CLASS 12TH

ASSIGNMENT QUESTIONS
CHEMISTRY

CHAPTER 2 - SOLUTIONS

QUESTION 01. A solution containing 15 g urea (molar mass = 60 g mol-1) per litre of solution in water has
the same osmotic pressure (isotonic) as a solution of glucose (molar mass = 180 g mol-1) in water. Calculate
the mass of glucose present in one litre of its solution.
QUESTION 02.A 1.00 molal solution of trichloroacetic acid (CCl3COOH) is heated to its boiling point. The
solution has the boiling point of 100.18°C. Determine the van’t Hoff factor for trichloroacetic acid (K b for water
= 0.512 K kg mol-1).
QUESTION [Link] cells are isotonic with 0.9% sodium chloride solution. What happens if we place blood
cells in a solution containing
(i) 1.2% sodium chloride solution? (ii) 0.4% sodium chloride solution?
QUESTION 04. 1.00 g of non-electrolyte solute dissolved in 50 g of benzene lowered the freezing point of
benzene by 0.40 K. Find the molar mass of the solute.(Kf for benzene = 5.12 K kg mol-1).
QUESTION 05.(a) Out of 0.1 molal aqueous solution of glucose and 0.1 molal aqueous solution of KCI,
which one will have higher boiling point and why?
(b) Predict whether van’t Hoff factor
(i) is less than one or greater than one in the following (i) CH3COOH dissolved in water (iii) CH3COOH
dissolved in benzene
QUESTION [Link] forms an ideal solution in water. Determine the vapour pressure of an aqueous solution
containing 10% by mass of urea at 40°C. (Vapour pressure of water at 40°C = 55.3 mm of Hg)
QUESTION 07.
A solution of chloroform and acetone is an example of maximum boiling azeotrope. Why?
QUESTION 08. A solution of glucose (C6H12O6) in water is labelled as 10% by weight. What would be the
molality of the solution?
QUESTION 09. What is meant by positive deviations from Raoult’s law? Give an example. What is the sign
of Δmix H for positive deviation?
QUESTION 10. Define azeotropes. What type of azeotrope is formed by positive deviation from Raoult’s
law? Give an example.
QUESTION [Link] properties of the solutions which depend only on the number of solute particles but not
on the nature of the solute are called colligative properties. Relative lowering in vapour pressure is also an
example of colligative properties. Meena has performed an experiment in which she prepared a sugar solution
and inferred the data given in table below.
Lowering in vapour pressure 0.061 mm of Hg
Vapour pressure of water 20°C 17.5 mm of Hg
Answer the following questions.
(a) What will be the relative lowering of vapour pressure for the given solution?
QUESTION 12. Find the vapour pressure (mm of Hg) of solution.
(b) What will be the mole fraction of sugar in the solution?
What will be the vapour pressure (mm of Hg) of water at 293 K when 25g of glucose is dissolved in 450 g of
water?
QUESTION 13. The air is a mixture of a number of gases. The major components are oxygen and nitrogen
with approximate proportion of 20% and 79% by volume at 298 K, respectively. The water is in equilibrium
with air at a pressure of 10 atm. At 298 K, if the Henry’s law constant for oxygen and nitrogen are 3.30 × 107
mm and 6.51 × 107 mm respectively, calculate the composition of these gases in water.
QUESTION 10.
QUESTION 10
QUESTION 10

CHAPTER 3 – ELECTROCHEMISTRY
Question 1. The resistance of a conductivity cell containing 0.001 M KCI solution at 298 K is 1500 Ω. What is
the cell constant if the conductivity of 0.001 M KCl solution at 298 K is 0.146 × 10 -3 S cm-1?
Question 2. The conductivity of 0.20 M KCl solution at 298 K is 0.025 S cm -1. Calculate its molar conductivity.
Question 3. Resistance of a conductivity cell filled wIth 0.1 M KCl solution is 100. If the resistance of the
same cell when filled with 0.02 M KCl solution is 520Ω, calculate the conductivity and molar conductivity of
0.02 M KCl solution. (The conductivity of 0.1 M KCl solution is 1.29 S m-1.)
Question 4. The electrical resistance of a column of 0.05 M NaOH+ solution of diameter 1 cm and length 50
cm is 5.55 × 103 ohm. Calculate its
(i) resistivity
(ii) conductivity, and
(iii) molar conductivity.
Question 5. The molar conductivities at infinite dilution for sodium acetate, hydrochloric acid and sodium
chloride are 91.0, 425.9 and 126.4 S cm2 mol-1 respectively at 298 K. Calculate the molar conductivity of
acetic acid at infinite dilution.
Question 6. (a) Write the reaction that occurs at anode on electrolysis of concentrated H 2SO4 using platinum
electrodes.
(b) What is the effect of temperature on ionic conductance?
Question 7. Write anode and cathode reactions that occur in dry cell. How does a dry cell differ from a
mercury cell?
Question 8. Calculate the limiting molar conductivity of CaS04 if limiting molar conductivities of calcium and
sulphate ions are 119.0 and 106.0 S cm2 mol-1 respectively.
Question 9. Arrange the following solutions in the decreasing order of specific conductance.
(i) 0.01M NaCl (ii) 0.05M NaCl (iii) 0.1M NaCl (iv) 0.5M NaCl

Question 10. Conductivity of 2.5 × 10-4 M methanoic acid is 5.25 × 10-5 S cm-1. Calculate its molar
conductivity and degree of dissociation. Given: Ʌ0 (H+) = 349.5 S cm2 mol-1 and Ʌ0 (HCOO- ) = 50.5 S cm2mol-1.
(a) Write the name of the cell which is generally used in transistors. Write the reactions taking place at the
anode and the cathode of this cell.
Question 11. Define molar conductivity of a substance and describe how for weak and strong electrolytes,
molar conductivity changes with concentration of solute. How is such change explained?
What is the dissociation constant of acetic acid if Ʌ0 for acetic acid is 390 S cm2 mol-1 and the conductivity
of 0.00 1 M acetic acid is 4 × 10-5 S/m?
Question 12. The molar conductivity of 0.025 mol L-1 methanoic acid is 46.1 S cm2mol-1. Calculate its degree
of dissociation and dissociation constant. Given, Ʌ0 (H+) = 349.6 S cm2 mol-1 and Ʌ0 (HCOO- ) = 54.6 S cm2 mol-1
CHAPTER 4 – CHEMICAL KINETICS

Question 1. The rate constant for a reaction of zero order in A is 0.0030 mol L-1 s-1. How long will it take for
the initial concentration of A to fall from 0.10 M to 0.075 M?
Question 2. A reaction is of second order with respect to a reactant. How will the rate of reaction be affected if
the concentration of this reactant is - (a) doubled (b) reduced to half ?
CHAPTER 5 – d AND f BLOCK ELEMENTS
Question [Link] reasons for each of the following:
(i) Transition metals generally form coloured compounds.
(ii) Manganese exhibits the highest oxidation state of +7 among the 3d-series of transition elements.
Question [Link] are the transition elements? Write two characteristics of the transition elements.
Question [Link] both Cr2+ and Mn3+ have d4 configurations, yet Cr2+ is reducing while Mn3+ is oxidizing.
Explain why?
Question [Link] are Mn2+ compounds more stable than Fe2+ towards oxidation to their +3 state?
Question [Link] E°M2+|M for copper is positive (0.34 V). Copper is the only metal in the first series of transition
elements showing this behavior. Why?
Question [Link] is a typical hard metal while mercury is a liquid.
Question [Link] is a transition metal but zinc is not.
Question 08. Name the ox metal anions of the first series of the transition metals in which the metal exhibits
an oxidation state equal to its group number.
Question 09. Give reasons:
(a) Of the d4 species, Cr2+ is strongly reducing while Mn3+ is strongly oxidising.
(b) The d1 configuration is very unstable in ions.
Question 10. When chromite ore FeCr2O4 is fused, with NaOH in presence of air, a yellow-coloured
compound (A) is obtained, which on acidification with dilute sulphuric acid gives a compound (B). Compound
(B) on reaction with KCI forms an orange-coloured crystalline compound (C).
(i) Write the formulae of the compounds (A), (B), and (C).
(ii) Write one use of the compound (C).
OR
Complete the following chemical equations:
(i) 8MnO4–+ 3S2O32-+ H2O →
(ii) Cr2O72-+ 3Sn2+ + 14H+ →
Question 11. Why do the transition elements have higher enthalpies of atomization? In 3d series (Sc to Zn),
which element has the lowest enthalpy of atomization and why?
Question 12. Attempt any five of the following questions.
(a) Why there is more variability in oxidation states of transition metals than that of the p-block elements?
(b) Why is Cu2+ (aq) is much more stable than Cu+(aq)?
(c) Why orange colour of CrO22- ion changes to yellow when treated with an alkali?
(d) Explain why chemistry of actinoids is complicated as compared to lanthanoids?
(e) Write two consequences of lanthanoid contraction.
CHAPTER 6 – COORDINATION CHEMISTRY
Question 1.(a) Draw the structures of geometrical isomers of [Fe(NH3)2 (CN)4]–
(b) [NiCl4]2- is paramagnetic while [Ni(CO)4] is diamagnetic though both are tetrahedral. Why? [Atomic
number of Ni = 28]
OR
Define the following: (a) Ambidentate ligands (b) Spectra chemical series (C) Heteroleptic
complexes
Question [Link] the structures and names of all the stereoisomers of the following compounds:
(i) [Co(en)3]Cl3 (ii) [Pt(NH3)2Cl2] (iii) [Fe(NH3)4Cl2]Cl
Question [Link] the name, stereochemistry and magnetic behaviour of the following:
(i) K4[Mn(CN)6] (ii) [Co(NH3)2 C1]Cl2 (iii) K2[Ni(CN)4]
Question [Link] the complex [Fe(en)2Cl2]Cl identify the following:
(i) Oxidation number of iron
(ii) Hybrid orbitals and shape of the complex (iii) Magnetic behaviour of the complex
(iv) Number of its geometric isomers (v) Whether there may be optical isomer also (vi) Name
the complex.
Question [Link] the formula of each of the following coordination entities:
(i) CO3+ ion is bound to one Cl–, one NH3 molecule and two bidentate ethylene diamine (en) molecules.
(ii) Ni2+ ¡on is bound to two water molecules and two oxalate ions. Write the name and magnetic behaviour of
each of the above coordination entitles. (At. nos. CO = 27, Ni = 28)
Question [Link] a reason for each of the following situations:
(i) CO2+ is easily oxidised to CO3+ in presence of a strong ligand.
(ii) CO is a stronger complexing reagent than NH3.
(iii) The molecular shape of Ni(CO)4 is not the same as that of [Ni(CN)4]2-.
Question [Link] the following coordination entities and draw the structures of their stereoisomers:
(i) [Co(en)2Cl2]+(en = ethane-1, 2-diamine) (ii) [Cr(C204)3]3- (iii) [CO(NH3)3Cl3]
(Atomic numbers Cr = 24, CO = 27)
Question [Link] the following coordination entities and describe their structures:
(i) [Fe(CN)6]4- (ii) [Cr(NH3)4Cl2]+ (iii) [Ni(CN)4]2-
(Atomic numbers Fe = 26, Cr = 24, Ni = 28)
Question 9. Write all the geometrical isomers of [Pt(NH3)(Br)(Cl)(py)] and how many of these will exhibit
optical isomers?
Question 10. For the complex [Fe(en)2Cl2]Cl, (en = ethylene diamine), identify-
(a) the oxidation number of iron.
(b) the hybridisation and the shape of the complex.
the magnetic behaviour of the complex.

CHAPTER 7 – HALOALKANES AND HALOARENES

Question 1. (i) Out of (CH3)3C-Br, and (CH3)3C-I, which one is more reactive towards SN1 and why?
(ii) Write the product formed when p-nitro chlorobenzene is heated with aqueous NaOH at 443 K followed by
acidification.
(iii) Why are dextro- and levorotatory isomers of Butan-2-ol difficult to separate by fractional distillation?
Question 2. Give reasons for the following:
(i) Ethyl iodide undergoes SN2 reaction faster than ethyl bromide.
(ii) (±) 2 – Butanol is optically inactive.
(iii) C—X bond length in halobenzene is smaller than C—X bond length in CH3 — X. (CBSE 2013)
Question 3. (i) Draw the structures of major moon halo products in each of the following reactions:

(ii) Which halogen compound in each of the following pairs will react faster in SN2 reaction:
(a) CH3Br or CH3I (b) (CH3)3C – Cl or CH3 – Cl
Question 4. How would you convert the following:
(i) Prop-1-ene to 1-fluoropropane (ii) Chlorobenzene to 2-chlorotoluene (iii) Ethanol to
propanenitrile
OR
Write the main products when
(i) n-butyl chloride is treated with alcoholic KOH. (ii) 2, 4, 6-trinitrochlorobenzene is subjected to hydrolysis.
(iii) methyl chloride is treated with AgCN.
Question 5. Give reasons:
(i) C – Cl bond length in chlorobenzene is shorter than C — Cl bond length in CH3 — Cl.
(ii) The dipole moment of chlorobenzene is lower than that of cyclohexyl chloride.
(iii) SN1 reactions are accompanied by racemisation in optically active alkyl halides. (CBSE 2016)
Question 6.
The following compounds are given to you:
2-Bromopentane, 2-Bromo-2-methyl butane, 1-Bromopentane
(i) Write the compound which is most reactive towards the SN2 reaction.
(ii) Write the compound which is optically active.
(iii) Write the compound which is most reactive towards the SN2 elimination reaction.
Question 7. Explain why (i) the dipole moment of chlorobenzene is lower than that of cyclohexyl chloride.
(ii) alkyl halides, though polar, are immiscible with water,
(iii) Grignard reagents should be prepared under anhydrous conditions?
Question [Link] one of the following compounds will undergo a faster hydrolysis reaction by the S N1
mechanism? Justify your answer.

OR
A compound is formed by the substitution of two chlorine atoms for two hydrogen atoms in propane. Write
the structures of the isomers possible. Give the IUPAC name of the isomer which can exhibit enantiomerism.
(CBSE Sample paper 2018-19)
Question 9. (i) Identify the chiral molecule in the following pair:

and
(ii) Write the structure of the product when chlorobenzene is treated with methyl chloride in the presence of
sodium metal and dry ether.
(iii) Write the structure of the alkene formed by dehydrohalogenation of 1-Bromo-1- methylcyclohexane with
alcoholic KOH.
Question 10.

(a) Out of and which one is more reactive towards SN2 reaction and why?

(b) Out of and which one is more reactive towards nucleophilic substitution
reaction and why?
(c) Out of and which one is optically active and why?

Question [Link] the products of the following reactions:

(i) CH3 CH2 -CH = CH2 + HCl →
(ii) Me2CHCH2OH

(iv) Me2C = CMe2

(v)
Question 12. Give reasons for the following
(a) The presence of —NO2 group at ortho position increases reactivity of haloarenes towards nucleophilic
substitution reactions.
(b) p-dichlorobenzene has higher melting point than the ortho or meta- isomer
(c) Thionyl chloride method is preferred for preparing alkyl chloride from alcohols.
Question 13. Give reason for the following.
(a) The dipole moment of chlorobenzene is lower than that of cyclohexyl chloride.
(b) Alkyl halides, though polar, are immiscible with water.
Question 14. Write the equations involved in the following reactions.
(a) Phenol is treated with CHCl3 in the presence of aqueous NaOH at 340K.
(b) Ethyl bromide is treated with sodium ethoxide and phenol is treated with benzene diazonium salt.
(c) Phenol is treated with benzene diazonium salt to give p-hydroxy azobenzene

CHAPTER 8- ALCOHOLS,PHENOLS AND ETHERS

Question [Link] happens when
(a) Sodium phenoxide is treated with CH3Cl?
(b) CH2 = CH – CH2 – OH is oxidised by PCC?
(c) Phenol is treated with CH3COCI/anhydrous AlCl3?
Write chemical equations in support of your answer.
Question 2.(a) How will you convert the following:
(i) Phenol to benzoquinone (ii) Propanone to 2-methyl propane-2-ol
(b) Why does propanol have a higher boiling point than that butane?
Question [Link] the product formed when propan-1 -ol is treated with a cone. H2S04 at 413 K. Write the
mechanism involved for the above reaction.
Question [Link] the equations involved in the following reactions:
(i) Reimer-Tiemann reaction (ii) Williamson’s ether synthesis
Question [Link] the structure and name the product formed if the following alcohols are oxidised. Assume
that an excess of the oxidising agent is used. (i) CH3CH2CH2CH2OH (ii) 2-butenol
(iii) 2-methyl-1-propanol
Question 6. Write the main product(s) in each of the following reactions:

Question [Link] reasons for the following: (CBSE Delhi 2016, Outside Delhi)
(i) Protonation of phenols Is difficult whereas ethanol easily undergoes protonation.
(ii) Bolting point of ethanol is higher than that of dimethyl ether.
(iii) Anisole on reaction with Hl gives phenol and CH3-I as main products and not iodobenzene and CH3OH.
Question [Link] do you convert the following:
(i) Phenol to anisole
(ii) Propan-2-ol to 2-methylpropan-2-ol
(iii) Aniline to phenol?
OR
(i) Write the mechanism of the following reaction:

2CH3CH2OH CH3CH2—O—CH2CH3
(ii) Write the equation involved In the acetylation of salicylic acid.
Question [Link] reasons for the following:
(i) o-nitrophenol is more acidic than o-methoxyphenyl.
(ii) Butan-1-oi has a higher boiling point than diethyl ether.
(iii) (CH3)3C – O – CH3 on reaction with HI gives (CH3)3C – I and CH3 – OH as the main products and not
(CH3)3C –OH and CH3 – I.
Question [Link] the equations involved in the following reactions.
(d) Phenol is treated with CHCl3 in the presence of aqueous NaOH at 340K.
(e) Ethyl bromide is treated with sodium ethoxide and phenol is treated with benzene diazonium salt.
(f) Phenol is treated with benzene diazonium salt to give p-hydroxy azobenzene
Question [Link] the major product formed when phenol reacts with carbon dioxide. Name the reagent
which is used to carry out the reaction. Also, write the name of the reaction involved and explain why are
alcohols more soluble in water than the hydrocarbons of comparable molecular masses?
Question 12.(a) Name the reactant that yields benzoquinone on oxidation with Na2Cr2O7 / H2SO4. Write the
reactions involved.
(a) Why are phenols more soluble in water than benzene of comparable molecular masses?

CHAPTER 9 - ALDEHYDES, KETONES AND CARBOXYLIC ACIDS

Question 1.
Complete the following reactions:

Or
Write chemical equations for the following reactions:
(i) Propanone is treated with dilute Ba (OH)2.
(ii) Acetophenone is treated with Zn(Hg)/Conc. HCI
(iii) Benzoyl chloride is hydrogenated in presence of Pd/BaSO4.
Question 2.
Predict the products of the following B reactions:

Question 3.
Predict the products of the following reactions:
Question [Link] happens when
(a) Salicylic acid Is treated with (CH3CO)2O/H+?
Write a chemical equation in support of your answer.
(b) Phenol is oxidized with Na2Cr2O7/H+?
(C) Anisole Is treated with CH3Cl/anhydrous AlCl3?
Question [Link] the structures of the following compounds:
(i) 3-Methylbutanal (ii) 4-Chlocopentan-2-one
(iii) 4-Methylpent-3-en-2-one (iv) p-Methyl benzaldehyde
Question [Link] will you bring about the following conversions in not more than two steps?
(i) Propanone to propene (ii) Propanol to butanone
(iii) Benzaldehyde to benzophenone (iv) Benzaldehyde to 3-phenyl propan – 1-ol
(v) Benzaldehyde to α-hydroxyphenyl acetic acid (vi) Ethanol to 3-hydroxybutanal
Question 7.
Convert the following:
(i) Ethanal to propanone. (ii) Ethanal to lactic acid.
Answer:
(iii) Ethanal to 2-hydroxy-3-butenoic acid. (iv) Acetaldehyde to formaldehyde.
(v) Formaldehyde to acetaldehyde. (vi) Acetaldehyde to crotonic acid.
Question 8.
A compound ‘X’ (C2H4O) on oxidation gives ‘Y’ (C2H4O2). ‘X’ undergoes haloform reaction. On treatment with
HCN ‘X’ forms a product ‘V which on hydrolysis gives 2-hydroxy propanoic acid.
(i) Write down structures of ‘X’ and ‘Y’. (ii) Name the product when ‘X’ reacts with dil NaOH.
(iii) Write down the equations for the reactions involved.
Question 9. Complete the following reactions:

Question 10.
(i) An organic compound (A) has a characteristic odor. On treatment with NaOH, it forms two compounds (B)
and (C). Compound (B) has molecular formula C7H80 which on oxidation gives back (A). The compound (C)
is a sodium salt of an acid. When (C) is treated with soda lime it yields an aromatic hydrocarbon (D). Deduce
the structures of (A), (B), (C) and (D). Write the sequence of reactions involved.
Question [Link] organic compound (A) (molecular formula C8H16O2) was hydrolysed with dilute sulphuric acid
to give a carboxylic acid (B) and an alcohol (C). Oxidation of (C) with chromic acid also produces (B). On
dehydration (C) gives but-l-ene. Write the equations for the reactions involved.
(i) Identify A, B and C. Write all the chemical reactions involved.
(ii) Write down the reaction to prepare C from ethanol.
(b) Account for the following :
(i) Aromatic carboxylic acid do not undergo Friedel-Crafts reaction.
(ii) pKa value of 4-nitrobenzoic acid is lower than that of benzoic acid.
Question [Link] aromatic compound ‘A’ (molecular formula C8H8O) gives a positive 2, 4-DNP test. It gives a
yellow precipitate of compound ‘B’ on treatment with iodine and sodium hydroxide solution. Compound A’
does not give Tollen’s or Fehling test. On severe oxidation with potassium permanganate forms a carboxylic
 acid ‘C (Molecular formula C7H6O2), which is also formed alongwith the yellow compound in the above
reaction.
Write the chemical equation involved in the formation of A, B and C. Explain which one is more acidic
among A or C. Also write one method of preparation of A from benzene.
CHAPTER 10 – AMINES
Question 1. Write equations of the following reactions:
(i) Acetylation of Aniline (ii) Coupling reaction (iii) Carbylamine reaction
Question [Link] aromatic compound ‘A’ on heating with Br2 and KOH forms a compound ‘B’ of molecular
formula C6H7N which on reacting with CHCl3 and alcoholic KOH produces a foul-smelling compound ‘C’.Write
the structures and IUPAC names of compounds A, B, and C.
Question [Link] the structures of main products when benzene diazonium chloride reacts with the following
reagents:
(i) CuCN
(ii) CH3CH2OH
(iii) Kl
Answer:

Question 4.(a) Write the product formed when

(i) 2-chioropropane is treated with aic. KOH. (ii) Aniline reacts with conc. H2SO4 at 453 – 473 K.
(b) When aniline is heated with CHCl3 and aic. KOH, a foul-smelling compound is formed. What is this
compound?
Question 5. (a) Identify ‘A’ and ‘B’ In the following reaction:

(b) Why does aniline not undergo Friedel-Crafts reaction?

Question 6. Complete the following reactions:

(i) CH3CH2NH2 + CHCl3 + ale. KOH → (ii) C6H5N2+Cl– →

Question [Link] the main products of the following reactions.

Question [Link] the main products of the following reactions:

Question [Link] for the following:
(i) Primary amines (R-NH2) have a higher boiling point than tertiary amines (R3N).
(ii) Aniline does not undergo Friedel — Crafts reaction.
(iii) (CH3)2NH is more basic than (CH3)3N in an aqueous solution.
OR
Give the structures of A, B, and C in the following reactions: (CBSE 2014)

Question [Link] the structures of A, B, and C in the following reactions:

OR
How will you convert the following:(i) Nitrobenzene into aniline (ii) Ethanoic acid into methanamine (iii)
Aniline into N-phenylethylamine
(Write the chemical equations involved.)
Question 11. Give reasons for the following observations.
(a) Aniline is a weaker base than cyclohexyl amine.
(b) It is difficult to prepare pure amines by ammonolysis of alkyl halides.
(c) Electrophilic substitution in aromatic amines takes place more readily than benzene.
CHAPTER 14 – BIOMOLECULES
Question 1. Differentiate between the following:
(i) Amylose and Amylopectin (ii) Peptide linkage and Glycosidic linkage (iii) Fibrous proteins and Globular
proteins
OR
Write chemical reactions to show that the open structure of D-glucose contains the following:
(i) Straight chain (ii) Five alcohol groups (iii) Aldehyde as carbonyl
group
Question [Link] the following with a suitable example in each:
(i) Oligosaccharides (ii) Denaturation of protein (iii) Vitamins
OR
Write the reactions involved when D-glucose is treated with the following reagents:
(i) Br2 water (ii) H2N-OH (iii) (CH3CO)20

Question [Link] the following terms with a suitable example of each:

(a) Anomers (b) Essential amino acids (c) Denaturation of protein
Question [Link] the following terms with a suitable example of each:
(a) Tertiary structure of the protein (b) Essential amino acids (c) Disaccharides
Question [Link] what do you understand by primary structure and secondary structure of proteins.
Question [Link] what is meant by the pyranose structure of glucose. (CBSE 2011)
Question [Link] the main structural difference between RNA and DNA. Of the four bases, name those which
are common to both DNA and RNA.
Question 8.(i) Deficiency of which vitamin causes night blindness? (CBSE DelhI 2014)
(ii) Name the base that is found in the nucleotide of RNA only.
(iii) Glucose on reaction with HI gives n-hexane. What does It suggest about the structure of glucose?
Answer:
(i) Deficiency of Vitamin A causes night blindness.
(ii) Uracil
(iii) Glucose reacts with HI to give n-hexane.

This suggests that alt the six carbon atoms in glucose are arranged in a straight chain structure of glucose.
Question 9.(i) DefIciency of which vitamin causes rickets? (ii) Give an example for each of fibrous protein
and globular protein.
(iii) Write the product formed on reaction of D-glucose with Br2 water.
Question 10.(i) Deficiency of which vitamin causes scurvy?
(ii) What type of linkage is responsible for the formation of proteins?
(iii) Write the product formed when glucose is treated with HI.
Question [Link] the following terms:
(i) Gtycosidic linkage (ii) Invert sugar (iii) Oligosaccharides
Question 12. Define the following terms:
(i) Nucleotide (ii) Anomers (iii) Essential amino acids.
Question [Link] between the following:
(a) Fibrous protein and Globular protein (b) Essential amino acids and Non-essential amino acids
(C) Amylose and Amylopectin
Question 13. Account for the following.
(a) Carbon atoms in glucose are linked in a straight chain.
(b) Amphoteric behavior of amino acids.
Question 14. What happens when D-glucose is treated with following reagents.
(a) Methyl alcohol in the presence of dry HCl gas. (b) With hydroxylamine (NH2OH)
Question 15. Enzymes are Composed of one or several polypeptide chains. However, there are a number of
cases in which non-protein constituents called co-factors are bound to the enzyme to make the enzyme
catalytically active. In these instances, the protein portion of the enzymes is called the apoenzyme. Three kinds
of cofactors may be identified: prosthetic groups, co-enzymes and metal ions. Prosthetic groups are organic
compounds and are distinguished from other cofactors in that they are tightly bound to the apoenzyme.
For example, in peroxidase and catalase, which catalyse the breakdown of hydrogen peroxide to water and
oxygen, haem is the prosthetic group and it is a part of the active site of the enzyme. Co-enzymes are also
organic compounds but their association with the apoenzyme is only transient, usually occurring during the
course of catalysis.
Furthermore, co-enzymes serve as co-factors in a number of different enzyme catalysed reactions. The
essential chemical components of many coenzymes are vitamins, e.g. coenzyme nicotinamide adenine
dinucleotide (NAD) and NADP contain the vitamin niacin. A number of enzymes require metal ions for their
activity which form coordination bonds with side chains at the active site and at the same time form one or
more coordination bonds with the substrate, e.g. Zinc is a cofactor for the proteolytic enzyme
carboxypeptidase. Catalytic activity is lost when the co-factor is removed from the enzyme which testifies that
they play a crucial role in the catalytic activity of the enzyme.
Answer the following questions.
(a) Zinc is a co-factor for the proteolytic enzyme carboxypeptidase. What happens if co-factor is removed
from the enzyme?
(b) Co-factor play a crucial role in the catalytic activity of the enzyme. Enlist the type of co-factor with
examples.
(c) Explain competitive inhibition and inhibitor.

OR
Describe the functions of enzymes, and name two diseases which are caused due to the deficiency of
enzymes.
Question 15.