IF RUDYARD KIPLING ANALYSIS

In fact, any lover of tennis can probably tell you that several of the lines of ‘If—’ are hanging
in the player’s entrance at Centre Court Wimbledon in England. The lines that are displayed
read, “If you can meet with triumph and disaster and treat those two impostors just the same.”
While Kipling wrote poetry, novels, and articles, he is most notably known for his collection
of short stories called The Jungle Book, written in 1894. A British writer, Kipling, won the
Nobel Prize for Literature in 1907.

Themes

In ‘If—,’ Kipling engages with themes of masculinity and success/defeat. The first of these is
incredibly central to the poem. From the speaker’s point of view, there are very specific
things the young listener has to do to become a man. The speaker celebrates attributes that are
traditionally masculine, like strength, while also, in a contemporary setting, raising questions
in regard to what role women have to play in society.

The “inspirational” part of this poem comes from the speaker’s motivational message for the
young listener. He helps this young man try to understand what it takes to be successful in
life and how to handle defeat when it occurs, which, the speaker says, it certainly will.

Structure and Form

Rudyard Kipling separates his poem into four stanzas of equal length, all of which contain
eight lines. Each stanza has a set rhyme scheme of ababcdcd, with the exception of the first
stanza, which has the following rhyme scheme: aaaabcbc.

In terms of meter, the poem is written in iambic pentameter, with five feet consisting of an
unstressed and then a stressed syllable. The speaker of the poem, presumably Kipling, keeps
a positive and upbeat tone throughout the work, informing the reader what he or she needs to
do in order to be a successful person in life.

Kipling makes this a very personal poem by his use of the pronoun “you.” In fact, one could
even interpret that the poem is Kipling talking to himself or giving himself a pep talk.

Analysis of If—
First Stanza

The first stanza wastes no time in setting up the if-then scenario. Kipling writes, “If you can
keep your head when all about you / Are losing theirs and blaming it on you…” In this first
“if” scenario, Kipling reminds the reader of the importance of maintaining a level head even
when those around the reader do not have one and are blaming the situation on the reader. It
should be noted here that the reader soon realizes the poem is really one long sentence. The
poem ends on a particularly high note, which Kipling emphasizes with his use of an
exclamation point.

The third and fourth lines present the next “if” situation. Kipling writes, “If you can trust
yourself when all men doubt you, / But make allowance for their doubting too […]” Here, the
speaker emphasizes two traits that all people must possess: self-trust and the ability to
understand the thoughts and feelings of others, even if that means understanding that people
will not always like or agree with you. The final four lines of the first stanza flow together
nicely, almost sounding as though they are one complete thought. Kipling writes:

If you can wait and not be tired by waiting,

Or being lied about, don’t deal in lies,
Or being hated, don’t give way to hating,
And yet don’t look too good, nor talk too wise…
In these lines, the speaker is telling the reader to have patience. In addition, he informs the
reader that even if he or she is lied about, he or she should not stoop to the level of a liar. If
he or she is hated, he or she must not become hateful, and finally, the reader should not
appear to be better than he or she actually is, nor should he or she talk in a manner that does
not reflect who they are morally or spiritually.

Second Stanza

The “if” clauses continue into the second stanza, but they are structured differently. In the
first stanza, the “if” clauses were grouped in lines of two, with the exception of the final four
lines. In the second stanza, the form of the first two “if” clauses is similar to the second half
of the first stanza, where the lines build upon the previous lines. Kipling writes,
If you can dream—and not make dreams your master;
If you can think—and not make thoughts your aim,
Here, Kipling urges his reader to dream and think but to not get so caught up in dreams and
thoughts that the reader loses his grasp on reality. Kipling uses personification in his next two
lines:

If you can meet with Triumph and Disaster

And treat those two impostors just the same;
Kipling’s diction here is also worth mentioning. The word impostor suggests a pretense or
disguise. Perhaps he uses this word to showcase the fleeting nature of both: success never
stays, nor does disaster. Additionally, he could possibly be suggesting that these two words
often come with disruption or change. In any case, the reader should not dwell too much on
either triumph or disaster because they will soon disappear. Kipling continues right on to his
next “if” clause:

If you can bear to hear the truth you’ve spoken

Twisted by knaves to make a trap for fools,
The speaker informs the reader that he or she must be able to endure hearing his or her words
being twisted by dishonest and harmful people in order to serve their own agendas. He
continues this thought in the last two lines of the stanza, writing:

Or watch the things you gave your life to, broken,

And stoop and build ‘em up with worn-out tools,
The speaker demonstrates in these lines the importance of being able to pick oneself up and
start again if they fail—even if the thing they’ve failed at has taken all of their life to attempt.
The reader must always be prepared to start again.

Third Stanza

The third stanza starts with the “if” clause continuing on into the first four lines. Kipling
writes:
If you can make one heap of all your winnings
And risk it on one turn of pitch-and-toss,
And lose, and start again at your beginnings
And never breathe a word about your loss…
The theme in these lines is very similar to the one in the last two lines of the previous stanza:
if you lose everything, you must be willing to begin again. Not only that, but you must also
be willing to forget about the loss and not dwell on it.

The next four lines of the third stanza are also tied together. The speaker states,

If you can force your heart and nerve and sinew

To serve your turn long after they are gone,
And so hold on where there is nothing in you
Except the Will which says to them: ‘Hold on!’
These lines are particularly powerful. The speaker is imploring the reader to endure, even if
that feels both physically (sinew) and emotionally (heart and nerve) impossible. It is also
worth noting the capitalization of “Will.” Perhaps Kipling wanted to emphasize the resilience
of the human spirit here by making it a power that is separate from the person who possesses
it.

Fourth Stanza

In the fourth stanza, the consequence of doing all of these “ifs” is finally revealed, but not
before Kipling presents us with three more scenarios. The first one deals with how to treat
others, regardless of their station in life. He writes:

If you can talk with crowds and keep your virtue,

Or walk with Kings—nor lose the common touch,
It should not matter with whom the reader is walking; he or she needs to treat the lowest of
the low and the highest in a society exactly the same–with kindness. Kipling then dives right
into the next “if”:
If neither foes nor loving friends can hurt you,
If all men count with you, but none too much,
Kipling is reminding his reader that it is important to be able to bounce back from
disappointment or pain. One must not dwell on his enemies or the hurt a loved one could
potentially cause. Finally, the poet gives the reader his final piece of advice:

If you can fill the unforgiving minute

With sixty seconds’ worth of distance run,
He is telling his reader to never give up or waste even a single second of time. If you are
given a minute, make sure you use all sixty seconds of it. Finally, in the last two lines, the
outcome of abiding by all of these tidbits is revealed:

Yours is the Earth and everything that’s in it,

And—which is more—you’ll be a Man, my son!
If one is able to keep all of these things in check, one will have the world at one’s fingertips.

Literary Devices

Kipling makes use of several literary devices in ‘If—.’ These include but are not limited
to repetition, anaphora, enjambment, and caesura. The latter is a formal device that occurs
when the poet inserts a pause into the middle of a line. This might be done with punctuation
or with the meter. For example, lines one and two of the second stanza read:

If you can dream—and not make dreams your master;

If you can think—and not make thoughts your aim.

Just glancing at the poem, the reader is immediately hit with the word “If—.” Not only is it
the title of the poem, but through his use of repetition, Kipling emphasizes the word
throughout the entirety of his work. This makes the poem move, as the reader is working his
or her way through it in order to get to the effects of what will happen if he or she is able to
accomplish all that it mentions. Kipling does not disappoint. The reader discovers what will
happen in the final two lines of the work.
On the same point, the use of the word ‘if’ is a form of anaphora. This is because the word
‘if’ is repeated at the start of many of the lines of the poem, creating both a sonic effect, as
well as a listicle style to the poem (you have to do all of these things to be considered a man
at the end of the poem).

Enjambment is another interesting device, one that occurs when the poet cuts off a line before
the natural stopping point of a sentence or phrase. For example, the transitionbetween lines
two and three of the second stanza as well as one and two of the third stanza.

Historical Context

‘If—’ was written in 1895 and first published in 1910 in “Brother Square Toes,” a chapter
of Rewards and Fairies. Today, the poem’s philosophical outlook is considered to be one of
the best examples of Victorian stoicism. It provides traditional advice about how to live a
good life with the understanding that one has to make the most of every minute they have. It
requires self-discipline and a good moral character. But, no matter when the poem was
written, it is still resonant today.

Kipling wrote the poem after he was inspired by Leander Starr Jameson’s actions, leader of
the Jameson Raid, to overthrow the Boer Government of Paul Kruger. Although the raid
failed, Kipling was still struck by his tenacity.