★Solution: Homogenous mixture of two or more components
★Solute: A solute is a substance that is added to a solvent to form a
[Link] in minor amount.
★Solvent: A solvent is a substance that dissolves the solute
[Link] in major amount
★Units:
• Normality
• Molarity
• Molality
• Mole fraction
• ppm
★Molarity: Molarity (M) can be defined as the ratio of number of moles of
solute to the volume of solution in liter.
The number of moles of solute = mass of solute ÷ molar mass of solute
n = Mass(g)
Molar Mass
EX: What will be the molarity of a solution, which contains 5.85 g of
NaCl(s) per 500 mL?
Molarity, M= number of moles/volume of solution
Number of moles, n= mass/molar mass
Molar mass of NaCl=58.5 g/mol (23 +35.5 = 58.5)
Mass = 5.85g
n=5.85/58.5=0.1 mol
Volume, V=500 mL=0.5 L
∴M=0.1/0.5=0.2mol/L
★Molality: The molality of a solution is calculated by taking the moles of
solute and dividing by the kilograms of solvent. Molality is designated by a
lower case "m".
Ex: What will be the molality of the solution containing 18.25 g of HCl gas in
500 g of water?
Molality = No of moles of solute
mass of solvent in kg
No of moles = 18.25/36.5 = 0.5
Molality = 0.5/0.5 = 1 mol/kg
★Mole fraction is defined as the number of moles of one component of a
solution divided by the total number of moles of all of the components in the
solution.
Let us consider a binary mixture of A and B. let the number of moles of A
and B be nA and nB respectively, then
The sum of all the mole fractions of a solution’s components is always 1.
Ex: A solution is prepared by mixing 20 grams of water and 25 grams of
ethyl alcohol
Find mole fraction of each component
XH2O = 20/18
20/18 + 25/46
X C2H5OH = 25/46
20/18 + 25/46
★vapour pressure : pressure exerted by the vapours of substance on its
surface when they both are in equilibrium with each other i.e. rate of
condensation = rate of evapouration
Partial Pressure is the pressure exerted by single gas alone in a mixture of
gas.
Vapor pressure or equilibrium vapor pressure is the pressure exerted by a
vapour in thermodynamic equilibrium with its condensed phases (solid or
liquid) at a given temperature in a closed system.
Due to addition of non soluble solute particles into a pure solvent the
vapour pressure of the solution decreases I.e relatively less than the pure
solvent . this is known as lowering of vapour pressure
★show that relative lowering in vapour pressure is equal to mole
fraction of solute
When a non volatile solute is added to a solvent, the vapour pressure of the
solution decreases. Let xA be the mole fraction of the solvent, xB be the
mole fraction of the solute and pA^o be the vapour pressure of the pure
solvent and p be the vapour pressure of the solution.
Since solute is non volatile, there will be no contribution of the solute to the
vapour pressure and the vapour pressure of the solution will only be due to
the solvent. Therefore, the vapour pressure of the solution p will be equal to
the vapour pressure of the solvent pA, over the solution.
★ State and explain Raoult's law
Raoult’s law states that in a solution, the vapour pressure of a component
at a given temperature is equal to the mole fraction of that component in
the solution multiplied by the vapour pressure of that component in the pure
state..
The total vapour pressure P of a solution containing two components A and
B is
The measurement of relative lowering of vapour pressure can be used to
determine the molar mass of a nonvolatile solute. For this purpose, a
known mass of the solute is dissolved in a known quantity of solvent. The
relative lowering of vapour pressure is measured experimentally.
★Determination of molar mass weights from relative lowering of
vapour pressure
According to Raoult’s law the relative lowering of vapor pressure is,
Let w A and wB be the weights of the solvent and solute respectively and
their corresponding molar masses are MA and MB, then the mole fraction
of the solute xB is
dilute solutions nA>>nB. Hence nA +nB ≈ nA. Now
Here, nA & nB are the moles of the solvent and the solute respectively. For
Number of moles of solvent and the solute are,