics in Design and CFD

Tesla Model S Truck with Lip Spoiler

Kia Sportage with Roof Spoiler

Fluid Mechanics in Sports
Swimming Style Sport Ball
Fluid Mechanics in Medicine
Application Areas of Fluid Mechanics
Application Areas of Fluid Mechanics
Branch of Mechanics Studies Fluid in at Rest Branches of Mechanics Studies Fluid in Motion

fluid static fluid dynamics fluid kinematics

pressure forces pressure forces are
are considered not considered

➢ The branch of mechanics that deals with bodies at rest is called fluid statics, while the branch that
deals with bodies in motion , where pressure forces are not considered , is called fluid kinematics
and if the pressure forces are considered for the fluids in motion called fluid dynamics.
 hydrodynamics Gas dynamics
deals with flow of fluids that
Incompressible undergo significant density
Aerodynamics
changes as flow of gases
deals with flow of gases
hydraulics through nozzles at high speeds
(especially air) over bodies such
deals with liquid flows in pipes as aircraft, rockets, and
and open channels. automobiles at high or low speeds
Fluid mechanics itself is also divided into several categories.
• Hydrodynamics study the motion of fluids that can be approximated as incompressible (such
as liquids, especially water, and gases at low speeds).
• Hydraulics is subcategory of hydrodynamics, which deals with liquid flows in pipes and
open channels.
• Gas dynamics deals with the flow of fluids that undergo significant density changes
(comprisable) , such as the flow of gases through nozzles at high speeds.
• Aerodynamics category deals with the flow of gases (especially air) over bodies such as
aircraft, rockets, and automobiles at high or low speeds
Classification of Fluid Flows
▪ There is a wide variety of fluid flow problems encountered in practice, and it is usually convenient to
classify them based on some common characteristics to make it feasible to study them in groups.
▪ There are many ways to classify fluid flow problems, and here we present some general categories.
Internal vs. External Flow
▪ A fluid flow is classified as being internal or external, depending on whether the fluid flows in a
confined space or over a surface.
▪ The flow of an unbounded fluid over a surface such as a plate, a wire, or a pipe is external flow.
▪ The flow in a pipe or duct is internal flow if the fluid is completely bounded by solid surfaces.
▪ Water flow in a pipe, for example, is internal flow, and airflow over a ball or over an exposed pipe during
a windy day is external flow.

Internal External
 Compressible VS Incompressible Flow
▪ A flow is classified as being compressible or incompressible, depending on the level of variation of density during
flow.

▪ The flow is said to be incompressible if the density remains nearly constant throughout, and the volume of every
portion of fluid remains unchanged over the course of its motion.

▪ The flow is said to be compressible if the density changes due to pressure variation, Gases are highly
compressible fluids.

Incompressible Compressible
Laminar VS Turbulent Flow
▪ Some flows are smooth and orderly while others are rather chaotic.
▪ The highly ordered fluid motion characterized by smooth layers of fluid is called laminar.
▪ The flow of high-viscosity fluids such as oils at low velocities is typically laminar.
▪ The highly disordered fluid motion that typically occurs at high velocities and is characterized by velocity
fluctuations is called turbulent.
▪ The flow of low-viscosity fluids such as air at high velocities is typically turbulent.
▪ A flow that alternates between being laminar and turbulent is called transitional.
Natural VS Forced Flow
▪ A fluid flow is said to be natural or forced, depending on how the fluid motion is initiated.

▪ In forced flow, a fluid is forced to flow over a surface or in a pipe by external means as a pump or a fan.

▪ In natural flows, fluid motion is due to natural means such as the buoyancy effect, which manifests itself
as the rise of warmer (and thus lighter) fluid and the fall of cooler (and thus denser) fluid.

Forced
Natural
Steady VS Unsteady Flow
▪ The term steady implies no change of properties, velocity, temperature, etc., at a point with time at any
fixed point.

▪ The opposite of steady is unsteady, (properties of fluid at the same point change with time)
Viscose vs in viscose Flow
▪ Flows in which the frictional effects are significant are called viscous flows.
▪ However, in many flows of practical interest, there are regions (typically regions not
close to solid surfaces) where viscous forces are negligibly small compared to inertial or
pressure forces. Neglecting the viscous terms in such inviscid flow regions greatly
simplifies the analysis without much loss in accuracy.
• This internal resistance to flow is quantified by the fluid property viscosity, which is a measure
of internal stickiness of the fluid.
Units and Dimensions
Any physical quantity can be characterized by dimensions. The magnitudes assigned to the
dimensions are called units. Some basic dimensions such as mass m, length L, time t, and
temperature T are selected as primary or fundamental dimensions, while others such as
velocity V, energy E, and volume V are expressed in terms of the primary dimensions and
are called secondary dimensions, or derived dimensions

the English system, which is also

known as the United States Customary
System (USCS).
the metric SI (from Le Système
International d’ Unités), which is also
known as the International System.
SI & BG Units
➢ SI: The International System of Units)

➢ BG: The British Gravitational System of Units)