FACULTY OF COGNITIVE SCIENCES AND HUMAN DEVELOPMENT
(FCSHD)
KMK1133 INTRODUCTION TO LINGUISTICS ANALYSIS
SEMESTER 2 2021/2022
ASSIGNMENT 2
NAME MELISSA LEE EE JIET
MATRIC NUMBER 80029
AP DR. FITRI SURAYA BINTI MOHAMAD HAPNI
LECTURER
JOBLIE
GROUP G01 (TUESDAYS, 12:00 P.M. - 3:00 P.M.)
DATE OF SUBMISSION 24 MAY 2022
KMK1133 Assignment 2 Melissa Lee Ee Jiet (80029)
1.0 BACKGROUND
Malaysia is known for its rich and diverse cultures among different ethnic groups over the whole
country. In Sarawak, many regional dialects were kept and are still used in daily
communications among its residents. As a multi-racial society, Sarawakians have picked up
various languages and dialects due to their high usage in daily conversations. According to
Minority Rights Group (2021), the state also has many first languages, several mentions are the
indigenous dialects such as the Iban and Bidayuh dialects. Chinese dialects are also common in
Sarawak, due to the Chinese population being the second largest among all races. The most
spoken dialects in Sarawak are Cantonese, Hakka, Foochow and much more.
The Hokkien dialect differs by region. The Taiwanese Hokkien dialect is brought to Taiwan by
immigrants from the southern part of Fujian during the Qing dynasty (Dreyer, 2003). In
Malaysia, the dialect is brought into the country by immigrants who originated in the same states
as those in Taiwan. However, the dialect eventually evolved among states in Malaysia, which
caused new variations of Hokkien dialect in Malaysia. The commonly heard Hokkien dialects in
Malaysia are usually the Southern Peninsular Malaysian Hokkien and the Penang Hokkien. In
Sarawak, Hokkien is also exposed in Chinese households due to the presence of Hokkien
television shows.
The Foochow dialect was brought to Sarawak, mostly by Wong Nai Siong, who brought 1118
Chinese immigrants from Fujian, China to Sibu, Sarawak (Gin, 1990), which is the place with
the highest population of Foochow Chinese in Sarawak. In modern days, the dialect was spoken
with a lot of borrowed words from various languages. It is common to find words from English,
Mandarin, Malay and the Sarawakian language used in Foochow conversations. However, the
dialect is mostly spoken by the older generations as there are few exposures of the language
among the younger generation. A lot of young Foochow descendants are known to only
understand the language but are unable to speak it. The number of young Foochow
descendants that do not understand their dialect at all has also increased as their communities
no longer use Foochow as their first language to communicate.
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KMK1133 Assignment 2 Melissa Lee Ee Jiet (80029)
2.0 INTRODUCTION ON SPEAKERS
There are two speakers who will be introduced in this research. The first one is Chen Tzu Ying,
a 22-year-old university student who is currently continuing her studies overseas. She comes
from a mixed family where her father is a Malaysian Chinese born and raised in Bintulu,
Sarawak while her mother is from the Kaohsiung region of Taiwan. She was exposed to her
mother’s dialect, Hokkien, as her first language, but her household uses Mandarin to
communicate daily. Tzu Ying also understands and speak English and Bahasa Melayu, but she
is not as fluent as she is in Hokkien and Mandarin in those two languages.
The second speaker who agreed to participate in this research is 73-year-old Chin That Tiong.
That Tiong is born into an immigrated Hakka family from China in Sibu, Sarawak. He speaks his
mother dialect and Mandarin among his siblings, but manages to pick up Foochow, which is a
dialect commonly spoken in Sibu. He also picked up English, Bahasa Melayu and Bahasa Iban
during his working years. However, the languages he uses the most are Foochow, Mandarin,
and English. This is because he married a Malaysian Chinese woman, who is from a Foochow
family. To communicate with her and their children, he switches between the three languages
daily.
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KMK1133 Assignment 2 Melissa Lee Ee Jiet (80029)
3.0 TRANSCRIPTIONS OF DIALOGUES
3.1 Traditional Story in Hokkien Dialect
Interviewer: Please recite a story that you remembered very well from your childhood,
and tell me why do you like this story?
Tsu Ying: [ɯo] [sɯɔ́ n] [ɐ] [ɯɑ] [ɡɑ] [i] [ɐ] [ku] [su] [ˈksi] [ʈʂu̯ ɑ] [ɭʊ] [kɯn] [,] [i] [uːy̯ ] [ʒ] [ɐ]
[ku] [su] [ˈksi] [ɯɑ] [kʰu̯ ɑ] [ku̯ ɔ] [ɐ] [t͡ ʃe] [ɭaî] [tiːɐ] [ɐ] [ku] [su] [ˈksi] [ɯa] [kan] [ɡa] [ɕi̯ oŋ̍ ]
[ho] [ʃœ̃ n] [ɐ] [.] [ɐ] [i] [ku] [su] [i̯ ə] [ɕi] [ã] [nɐ] [.] [i] [gŋ] [,] [u] [ʑi] [ho] [ɐ] [ɭan] [gɐ] [,] [i] [dĩ]
[ɕi] [ˈdio] [ʑi] [ɐ] [du̯ a] [ʑia] [t͡ su] [a] [.] [ʑ] [ɐ] [du̯ a] [ʑia] [t͡ su] [a] [ɐ] [ˈdioŋ] [bɛn] [ʑuo] [ɭaŋ]
[hiẽŋ] [.] [ũ̯ i] [ˈdio] [ɐ] [hu̯ a] [mia] [,] [ʑi] [ɐ] [ɭao] [bɐ] [di̯ u] [ga] [i] [ʑi] [ɐ] [ʑa] [bo] [ki̯ a] [gɐ]
[ho] [ũ̯ i] [.] [em] [go] [t͡ sʰuan] [ɭai] [di] [ɐ] [ʑa] [bo] [ki̯ a] [,] [Ʒuaŋ] [bo] [to] [bu] [Ʒua] [i] [,]
[bo] [ɕi̯ oŋ̍ ] [ɐ] [gɐ] [go] [i] [gu̯ e] [Ʒua] [.] [gan] [na] [i̯ u] [hao] [ɐ] [ɕi̯ oŋ̍ ] [sɛ] [han] [ɐ] [ʑa] [bo]
[gia] [,] [ũ̯ i] [ˈdio] [ĩ] [ɭao] [bɐ] [mai̯ ] [kau̯ ] [ɭaŋ] [tai]̯ [ɕi] [,] [i] [ˈdio] [ʃœ̃ n] [dian] [ban] [i] [ʑi]
[ɭɐ] [t͡ siŋ̍ ] [ʃu] [di] [t͡ si̯ a] [gɐ] [ho] [ʑi] [ɐ] [ʈʂu̯ ɑ] [ɭʊ] [kɯn] [.]
Tsu Ying: The story that I have picked is The Snake Lord, as this is the most interesting
story among all the ones I have read. The story sounds like this. A family accidentally
offended a giant snake, which can transform into human form. It is because the family
stole roses from the snake’s place. The father decided to promise one of his daughters
to the snake lord. However, none of his daughters wanted to marry a snake except for
the filial youngest daughter.
[i̯ ɛ] [ɕi̯ oŋ̍ ] [sɐ] [han] [ɐ] [ʑa] [bo] [ki̯ a] [,] [gɐ] [ho] [ʈʂu̯ ɑ] [ɭʊ] [kɯn] [ɐ] [au̯ ] [,] [i] [xiu] [i̯ ɛ]
[ʈʂu̯ ɑ] [ɭʊ] [kɯn] [ɐ] [tia] [sʰi̯ o] [,] [ʈʂu̯ ɑ] [ɭʊ] [kɯn] [ga] [i] [seː] [sʰi̯ o] [ni̯ a] [ni̯ a] [,] [i] [t͡ ʃiːə] [ho]
[i] [ʑin [sɐ] [ʑi] [ho] [i] [gue] [ʑiŋ] [he] [ɐ] [ɕiŋ] [hua] [.] [di] [ɐ] [i] [sʰi̯ o] [mũ̯ ɐ] [dɐŋ] [ki] [,]
[dɐŋ] [ki] [ao] [dao] [u] [,] [dɐ] [ga] [e] [ʑi] [hi̯ a] [dai̯ ] [ʑi] [ga] [i] [zɐ] [zɐ] [goŋ] [.] [a] [i] [zɐ]
[zɐ] [,] [u] [e] [ʑi] [ɭɐ] [zɐ] [zɐ] [ʈʂa] [ia] [ɭe] [hao] [,] [sʰi̯ o] [wan] [hao] [i] [ɐ] [,] [zo] [i] [ɭɐ] [,]
[ˈum] [,] [ũ̯ i] [ˈdio] [ɐ] [ha] [ʑiam] [i:e] [ɕiŋ] [hua] [,] [i] [ˈdio] [tan] [ʑi] [ɭɛ] [ʈʂu̯ ɑ] [ɭʊ] [kɯn]
[bo] [di:ɐ] [ɐ] [ʑœ̃ n] [gan] [ki̯ :ɛ] [i̯ ɛ] [sʰi̯ o] [mũ̯ i] [i] [tai] [seː] [,] [i] [d͡ ʑia] [ʈʂuang] [zuo] [i]
[sʰi̯ o] [mũ̯ i] [ɐ] [mo] [yuŋ] [.] [a] [ʑi:ɐ] [,] [i] [i] [t͡ sœ̃ n] [ʑuo] [iɐ] [sʰi̯ o] [mũ̯ i] [mo] [o] [ɭiau̯ ] [.] [i]
[sʰi̯ o] [mũ̯ i] [ɐ] [gu̯ i] [hœ̃ n] [bɐn] [do] [ʑuo] [ʑia] [ziau̯ ] [a] [dɐŋ] [ɭɑi] [,] [kiŋ] [gɐ] [ʈʂu̯ ɑ] [ɭʊ]
[kɯn] [.] [a] [u] [go] [i] [zɐ] [zɐ] [tai] [seː] [.] [ʑi] [ɡɐ] [mu̯ i] [mu̯ i] [ho] [ɭɑŋ] [tai] [ɕi] [,] [bɐn]
[ʑuo] [sʰi̯ o] [aŋ] [huaŋ] [tai] [ɕi] [ʑ] [ʑi] [gau̯ ] [,] [i] [bɐn] [ʑuo] [ʑi] [i] [ʑɑŋ] [qi] [dua] [.] [um̩ ]
[ko] [ʑi] [i] [ze] [ze] [ga] [ɕi] [ge] [ga] [ɐ] [,] [gi̯ a] [qi̯ u] [u̯ a] [pu̯ a] [kui] [,] [zuo] [ka] [gu] [.] [a]
[hɐ] [ia] [ka] [gu] [go] [i] [,] [go] [I] [di] [ka] [gu] [,] [i] [a] [ʑi] [hoŋ] [ɭɑi] [,] [ia] [ʑi] [seː] [,] [seː]
[ho] [ga] [ʑi] [ɐ] [ka] [gu̯ ] [ku̯ a] [ʑuo] [t͡ sa] [sʰi̯ o] [diao] [.]
After they got married, she was loved dearly by the snake lord. He also gave her a lot of
money and provided her with a good life. When the youngest sister went back to tell her
sisters about this, one of the older sisters grew jealous of her. The older sister decided to
murder the youngest sister when the snake lord was absent, before pretending to be
her. The youngest sister’s soul came back as a yellow bird to wait for the snake lord, but
she was murdered by the older sister again. She then came back in the form of a tree,
but the older sister decided to cut down that tree and turn it into furniture, before burning
them as firewood.
Tsu Ying: [um̩ ] [go], [ʑi] [ɡɐ] [sʰi̯ o] [mũ̯ i] [ɐ] [gu̯ i] [hoŋ] [sʰi̯ o] [ɐ] [ɕi] [jœ̃ n] [go] [bɐn] [ʑuo]
[ʑi] [ɐ] [uŋ] [ku̯ eʔ] [,] [aŋ] [kuŋ] [ku̯ eʔ] [.] [iŋ] [zɐ] [zɐ] [ku̯ a] [ˈdio] [,] [t͡ si̯ o] [,] [di] [ɭɐ] [dau̯ ]
[kau̯ ] [u] [aŋ] [kuŋ] [ku̯ eʔ] [ɑ] [ko] [u] [ʑi] [ɐ] [aŋ] [i] [ku̯ eʔ] [ɐ] [sʰi̯ ] [ʑu̯ n], [i] [ˈdio] [ga] [ʑio]
[ɐ] [,] [i] [ku̯ eʔ] [kɐ] [i] [ɐ] [baŋ] [ki̯ ɛ] [di] [ɑ] [ɱɪ [pu̯ e] [ɭɑi] [diɐ] [.] [a] [zu̯ e] [au̯ ] [ʈʂu̯ ɑ] [ɭʊ]
[kɯn] [zoŋ] [su̯ a] [ɕi] [deŋ] [ɭɑi] [a] [,] [ɐ] [deŋ] [ɭai] [ao] [ga] [i] [ɐ] [ɱɪ] [,] [min] [pue] [t͡ seŋ]
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KMK1133 Assignment 2 Melissa Lee Ee Jiet (80029)
[ho] [kui] [,] [hu̯ a] [hɐŋ] [u̯ an] [ɭɑi] [ɕi] [seː] [sʰi̯ o] [mũ̯ i] [do] [bɐn] [ʑuo] [i] [gœ̃ n] [lai] [ɐ] [mo]
[yoŋ] [do] [ɭɐ] [ɗɑŋ] [i] [.] [diɐ] [ au̯ ] [,] [ʈʂu̯ ɑ] [ɭʊ] [kɯn] [ʑia] [a] [ʑi] [g ẽ] [dai̯ ] [ʑ] [,] [ʑi] [,] [ʑi]
[hau̯ ] [,] [ga] [i] [ɐ] [sʰi̯ o] [mũɐ̯ ] [tai] [ɕi] [,] [ba] [,] [bu] [ɕi] [ga] [i], [ɕi] [ga] [i] [ɐ] [sʰi̯ o] [mũɐ̯ ]
[ɐ] [zɐ] [zɐ] [tai] [ɕi] [.] [ɭi] [dan] [na] [bo] [go] [ge] [sʰi̯ o] [in] [sʰi̯ oŋ] [ho] [ɐ] [ɕɐŋ] [huɑ] [.]
The youngest sister turned into red turtle kueh, which the older sister saw and took into
the bedroom. Finally, the snake lord returned. When he returned, he opened his room
and found out that the youngest sister had turned into her original form, waiting for him.
After knowing what happened, the snake lord killed the older sister. The couple then
continued to live a happy life together.
Interviewer: Okay, that was a very interesting story. Thank you very much.
3.2 Traditional Game in Hokkien Dialect
Interviewer: Tell me about a game you enjoyed playing as a child. Please briefly explain
how the game works
Tsu Ying: [uo] [sɐ] [haŋ] [ɐ] [ʃi] [ʒun] [,] [sioŋ] [a] [han] [œ̃ n] [toŋ] [u̯ a] [soŋ] [ɐ] [di̯ o] [si]
[mũ̯ i] [hu̯ e] [,] [mũ̯ i] [hu̯ e] [,] [d͡ ʑi] [,] [gu̯ e] [hu̯ e] [ku̯ i] [.] [t͡ ɕɐ] [ɐ] [ã] [ɴ] [sɐŋ] [di̯ u] [seː] [goŋ]
[,] [ʑi] [ɐ] [laŋ] [ai] [t͡ s] [.] [t͡ soŋ] [ʑi] [ɐ] [laŋ] [di̯ o] [œ̃ n] [ɐ] [laŋ] [.] [ki̯ a] [di̯ o] [œ̃ n] [ɐ] [hi] [lɐ]
[laŋ] [di̯ o] [seː] [gu̯ i] [.] [a] [,] [ki] [taŋ] [ɐ] [laŋ] [ai̯ ] [si̯ ɛŋ] [goŋ] [he] [he] [,] [goŋ] [mɐ] [gu̯ i]
[hu̯ e] [ku̯ i] [.] [bi] [ɾu] [goŋ] [,] [i] [u̯ e] [ku̯ i] [,] [ni] [u̯ e] [.] [na] [seː] [i] [u̯ e] [ku̯ i] [,] [uwẽ] [dei̯ ]
[di̯ o] [seː] [ai̯ ] [ki̯ a] [di̯ ɔŋ] [.] [un] [ɐ] [lɐ] [laŋ] [ʒo] [gu̯ i] [,] [a] [diɐ] [,] [a] [kiɐ] [ta] [ɐ] [laŋ] [sɐ]
[d͡ ʑi] [lɐ] [,] [kau̯ ] [go] [laŋ] [,] [na] [sɐ] [na] [goŋ] [,] [mũ̯ i] [hu̯ e] [,] [mũ̯ i] [hu̯ e] [,] [d͡ ʑi] [,]
[gu̯ e] [hu̯ e] [ku̯ i?] [a] [na] [seː] [goŋ] [,] [hi] [do] [ni] [di̯ u] [goŋ] [ã] [nɐ] [soŋ] [e] [niə̯ ŋ] [,]
[mũ̯ i] [hu̯ e] [,] [mũ̯ i] [hu̯ e] [,] [d͡ ʑi] [,] [gu̯ e] [hu̯ e] [ku̯ i?] [a] [na] [goŋ] [i] [u̯ e] [ku̯ i] [,] [a][na]
[um̩ ] [seː] [ɐ] [da] [gɐ] [goŋ] [ɐ] [so] [u̯ i] [ɐ] [hu̯ e] [,] [di̯ o] [gɐ] [ʃi̯ o] [goŋ] [,] [ni] [u̯ e] [ku̯ i] [,]
[sã] [u̯ e] [ku̯ i] [.] [um̩ ] [go] [gu̯ i] [na] [seː] [goŋ] [di̯ o] [da] [gɐ] [goŋ] [ɐ] [so] [u̯ i] [ɐ] [ʃi] [ʒun]
[,] [da] [gɐ] [da] [dũ̯ ã] [nɐ] [,] [zau̯ ] [ho] [i] [yo] [.] [a] [ho] [,] [gu̯ i] [di̯ a] [di̯ o] [hi] [ɐ] [laŋ][seː]
[au̯ ] [,] [zi] [lɐ] [bɐn] [tɕʰǐn] [di̯ o] [œ̃ n] [ɐ] [laŋ] [.]
Tsu Ying: When I was little, the game that I used to play with my friends was called
“Blossom, blossom, when will you bloom?” The way we played it is like, in a group of
people there is... a person picked to stand in the middle. The one who stands in the
middle will be the catcher. The others will discuss who will represent which month the
blossom will bloom. For example, it will blossom in January, in February. If we decided
that the rose blooms in January. We would surround the person who stands in the
middle, the one who becomes the catcher, and chant, “Blossom, Blossom, when will you
bloom?” Then, we will ask “When will it bloom?” If the person answered that it blooms in
January instead of the decide month, the catcher would continue guessing. However, if
the catcher guessed the decided month, everybody would have run away. The first
person who gets caught will become the next person standing in the middle.
Interviewer: All right. Thank you very much for your description of your favorite childhood
game.
3.3 Traditional Story in Foochow Dialect
Interviewer: Please tell me a story that you remember well from your childhood.
That Tiong: [nɑn] [dian] [mon] [e] [u] [gɑŋ] [ga] [noŋ] [ɐ] [ni] [ɐ] [t͡ ʃɑŋ] [ɐ] [jiŋ] [ho] [.] [ga] [e]
[nɝ] [gia] [bɐi] [bɐi] [ʑuo] [lin] [a] [,] [gi][hɨa] [,] [u] [gaŋ] [i] [mo] [,] [bo] [gua] [hi] [gi] [,] [a] [,]
[ʃi] [ʃuo] [hoŋ] [.] [a] [hi] [gi] [,] [huŋ] [de] [,] [hi] [gi] [uaŋ] [ga] [goʊ] [huŋ] [de] [ɐ] [bɐk] [dou]
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KMK1133 Assignment 2 Melissa Lee Ee Jiet (80029)
[.] [suk] [ki] [sok] [a] [,] [so] [huaŋ] [gao] [u] [gɑŋ] [kao] [œ̃ ] [dɐ] [hiɐ] [nɝ] [kuo] [,] [kuo]
[chɐŋ] [hʊ] [.] [iɐ] [t͡ ʃʊ] [kuo] [u] [yue] [hue] [,] [ia] [,] [dui] [t͡ ʃiu] [.] [a] [u] [gaŋ] [a] [mɐk] [gaŋ]
[t͡ ʃuo] [diɐk] [liu] [i] [goŋ] [,] [jiu] [bo] [niaŋ] [a] [deŋ] [guo] [nɑn] [tian] [mɐn] [,] [yɐ] [mɐ]
[meːu] [hiɐ][ga] [t͡ ʃɑŋ] [ɐ] [t͡ ʃua] [.]
Wu Gang of Nantianmen is close to the moon godness, Chang’e. However, he often
neglects his duties just to hang out with her. When the Jade Emperor found out, he
ordered Wu Gang to go to the moon to cut down a big osmanthus tree. If Wu Gang did
not cut down the tree, he is not be allowed to return to Nantianmen, nor meet Chang’e.
[gin] [ni] [,] [u] [gaŋ] [ga] [t͡ ʃuai] [hiɐ] [,] [t͡ ʃuai] [hiɐ] [t͡ ʃu] [,] [t͡ ʃoŋ] [doŋ] [tian] [a] [t͡ ʃuai] [a]
[t͡ ʃuai] [dia] [gao] [sia] [tien] [,] [[t͡ ʃu] [jik] [i] [t͡ ʃua] [gao] [buan] [niɐ] [si] [gan] [,] [kan] [iɐŋ]
[t͡ ʃiːu] [ai] [kɐ] [t͡ ʃiːu] [,] [t͡ ʃiːu] [ai] [ke] [[t͡ ʃɐŋ] [kun] [lou] [.] [yu] [a] [yu] [huaŋ] [dua] [di][t͡ ʃiɐ] [,]
[kuai] [i] [u] [ya] [ni] [li] [ui] [li] [t͡ ʃ] [dia] [,] [t͡ ʃi] [suo] [sia] [ga] [u] [gaŋ] [ɐ] [li] [ya] [,] [gua]
[dio] [t͡ ʃiu] [i] [ia] [i] [dio] [,] [ka] [tuo] [ʒou] [.] [u] [gaŋ] [pa] [,] [pa] [hia] [,] [guŋ] [no] [li] [guo]
[lao] [puɐ] [gao] [,] [sok] [gian] [u] [ya] [.] [t͡ ʃiɐ] [hia] [i] [lɐuŋ] [gia] [dun] [li] [ou] [,] [a] [u]
[gaŋ] [gao] [t͡ ʃuo] [ka] [sok] [ka] [,] [t͡ ʃuo] [lo] [i] [ɐ] [t͡ ʃiu] [a] [t͡ ʃiu] [mia] [i] [t͡ ʃuk] [gi] [lou] [,]
[you] [san] [t͡ ʃu] [li] [ou] [ye] [ʃi] [.]
Wu Gang chopped and chopped; it took him half a year to chop it down. Seeing that the
tree was about to be chopped down, the Jade Emperor then sent a crow to the tree and
took the clothes that were hanging on it. Wu Gang immediately put down his axe and
went after the crow. After retrieving the clothes, Wu Gang went back to the tree and saw
that all the branches and leaves had grown back.
[ji] [buan] [sia] [,] [an] [nɐ] [u] [gaŋ] [ai] [tsoi] [t͡ ʃiu] [a] [t͡ ʃiu] [bun] [ni] [ɐ] [t͡ ʃiʊ̯ ] [liu] [uak] [bɐi]
[,] [u] [ya] [t͡ ʃuɐi] [dio] [ga] [çiɐ] [ia] [ɡua] [ɡua] [da] [tɕi̯ ɑʊ̯ ] [.] [u] [gaŋ] [dio] [diɐn] [ni] [hia]
[suo] [lao] [,] [kan] [ian] [ga] [iɐ] [suok] [lio] [,] [dui] [t͡ ʃiu] [tʂʰʊŋ] [s.ɪŋ] [ʒaŋ] [tʃuː] [ʂu] [tʃi] [lo]
[.] [tʃa] [,] [ʒuo] [uan] [,] [suok] [nian] [suok] [nian] [u] [gaŋ] [t͡ ʃuai] [ga] [t͡ ʃuai] [mek] [liu] [ia]
[t͡ ʃiu] [.]
From then on, whenever Wu Gang was about to cut down the osmanthus tree, the crow
stood on the tree and started shouting. If Wu Gang stops chopping, the tree will grow
back. Year after year, Wu Gang still did not manage to cut down the tree.
Interviewer: That was a very interesting story, thank you very much.
3.4 Traditional Game in Foochow Dialect
Interviewer: Tell me about a game that you played frequently in your childhood and
please briefly describe it.
That Tiong: [i] [jia] [i] [,] [ia] [gi] [nːiɐu] [u] [sɑn] [nɐ] [li] [gi] [lak] [ki] [kɪ] [.] [sɐ] [lok] [lak]
[ə́ ːn] [sɛk] [,] [sɐ] [lok] [lak] [u] [u] [li] [.] [i] [ia] [ki] [gi] [sɐː] [z] [müɐ] [a] [,] [z] [,] [ma] [,]
[pa̰ o] [,] [jioŋ] [sɐː] [diɐ] [ɪn] [,] [biŋ] [ʒu] [,] [o] [,] [a] [i] [a] [.] [gi] [iɐ] [sɐː] [ia] [ma] [,] [pao]
[,] [go] [jioŋ] [kün] [.] [ka] [,] [kiaŋ] [huɑ] [lɐ] [,] [jiok] [ʒuo] [gi] [dio] [gian] [dik] [dik] [e] [,]
[ma] [ɐ] [gian] [hɐn] [nik] [di] [,] [diɐn] [sɐː] [gia] [naŋ] [nɨːa] [tiɐn] [ni] [,] [sˁioŋ] [,] [sˁioŋ]
[sik] [gian] [dian] [ni] [,] [pao] [gian] [na] [,] [giu] [ga] [,] [ga] [,] [ga] [san] [ni] [,] [pa] [nɨ] [,]
[ho] [.] [ma] [,] [hou] [,] [pao] [,] [sok] [ɯan] [i] [.] [ʒɐ] [li] [na] [ji̯ u] [xi] [goŋ] [,] [u] [gia] [ki]
[ɐ] [ŋuɐ] [ˈjɛ] [i] [xiɐ] [,] [hia] [juɐ] [lɐ] [i] [gon] [nɐ] [bɐk] [nɝ] [giɐ] [i] [ki] [gi] [.] [ɐ] [,] [ka] [li]
[ai] [jiu] [sɨ] [goŋ] [hia] [,] [ɐ] [,] [ki] [ma] [pao] [jion] [ɐ] [lɐi] [jioŋ] [gun] [hia] [jia] [.] [dɐ]
[dua] [i] [jioŋ] [gian] [ga] [,] [jion] [jian] [e] [gi] [jioŋ] [gun] [kaːo] [,] [juŋ] [un] [taːo] [dio] [nɐn]
[,] [na] [doŋ] [un] [xiɐ] [liu] [lou] [.] [jioŋ] [gun] [tao] [ne] [ə́ ːn] [jioŋ] [xi] [jiu] [xi] [sua] [lou] [a]
[.] [a] [,] [soŋ] [ho] [li] [gi] [ki] [jiu] [uan] [gian] [huɑ] [.]
5
KMK1133 Assignment 2 Melissa Lee Ee Jiet (80029)
That Tiong: There are 32 chess pieces in Chinese chess. 16 are red, 16 are black. The
chess pieces are known as soldiers, chariots, horses, cannons, elephants, advisers, and
generals. The two general pieces are also named differently. Chariots can check horses,
cannons and even the generals can check all types of pieces. Each type of chess piece
also has its own way of moving. Chariots and soldiers move in straight lines, the moves
for horses and elephants are limited, soldiers move like chariots and cannons but can
move to the opposite side of the board. The winner is determined when one of the
generals survives with its advisor, chariot, cannon, horse, and elephant pieces remaining
on the board. If all pieces are eaten, that side will be considered to lose the match.
Interviewer: That will be it, thank you very much.
6
KMK1133 Assignment 2 Melissa Lee Ee Jiet (80029)
4.0 CONCLUSION
To conclude, there are significant differences among dialects despite their users coming from
the same root or speaking the same language. It is also noted that speakers also tend to mix in
other languages while speaking their dialect, as it is common for users in Sarawak to
communicate with many languages at once. In this case, there are several Chinese words used
in Foochow, where the pronunciations do not change.
However, Chinese dialects are slowly being forgotten as most younger generations are
not exposed to these languages. For young Chinese who did not grow up with an elderly figure,
most of them have zero understanding of the dialects as parents barely use their own dialects to
communicate in their household. Although a few dialects have developed their own writing and
alphabet system, for instance, the Taiwanese Hokkien dialect, most dialects in Sarawak do not
have physical information to teach and pass them down, as their people learn them from daily
communication. The death of the languages also signifies the death of a part of each group’s
identity, if no action is taken to preserve these endangered languages.
7
KMK1133 Assignment 2 Melissa Lee Ee Jiet (80029)
5.0 REFERENCES
Dreyer, J. T. (2003). The Evolution of a Taiwanese National Identity. ASIA PROGRAM
SPECIAL REPORT, 114, 4–10.
[Link]
Gin, O. K. (1990). Sarawak Malay Attitudes Towards Education During the Period of
Brooke Rule, 1841–1946. Journal of Southeast Asian Studies, 21(2), 340–359.
[Link]
Minority Rights Group. (2021, February 5). Indigenous peoples and ethnic minorities in
Sarawak. [Link]
in-sarawak/
8
KMK1133 Assignment 2 Melissa Lee Ee Jiet (80029)
6.0 ATTACHMENTS
Informed Consent Form (KMK1133-KALAKA-2022)
Participant Identification Number: 002
CONSENT FORM
Linguistic Diversity in Malaysia
Name of researcher: Melissa Lee Ee Jiet
I am inviting you to participate in my small study to collect an oral recording of your
stories. The audio files will be used as a practice to learn to transcribe using the
International Phonetic Alphabet system. The audio files and transcriptions will be
uploaded into a web-based platform, Kalaka, which will be used to trace languages
and dialects spoken by Malaysians over time.
Please initial/tick the box(es) below.
● 1. I confirm that I have read and understand the information sheet
dated 10 April 2022 for the above study. I have had the opportunity to
consider the information, ask questions and have had these answered
satisfactorily.
● 2. I understand that my participation is voluntary and that I am free
to withdraw at any time, without giving any reason.
● 3. I understand that any information given by me may be used in future
reports, articles, or presentations by the research team.
● 4. I understand that my name will not appear in any reports, articles, or
presentations.
● 5. I agree to take part in the above study.
Chen Tsu Ying 15 May 2022 Chen Tsu Ying
Name of Participant Date Signature
Melissa Lee Ee Jiet 15 May 2022 ___________________
Researcher Date Signature
9
KMK1133 Assignment 2 Melissa Lee Ee Jiet (80029)
10
KMK1133 Assignment 2 Melissa Lee Ee Jiet (80029)
Informed Consent Form (KMK1133-KALAKA-2022)
Participant Identification Number: 002
CONSENT FORM
Linguistic Diversity in Malaysia
Name of researcher: Melissa Lee Ee Jiet
I am inviting you to participate in my small study to collect an oral recording of your
stories. The audio files will be used as a practice to learn to transcribe using the
International Phonetic Alphabet system. The audio files and transcriptions will be
uploaded into a web-based platform, Kalaka, which will be used to trace languages
and dialects spoken by Malaysians over time.
Please initial/tick the box(es) below.
● 1. I confirm that I have read and understand the information sheet
dated 10 April 2022 for the above study. I have had the opportunity to
consider the information, ask questions and have had these answered
satisfactorily.
● 2. I understand that my participation is voluntary and that I am free
to withdraw at any time, without giving any reason.
● 3. I understand that any information given by me may be used in future
reports, articles, or presentations by the research team.
● 4. I understand that my name will not appear in any reports, articles, or
presentations.
● 5. I agree to take part in the above study.
Chin That Tiong 15 May 2022 ChinThatTiong
Name of Participant Date Signature
Melissa Lee Ee Jiet 15 May 2022 ___________________
Researcher Date Signature
11