Brtce

Synto

dtf-w tile strt fileztat

-Uiootputi UMfied fodmat

-l:ootln tgnove case dhffevent in files

-Bgnove chayeswhase lines auc ablo m k

by byte,

Sumtax Cmploptiews J f.le1 flee

cmp-ile1irt fil2hat
file 1 ttf [Link]
Cnp -s
 mke (amveend
Ceeoles
ditlotiss
vmkdivlepties
phions
-é' tale povtnt dieclo ries
Jzvecloy-rome

(pt tile as eedrd

mood
(peemissiem3) of
fhe ne
die loy
MoUts C
cmommts files amd dincderis

ptioms
-f Fovce move loy duetwri tirg the destiationfile.
withoot poo mpt

-i Pepampk brto oyPvebing

Move omly hpm the souvCe file is meaey Hhan Be

detimtiom o whem t he eesifaien tile is missimg

y Ne bose mmode, explaim what is beiny dome

Asat commendi Concade nate

multple
is used fo dsplay

tiles,amd
the contets

eediect
of fleSy (omcaten ate
[tile]
SyotaxcatLoptiesas]

Optio
Eile Comtent
DDisplay txt
Cat file name

)lComcatehade
Moltple
Cat fle
files
trt file2
frt . [Link]

txt
o cembind
the output

ile [Link] end wijes

1le [Link]
 Brice
Paad
Dato

mey
avchi tectve is deSiy me dina modolo
Umi +hat wovk fogetkrm
SpUptadlayev s
Cons's ing ot
stable amd flerbte.
operatimg
prouide a
to

9stem

7he main components 2

dis l pte
Had wave- Cpu, Memovy, fhe hondoe
2 kevnel i- I! pPates Aee
fly with

essental spy yiets ond confvol ceSS

3e1 poviles

means fo
32|| Syste Cal Intov foçe '-pvo Vi des a

wrth te
pacp pv0gyoms to ccnmumcate
useo
koynel

4) Shell: A i'mterface between usew amd kew mel.

amd peutes
It imtvpves USevico wmmamds
thegm

52 uti4ies ond Appliatiom : A set of shandond pvgo

Land t0ok hat ppv fom vavioos tes kssoh as

file mamipulolio m text pVOCP 5Jimgond system

Wanagtm tmt.

Key fumchiomsof the hix kevmel

•PooeSs Mamage mem t i Hamdles p opcpss

and teminatom

Mrmov y Manae me ntMonages alecatioy amd

dealla ot pm ; af memd
 Brice

CT-2

Eis ose d
the file topomoue o
dpletes s'ngle file. If
Mame om d ts
inade etfetmce
Veuse
omaking the f:le eg
aNalehe

Umlink filename

(diskusage) estimates
amd displays fhe amaumt
of disk cpace Used by fles and diecories

Symtax do Leptiens ][file. ]

opias
-ai Wite counts tov cl files, mot just divetois
-h ? Display sizes ima human epadoble fov mat
-5 Display on ly a fotod fot pachovgomet
-C Pvoducp aqvand totad

3)A (disk feeo

Used and
comean
avail able on
ee pnels
file syteuas
the amaunt of sisk
spoce

eptions
-h Disploy Sizes im a humam Vepa da ble toat
-T Oisp lay the file systeon type.
- D isplay inode in fov matiom instead of blark usogc

moumt!is Vsed te adtach o flk systen to aspeated

It makts files and
divectovyn the file system h'evavchy
device Ctke ohavd deive o VSB)

divectovies on a
toraye
a cessib le
 frice

S)
butput
fone
cem rone
cemnaneke
los
This
Lane the
Com mamd Seguehtes
cempleK
co hinends togelkeve
Lby chanig moltiple

2 / lee moma nd 3.-]

Suntaxcom3mene 1ltommend

et As to gvep to fifen
Passing Ahc output
iles ca taiminy og

fhe contntot
lem bims ing Catamd sovt tosovt
la file:
cat filename txtsovt

Osing head amd dail togp thew te get e speate

amge ot Lines i

head-n 2o [Link] l tail -n S

tee co myn emd Prads fron standavd in put amd
wits to beth standavd outpot
mowe [Link] is usetul for captoving fhe
Lautput of a conmmawd while still displayi
H on the temimal

Symtar Comnand tee [opIjON] [FILE]

Options!:
-4 Cov- append):Append to fhe g'vem files Yathe
th an ovepwwwt:ng them
 t

Betce

Vatiables :Global vaviobles alakle to al

proctssesEretm ple PATH, tOHe
She l Uasiables Local voviable s Jrited Eo the cowent shel)
SessioM Example 0SERsHELL

Eyamples
Set am du Se a ve yia ble

"'Ho llo, Wov ld

geeting –

Pho sgvee timg

Set am pvigom men t Vatieble

Cxpovk MY- VAR = "So meveloe

pcho s MY-VAR

Dsimg aUav iable in a command

filemamne ="data-txt
cat tilename2

fools fou
amd job contvol auc essemtiad
Vaviable5, aliase5,
cveating efficient
fhe shell enviv ooment
memagimg tommand eecuTiom
wovkflows amd simpl tying
 Brice

20 kovm ShellPopr fol seiptiny Sorta ble for complrrhmle

vvoys kuilf
am d Sys tem adonnis tvatien - ASsoia five
Line e diting emacs
Oithne fic opevat ioMs Conamd
Vi modes) In.p eo vedjob cotuol

2
AnsThe gp Command Umix - ike os is use d fo

Seawch fo speci fic

 Swapn

Brice

fev fhat
jntovpve
Ars shel 'S a commamd lie he
fo
access 'ng

Peoides
SpoiceS

APIS ove
Pxecote

Syskem
a

ef
u5P ntev face
om

fumda mentals,
Cammomdsy
vesouveS
oppvatingSystev

um
ttlowim
amd
Sevipts
g osevs
monage
to
2
Ans

Types_

DBouvne Shell (sh)

Bastc
jomimimeadbulf
Sceipting Capabilkties
,
The owgino UmiX shel.
Commnamds
Prompt:$

22 Bouwme Again Shell Cbasb)

An pahomtr d vevsiom o f Bouve [Link]

piting, unl'mited command hictorg
ommend -inc
gmd aliases
job contuolshel fumctions

Prompt

3)lcshel
Symtax inspiwed by cpueguamm ming
Alas nehanssm fov commamd shovots ,Dob
Contol, Boilf -im ovithonetic expresion.

Prompt %
 Seapnl

m
trice

Eramp les E
Witing fhe oulput of fo both the trumieh av
a
file

Ls Iter oulput, txt

Weiting. the oufput ot dmesg to bo th fhe tom inead ond file

eppendiy te táe fale:

d mesg l tee -a syskem loy

mHiple centnam s with tee to loy output

Combing d

while puoces5img
cat tienometxt |
tee [Link] lsot

ob comteol-it alows usess fo manage moltple

Ans ides fhe
pvoLPSSes jobs) vOmmig im theshel:I4pau marage jch
to stavt,sfop pause pesomeand
ability
Key commam ds
2i Rum a cemman d
List a coven f
the
jobs
backgvound

jobs
•g: bq
Bring
Resunme
c backg vound
a stopped
job

job
to the fov cgv oumd
in the backgvound

a jab o proCe SS.

kilTevminate

Example

Command
jobs

f9 ojob-numbe
bg ojob-numbe
kl %job- rUmbey
 Brtce

nat fom

e shovoto altet
AliasVs commenes
seis oF

OCemmed o
a

and shofen
oveUsed to simp
Alioses.
esed commands
Hvcguetly

abas mame command

Syntax;

Fxonples
Cvcate an aias foe l -lai
alias ll-ls- la

with con tiemation

files
oeote an alias to vemove
alias ym='m -l"
ist alaliases
alas

Re move am alias:H
UMalias namC

tostove dota thot com be

Variable io is used
osee by shell sceipts and
commands
Vaviables Cam stove stvimgs, numbens, o the

potpyt 6f Commamds

Synta
"Set a Vavable

Vaviobl e-nome Valve

Use a voviable

$ vavia ble _hame

 Brice

APS hostame hwadd

Delete an ARP entuy

aupd hos tmane

fail
ota
comamand
frle alimpot
ts used fo disply the emd port

Syn tax tail Lopr[ONJ LFTLEJ

Examples
Di'splay the last to
limes ofaf:le
tail filename, txt

Display the last 2o lines ofa file

tail h 20f:lename tt
Disploy the Last so tes at a hy file :
tail c so filenamett

tov mew
Continyoslymomitov atile
lianes

ta'l -f filenamctt
 Brice
Date

OSymtas mou nt eptio ns ) de vice di

LoptiomS
fs type : specifies the tile syctem type
such os pradonly
peitiesoptions
ptioms
voopad- wv; fe lrw)tc
2 Comwamd
s uscd
Ashead Command the head
fie
to displa the begining
paytof_a
inpot

Syntar - head Lopt,on] [rie]

Examples
Display Ahe fvst lo lines ofaflk
head Tile name txt

Display Hhe fit 20 limes 6f a fb

hpad - n 20 file hame, txt

|Disploy the fiost So b tes ot a fne

head -c Soflename txt

2lavp Commamd -A dAves Resoloton Protocol comma

islused to mamipulate oe diep lay the AR P

Cache, which cantaing appings of IP adeest
Ho MAC de vesses

Suntar: auplopTION]
Etampk
Disploy Fhe covent ARP ta ble
 Swapnil
kumar

Brice
Date

Fle systeom Mamagemenf i Ma mages file o peuotensdiveetorie

Ome te pevmisstems
Handles comumiaat iom with hovdue
Dpvice Mgmagment
4hvough devie deivevs,

System cals Poovide am ntevtact to usee pam

SPUie fom he kevmel
to equest

Havdwove

Kevme
Shell

Applleationr
 Swagnl
kumar

Brice

me fhod omd ata

openimgystem ctutore
pavtitiom
ses

cantyols hey
fo
mamayetles
data is
oa that
disko
ergaizediaa Soved

De cteite
stovage dpuce
vent tile
Systems com be used
opevating systam am d
epemdimg om the
thepeificneeis of Fhe ure
applicatiom

Thee ave seveval typrs of filee

commom type of files fhat con ob

Keev data,sch as teles tert fils exp Cutakle flk b binany

fules

2)l Diveetovy diles ; These tiles cen taim nfomalien a bout othen
iMo de MUMb
files and diectovies They map tite mames to

files These files wepvesent deier flt cam

3) Chaacteu DeviCe
aj keyboavdr o
chawac tee by Chavactee ,such
bP acCESSCd

cevtes that can be

lcs 7hese filesi eepvcsent

4)Block De vic o U38 dv ves
havd oeiues
in blocks eth as
lacLessed
otkep
ave pointevs oshav tcats to
files
le ar dieecloy
These
S7Sm bo lic limks
tam limk to any fypte
of

flks They ofaothee

to thedata
ape dvet timks tink to

67Haed imk-
symbo
Theye
lc imks, havd
timky
file
annot
mame but
to

tile Unl; ke
ot Aink
to the
amd do
divectoyies
inode
filct
the
 Brice

3 Show /me unbe vS

Repeated pmpty es
9)suppocss
Cat -s [Link]
eJocptl mpty lines inte
squeeze [Link]
Thrsiwr
sngle ennpty ie
of a file im Rouey se (wiHh fac
xplay Contemk
tac filema mie .txf

to diwdbrycantent
s Comane i csed list

n abawt diles and diecitomiec

Tt peouides intormaio
withim the drvetovy o the covcnt
sprited

Syntox - ds Loptiems]_[t:le ldheetoy )

optio ws

ls- this ists theontents of fhe covent

Lpeemisriemsyoadmbev of inks,ownegvoupie
ond nodticatom dte
32s- a - This lists ell i les iaee incla'ng hid den
fles

4)ds -lh This praidhs-a leng tovmat tistiag with

file sizes ina humom-raadable fomad
s)s-R- This ts al filks and divcetor ies

epLugsive ly.
15-lf - this sorts the output hy mo litcaton

4ime,mewest fivst.
 brtce

vetovy Contonts
scom mamd bsls

ophiows
-a: Jnclude hidden files

O5C a lomg lg ting fovmat

-1,[Link] humam-wpaable tomat
-h? With sizes t

List sobdive c tovies opcU vsiuely

t So t by modifictiom time, newest fiwst

ReyevsC the ovdpy while sovting

who Comima ndi shouswho is logged on

Synta who loptiens)

optioms
-b Dsp lays fhe time of the lastisystemm boot
H: Printa hpadp ine
mat, dis pkyimg only the useomawes an)
-9 aoic k foy
4he nombev of usevs logged

-u: gispláys the lst of useYs togged in with

idle tmes

pass wd Command i changes usev passovd

Syontax- Pass wd optiems J Jusevnomc ]

options

--help Drsply help message amd erit

-k: Chonge only f the pass wove has expi ned

Lock the passwotd of the named account

U Onblock the paswovd offhe nomcd acoont

-J:Drlete a usevs passvovd

-S : Display a ccout stats nfowmetion

 Brice

path
hor tLut thet pemtsto the
tagcf ije C
divecto vy

Peopevties )Diffeed Ionedes

2) Rofevcnce 5

3) Com S pam filesy kems

4) Beo ken Limks

Commms •C potig a Symbolic Limk

ns tasgelfile [Link]

list:ng syanbole Limk

Lim k
Symbolie Link
Havd
Pvopcuby Dtfevent fron tavyct file

tavyet file
Same as
)Tnode vo
Nombe
file
to the tovget
doaPath
ptevencp to
tle
2 Re ffevemeDiveet
bodarics
fiksystem
Con ceass
only
3 FeLimi
system Same filesystem

ink to diyetovies
diweetooies
an
fo
Canmot ink
4Di wcctovy
lonb

d whe
nk becodbgoken
if

delete
Data is only tavge
t is deleted
Dpletiom bemaed
imkis
last symbyke.
Tmpact
nrs [Link]

[Link]
lnovginalfile
6 Cueatio n
Command
 Brice

Sxo
Ameirate 4
output but sehs
the files dHfe
the rast stodus te

fist BY TES by tes at befh

tilcs

fo
AsAaw nk Tisasieef vtevente fhce

afo fk on the
hond
filesys ken, Noltiple
dota
Samme fle shave the same imode
IE ks lo th e

point fo fhe ca me deto

mbeer meaning hey

blety the digk

Tncle
Pveper fes )Tbate shorin
Dndstm guishable
)Deletie
4)Same Pilesys fem
S)No d'verteries

owmens- (veatimg a Havd Link

n oeigonal- file hovelimk