03 Algebraic Expressions

Learning Outcomes
• Identify different types of algebraic expressions (monomials, binomials, polynomials).
• Categorise algebraic expressions based on the number of terms they contain.
• Perform addition operations by combining like terms in algebraic expressions.
• Execute subtraction operations by distributing negative signs and simplifying expressions.
• Carry out multiplication operations using the distributive property and appropriate techniques.
• Carry out division operations by simplifying expressions and applying the rules of polynomial division.

Warm-up County
Let’s Recall!
Constant: A symbol in algebra having a fixed value is called a constant.
Variable: A symbol which can be given or assigned a varied number of values is called a variable.
Terms: Different parts of an algebraic expression connected by + or − signs are called terms of the expression.

Let's Solve!
• The terms of the expressions 3x2 − 2xy are .
a) 3x2 and 2xy b) x2 and xy c) 3x2 and − 2xy d) x2 and − xy
• The number of terms in the expression 3x2 − 4x2y + 5 is .
a) 2 b) 3 c) 4 d) 1
• If the perimeter of a rectangle is given by 2(x + y) where x and y denote the length and breadth of the
rectangle, respectively. The variables used here are and .
a) 2 and x b) 2 and y c) x and y d) 2, x and y
• The algebraic expression for six more than x can be written as .
6
a) 6 − y b) 6y c) d) 6 + x
x

Learner’s County
Introduction
An algebraic expression, or simply an expression, is any meaningful combination of numbers, variables and
operation symbols.
For example,
4 8
2y + 7z + 19; x2 − z + 2 are algebraic expressions.
7 9
4 −8
Here x, y and z are variables, 2, 7, 19, , and 2 are constants.
7 9
Terms, Constants and Variables:
The expression 10a + b + 2 is obtained by adding three parts 10a, b and 2.
• Term: A term is a mathematical expression that can be an integer, Expression
a variable, or a product of several variables and an integer. Coefficient Variables Constant
An algebraic operation like addition or subtraction separates
terms. Here, 10a, b and 2 are known as terms.
• Variable: A variable is a symbol for an unknown value. 10a + b + 2
It is usually denoted by a letter like x, y, a, b.
Here, the variables are a and b. Terms
• Constant: A number which stands along without any variables is known as a constant.
Here, the term 2 is a constant. 2 is a constant
• Coefficient: A coefficient is a numerical factor that is multiplied by a variable. It is the number that appears
in front of the variable.
10a means 10 times a, so 10 is a coefficient of a.

Mind Spark!
Identify the terms and their coefficient for each of the following expressions.
a) 4x2 − 5y b) −x3 − 2x + 2y c) mnp − 2cd

Like and Unlike Terms

When you visit a library, you can see that the books are arranged separately according to the genere of
the book.
The fiction books and non-fiction books are kept in separate racks in different sections.
In this case, fiction books are like terms because they belong to the same category or genre. On the other
hand, non-fiction books are unlike terms compared to fiction books because they belong to a different
category. Similarly, we can group the same kind of terms in an algebraic expression.
Consider an expression:
10x − 2y − 5x + 3z
Here, this expression has 4 terms and out of which 2 terms have the same variable factor that is x.
So, now we can say that 10x and − 5x are like terms.
Like terms have the same variables raised to the same powers.
And the terms 10x, − 2y, + 3z have different variable factors.
So, now we can say that 10x, −2y, 3z are unlike terms.
Unlike terms have different variables or different powers.

Like and Unlike Algebraic Terms

Like terms Unlike Terms

2x + 19x 2x + 19a
4w − 10w 4w − 10w2
14.2r − 12w 12r − 12s
32a2 + 9a2 32a2 + 9a3
8y + 5y 8y + 5
 Mind Spark!
Identify the like terms for the given algebraic expression:
10xy + 3x3 + 21xy + 2x − xy − 6.

Activity County
Multiple Intelligence: Logical-Mathematical
Find the hidden words related to algebraic expressions which are mentioned below and mark them.
• term • coefficient • like term • variable • constant • algebraic

I R W R W F Y Q N Q R I C W Q D E Q K Z K N G K
N O I T A U Q E C I A R B E G L A K Y E O Y Q I
A M Y O M R E T T M S Y D I T U V T B I T B I A
K S M U C Y Z T D U J E B K N W R W S R F B A V
M T Z S D I V B T O Y B S M L E N S E W V R K Y
W E D C O E F F I C I E N T P C E P W B G Z U T
N A U G N W R O I X I A O O I R O I O W Z J I R
T N A T S N O C F S Z I R E P R F V P N R K D E
N J F I Y H T L O M Y P P X P T R T N K F U E P
G X C A V H I J E D E F E E S U B Y K T R L N O
F K A X E K E H A V R C V N K M G C J D S C T R
D Z O O E I A O I Z I I B N I E E M A K H M I P
J K K T I V W T Y A T K N L W L P P D S J H T E
K G E N A H A D R U J Q W X B B N H C H C X Y V
S R K E X I J B B N B D A L K A V D X Y O X P I
M Q Z N C X E I A U T Q W S J I F Q K D G E R T
X R M O C G R C C O Y Q V L O R K W C O V X O A
L N S F L T F P F X Z S S Q H A Z S C W F R P T
R S M A S H P B C J O D Y G M V L Y C I R F E U
A L G I R K U T W P G F K L K I I E H H H J R M
Y J D R B O D V N A I A A D K N G O V X E T T M
E Q U I V A L E N T E X P R E S S I O N Z W Y O
A O C Z V E X B G L A P T S S I I Y A E C J F C
A O S U B S T I T U T I O N M I F N J X K F S M

Skill Building County

Enhanced skills: Observation, critical thinking
Identify the terms that are not constants in the given expression. Give their numerical coefficients.
 Expression Term which are not constants Numerical coefficient
7x − 5
2p2 − 13
5x2 + 7x − 1
3x3y + 4xy2 + 12
2a2 + 4a + 8

Types of Algebraic Expressions

• We studied that terms are either Monomials: An algebraic expression with only one term is
variables or numbers or a single number called a monomial.
and variables multiplied together. 2a, 3b and −5z are examples of monomials.
• Terms are separated by an algebraic
operation like addition or subtraction. Binomials: An algebraic expression with two terms is called
a binomial.
• The algebraic expression can be a
2a + 3b and 3x − 4y are examples of binomials.
single term or two terms or more than
two terms. Trinomials: An algebraic expression with three terms is
• We can classify the terms based on called a trinomial.
their expression. 3m + 2n − 8, 2a − 3b + 5 are examples of trinomials.

Polynomial: An algebraic expression with one or more than one term is called a polynomial.

All the expressions of monomials,

binomials and trinomials are All the powers in the algebraic No term should have
known as polynomials. expression must be non-negative a variable in the
integers in order for the algebraic denominator for the
An expression is considered a expression to be a polynomial. given expression.
polynomial if it meets the following.

Here are a few examples which are not polynomials:

1
x 2 : As the power of the variable is not a whole number, therefore the given expression is not a polynomial.
x
y + 8: As the denominator of a fraction consists of a variable, therefore the given expression is not a
polynomial.

Mind Spark!
1 . Identify in the given expressions, terms which are not constants. Give their numerical coefficients.
5 2
a) −2x + 5a − 4c + 5 b) a − d2 + ab c) 9 − ab + bc − ca
2 3
2. State True (T) or False (F).
a) The expression pqr is a trinomial.
x 2
b) The given expression + is not a polynomial.
2 x
 Degree of a Polyonomial
• If the polynomial is in a single variable, the degree of a polynomial is the highest exponent of the
variables with a non zero coefficient.
Degree of (x5 + 4x3 − 3x + 5) = 5
• If the polynomial has more than one variable, then we calculate the degree of each term separately
and the highest degree among them represents the degree of the given polynomial.
Degree of (2x4 + 3x3y2 − 8x2y2 + 5) = 5
2x4 + 3x3y2 − 8x2y2 + 5
Degree = 4, Degree = 3 + 2 = 5, Degree 2 + 2 = 4

Mind Spark!
Let's solve!
What is the degree of the given polynomials?
1. x − xy −8y + 2 2. 12x2y3 + 6xy4z − 2xz + 1
3. 3 x8 + 4x3 + 9x + 1 4. 6x4 + 2x3 + 3

Practice County 3.1

1. Identify the terms and their coefficients for each of the following expressions.
4 3
a) 8a2b − 6cb b) y2 + 2y − 6 c) x − y + xy d) 3x2y2 – 5 x2y2z2 + z2
5 7
2. Classify the following polynomials as monomials, binomials and trinomials. Also, state the polynomials
do not fall into any of these three categories.
4 3
a) x + y b) y2 + y + y3 c) x − y + xy d) 7y + 6z + 2x
5 7
e) −3xyz f) ab + bc + cd g) 2p + q h) pqr
3. Match the polynomial degree with its corresponding expression.
Column A (Expressions) Column B (Degree)
(a) x3y2 + yz + y3x (i) 4

(b) 25z (ii) 3

(c) xy2 + 2xy + 5 (iii) 5

(d) m2 + y2z + z3a (iv) 1

Addition and Subtraction of Algebraic Expressions

Addition of Like Terms: If we have to add like terms, then we can simply add their numerical coefficients
and the result will also be a like term.
Solved Examples
Example 1: Add 5x and 18x.
Solution: 5x + 18x
= (5 × x) + (18 × x) = x ( 5 + 18) = 23 x [Using the distributive law of addition]
 5 7
Example 2: Add 4x2 − xy + 3 and − xy + 5x2 − 8.
6 6
Solution:
Step 1: Arrange the expression in decreasing order of the degree of the term.
Step 2: Arrange the expression column-wise with the like terms in the same column and add.
5
4x2 − xy + 3
6 Remember!
7
+ 5x − xy − 8
2
Only like terms can be added or
6
subtracted.
9x2 − 2xy − 5
This can be also solved by using the linear method as follows:
5 7
4x2 − xy + 3 + 5xy2 − xy − 8
6 6
(Group like terms)
5 7 − 5 −7
= 4x2 + 5x2 − xy − xy + 3 − 8 = (4 + 5) x2 + ( ) xy + (−5)
6 6 6
12
= 9x2 − xy − 5
6
= 9x2 − 2xy − 5
Subtraction of Like Terms
If we have to subtract like terms, then we can simply subtract their numerical coefficients and the result will
also be a like term.
Example 1: Subtract 5p from 12p.
Solution: 12p − 5p
(12 − 5)p = 7p
Example 2: Subtract 2 2 − 7a2b + ab2 − 5b2 from 9a2 + 3a2b − 4ab2 + 2b2.
Solution: (9a2 + 3a2b − 4ab2 + 2b2) − (2a2 − 7a2b + ab2 − 5b2) Remember!
= 9a2 + 3a2b − 4ab2 + 2b2 − 2a2 + 7a2b − ab2 + 5b2 An equation is true for only certain
values of its variables. It is not true
= 9a2 − 2a2 + 3a2b + 7a2b − 4ab2 − ab2 + 2b2 + 5b2 for all values of the variable.
= 7a2 + 10a2b − 5ab2 + 7b2
Example 3: Subtract 3x3 − 2 xy2 + 3y − 7 from 6x3 − 2 xy2 + 5y − 9.
3 3
Solution:
Step 1 Arrange the expresion in decreasing order of the degree of the term.

Step 2 Arrange the expression column-wise with the like terms in the same column and subtract.
2 2 This can be also solved by using the linear method as follows:
6x3 − xy + 5y − 9
3 2 2
2 6x3 − xy2 + 5y − 9 − (3x3 − xy2 + 3y − 7)
− 3x3 − xy2 + 3y − 7 3 3
3 (Open the bracket)
(−) (+) (−) (+)
2 2
= 6x3 − xy2 + 5y − 9 − 3x3 + xy2 − 3y + 7
3x3 + 0xy2 + 2y − 2 3 3
(Group the terms)
2 2
= 6x3 − 3x3 − xy2 + xy2 + 5y − 3y − 9 + 7
3 3
= 3x + 2y − 2
3
Example 4: Subtract 4a2 + 4a2b − 6ab2 − b2 from − 5b2 + 3a2 + 4a2b − 7ab2.
Solution:
Rearranging the terms (3a2 + 4a2b − 7ab2 − 5b2) − (4a2 + 4a2b − 6ab2 − b2)
= 3a2 + 4a2b − 7ab2 − 5b2 − 4a2 − 4a2b + 6ab2 + b2
= 3a2 − 4a2 + 4a2b − 4a2b − 7ab2 + 6ab2 − 5b2 + b2
= −a2 − ab2 − 4b2

Mind Spark!
1. Add the following algebraic expressions.
a) 20m + n − p, m − 20n + p and m + n − 20p
2 3
b) x + xy + 5; 2x + xy − 8
3 2
2. What must be added to 10x2y + 8xy2 − 8x3y3 − y4 to get 5x2y + 6xy2 − 7x3y3?
3. Subtract 5y3 z + 2y2 z2 − 3z3 − 5 from 6y3 z + z3 − 4y2 z2.

Practice County 2.2

1. Add the following expressions given below:
a) 2a2b − 3ab + 5b and 3ab + 5a2b + 6 b) a + b − 3, b – a + 3 and a – b + 3
2. Subtract the given expressions below:
a) 5cb − 2ab + 3ac from −5ac + 8ab + 12bc b) a2 − 15a − 6 from 7a − 12
3. Simplify:
From the sum of 4 + 3a and 5 − 4a + 2a2, subtract the sum of 3 2
– 5a and a2 + 2a + 5.
4. The lengths of the sides of a triangle are 4x2 − 5x + 15, −x2 + 4x − 10 and 5x2 − 2x − 9.
Find the perimeter of the triangle.
5. What should be subtracted from 2x3 − 3x2 + 2xy2 + 3y2 to get x3 − 2x2y + 3xy2 + 4y2?
6. Find the expression in each block by adding expressions in the two blocks below it.

4jk − 2mp jk − 3pm 2jk − mp

Thinking Skills
From the sum of 13a + 19b + 12c and 14a − 21b + 11c, subtract the sum of 7a + 13b − 15c and 8a + 12b − 18c.

Multiplication of Polynomials
• Polynomial multiplication is performed by multiplying polynomial coefficients and variables together.
• Polynomial multiplication involves multiplying the same variables and adding their powers, while
other variables are simply written together.
Multiplying a monomial by a monomial:
Suppose ax and by are two monomials, then their product is written as follows.
ax ×by = a × x × b × y = abxy
Example 1: 3a × 5a Example 2: 6b2 × 4b
3a × 5a = 3 × 5 × a × a 6b2 × 4b = 6 × 4 × b2 × b
= 15a2 = 24b3
Multiplying a monomial by a binomial
Suppose a monomial (a) is multiplied by a binominal (b + c), a × (b + c) = a × b + a × c
then their product is written using the distribution law as follows:
Example 1: Example 2:
3c × (7b2c − 8b) = (3c × 7b2c) − (3c × 8b) 2p × (5qr − 4r2) = (2p × 5qr) − (2p × 4r2)
= 21b2c2 − 24bc = 10 pqr − 8pr2
Multiplying a monomial by a trinomial
Suppose a monomial (a) is multiplied with another a × (c2 + 2bc + 3c) = ac2 + 2abc + 3ac
trinomial (c2 + 2bc + 3c), then their product is written
using the distribution law as follows:
a × (c2 + 2bc + 3c) = ac2+ 2abc + 3ac
Example:
Multiply (2x2)(3x + 9xy − 6)
Solution: 2x2 × 3x + 2x2 × 9xy + 2x2 × − 6 = 6x3 + 18x3y − 12x2
Multiplying a binomial by a binomial
To multiply two binomials, you can use the FOIL method, which stands for First, Outer, Inner, Last. Here's how
it works:

Let's say you have two binomials:

(a + ) and (c + d)
To multiply them, follow these steps: Example: (2x + 3) (3x − 5)
1. Multiply the first terms: a × c Solution: Using the FOIL method:
2. Multiply the outer terms: a × d First terms: 2x × 3x = 6x2
3. Multiply the inner terms: b × c Outer terms: 2x × −5 = −10x
4. Multiply the last terms: b × d Inner terms: 3 × 3x = 9x
5. Then, add all these results together. So, the last terms: 3 × −5 = −15
product of the two binomials is 6x2 − 10x + 9x − 15
(a + b)(c + d) = ac + ad + bc + bd Combine like terms: 6a2 − 1x − 15
Multiplying a binomial by a trinomial
• The product of a binomal and a trinomial is another example of polynomial multiplication.
• Although the FOIL approach cannot be applied since there are more than two terms in a trinomial, you
still use the distributive property to organise the individual products.
• Using the distributive property, each term in the binomial must be multiplied by each of the terms in the
trinomial.

Example 1:
(3x2 − 7) × (x2 − 7x + 8) = 3x2 (x2 − 7x + 8) − 7(x2 − 7x + 8)
= (3x4 − 21x3 + 24x2) − (7x2 − 49x + 56)
= 3x4 − 21x3 + 24x2 − 7x2 − 49x + 56
= 3x4 − 21x3 + 17x2 + 49x − 56
Example 2: (5p2 − 7p)(4p2 − 5p + 3)

Distribute 5p2(4p2 − 5p + 3) − 7p(4p2 − 5p + 3)

(5p2) × (4p2) + (5p2) × (−5p) + (5p2) (3) +

Multiply (5p2 − 7p) × (4p2 − 5p + 3)
(−7p)(4p2) + (−7p) (−5p) + (−7) (3)
Combine like 20p4 − 25p3 − 15p2 + 15p2 + 35p2 − 21p
terms ⇒ 20p4 − 53p3 + 50p2 − 21p

Multiplying a trinomial by a trinomial (a + b + c) (d + e + f)

To multiply a trinomial by a trinomial, you need to = a(d + e + f) + b(d + e + f) + c(d + e + f)
multiply each term of one trinomial by each term of
= ad + ae + af + bd + be + bf + cd + ce + cf
another trinomial and add the resulting products.

Example 1:
(a2 + 5a − 4) × (a2 − 9a + 3) = a2(a2 − 9a + 3) + 5a(a2 − 9a + 3) − 4(a2 − 9a + 3)
= (a4 − 9a3 + 3a2) + (5a3 − 45a2 + 15a) − (4a2 − 36a + 12)
= a4 − 9a3 + 3a2 + 5a3 − 45a2 + 15a − 4a2 + 36a − 12
= a4 − 9a3 + 5a3 + 3a2 − 45a2 − 4a2 + 15a + 36a − 12
= a4 − 4a3 − 46a2 + 51a − 12
Example 2:
(m2n − 7mn + 9m) × (3mn2 − mn − 9m) = m2n(3mn2 − mn − 9m) − 7mn(3mn2 − mn − 9m)
+ 9m(3mn2 − mn − 9m)
= (3m3n3 – m3n2 − 9m3n) – (21m2n3 – 7m2n2 – 63 m2n)
+ (27m2n2 – 9 m2n – 81m2)
= 3m3n3 – m3n2 – 9m3n – 21m2n3 + 7m2n2 + 63 m2n
+ 27m2n2 – 9 m2n – 81m2
= 3m3n3 – m3n2– 9m3n – 21m2n3 + 7m2n2 + 27m2n2
+ 63 m2n – 9 m2n – 81m2
= 3m3n3 – m3n2– 9m3n – 21m2n3 + 34 m2n2 + 54 m2n – 81m2

Remember!
An equation is true for only certain values of its
variables. It is not true for all values of the variable.

Mind Spark!
Fill in the blanks.
1. The product of −3xy, 2xy2 and 6xyz = .
2. The area of a rectangle whose length and breadth are 16ab and a2/b2, respectively is equal to
sq. units.
3. 6m2n(0.3 mn − 0.9n) = .
4. The product of (a b ) × (b c ) × (c a ) expressed as a monomial is
50 40 70 30 70 30
.
5. (4g + 2h)(4h − 2g) = .
 Skill Building –Real Life County
Suppose you're organising a fundraiser for your school's sports team. You plan to sell two types of items: A.
Custom team T-shirts for ₹ 25 each, and B. Sports drinks for ₹ 5 each. Your goal is to raise a total of ₹ 3000 for
the team. How many custom team T-shirts (represented by the variable T) and sports drinks (represented by
the variable D) do you need to sell to meet your fundraising goal? Write an algebraic expression to represent
the total amount raised, and then solve it to find the number of T-shirts and sports drinks needed for the
fundraiser.

Division of Polynomials
Division of a monomial by a monomial:
Step-wise procedure for division of a monomial by a monomial:
Step 1 Arrange the given monomials in the fractional form. Remember!
When dividing a polynomial
Step 2 Divide the numerical coefficients of the two monomials.
by a monomial the number
Step 3 Divide the literal coefficients of the two monomials. of terms in the polynomial
equals the number of terms
Step 4 Finally, multiply the results obtained in steps (2) and (3). in the answer.

Example: 36x2y3 ÷ (−6x3y2)

Solution: By dividing power rule:
36x2y3 36 1
Step 1 Step 2 = −6 x2 ÷ x3 = x2−3 = x−1 =
−6x3y2 −6 x
x2y3 = y y 6y y ÷y =y =y =y
3 2 3−2 1
Step 3 Step 4 −6 × = − x
x3y2 x x
Division of polynomial by a monomial
Divide each term of the polynomial by the monomial and combine the result.
a + b + c + d + ... a b c d
= + + + + ...
x x x x x
Example 1: Example 2: Example 3:
20x − 15x + 25x
4 3 2
45p q + 63p q
5 3 2 4 (24x3y + 20x2y2 − 4xy)
5x −9p2q2 2xy
20x 4
15x 3
25x 2
−45p5q3 −63p2q4 24x3
y 20x2y2 4xy
= − + = + = + –
5x 5x 5x −9p2q2 −9p2q2 2xy 2xy 2xy
= 4x3 − 3x2 + 5x = 5p5 − 2q3 − 2 − 7p2 − 2q4 − 2 = 12x2 + 10xy – 2
= 5p3q1 − 7p0q2
= 5p3q − 7q2
Division of polynomial by a polynomial
Polynomial division including more than one term is similar to long division of whole numbers. A polynomial
dividend can be expressed as the product of the divisor and the quotient added to the remainder.
While dividing one polynomial by another polynomial, we follow the given steps.
Example 1: Divide 5 + 8x2 − 14x by x − 2
Step 1 Arrange both the divisor and the dividend in descending x − 2 8x2 − 14x + 5
powers of x and set up the division problem.
 Step 2 Now, divide the term with the highest power of x in the
dividend by the term with the highest power in x − 2 8x2 − 14x + 5 8x
the divisor.
Step 3 Multiply the divisor by that quotient obtained in
Step 2, place the product (8x2−16x) below the x − 2 8x2 − 14x + 5 8x
dividend. 8x2 − 16x

Step 4 Subtract the bottom binomial from the terms above it

and bring down the next term of the dividend. x − 2 8x2 − 14x + 5 8x
8x2 − 16x
(−) (+)
2x + 5

Step 5 Repeat steps 2–4 until you reach the last term of the
dividend. x − 2 8x2 − 14x + 5 8x + 2
8x2 − 16x
(−) (+)
2x + 5
2x + 4
(−) (+)
(9)

Example 2: Divide 4x2 − 8x + 5x − 7 Example 3: Divide (x5 + 1) by (x + 1).

4x3 − 24x2 + 101 x + 1 x5 + 0x4 + 0x3 + 0x2 + 0x + 1 x4 + x3 + x2 + x + 1
x + 4 4x3 − 8x2 + 5x − 7 x5 + x4
4x3 + 16x2 (−) (−)
(−) (−)
− x4 + 0x3 + 0x2 + 0x + 1
− 24x + 5x
2
+ x4 + x3
− 24x − 96x
2
(−) (−)
(+) (+) − x3 + 0x2 + 0x + 1
101x − 7 + x3 + x2
101x + 404 (−) (−)
(−) (−) −x2 + 0x + 1
− 411 + x2 + x
(−) (−)
−x+1
x+1
(−) (−)
0
 Division Algorithm
The division algorithm says when a number 'a' is divided by a number 'b' gives the quotient to be 'q'
and the remainder to be 'r', then a = bq + r where 0 ≤ r < b. The division algorithm can be represented in
simple words as follows:
• Dividend = Divisor × Quotient + Remainder
Let us verify the division algorithm for some numbers. We know that when 100 is divided by 7, the
quotient is 14 and the remainder is 2. Here,
• dividend = 100
• divisor = 7
• quotient = 14
• remainder = 2
• Verification of division algorithm:
Dividend = Divisor × Quotient + Remainder
100 = 7 × 14 + 2
100 = 98 + 2
100 = 100
Hence, the division algorithm is verified.

Mind Spark!
Answer the following.
1. What can be concluded if a polynomial divided by binomial has a remainder of zero?
2. What is the degree of the quotient when a binomial of degree 1 divides a polynomial of degree x?

Case Study
3
x = 2x + 5 x = x+5 x =x+4
2
then find the value of:

1. 5 6 −3 3 +2 1

2. 1
2 2 + 8 −3 0

Skill Building –Techno County

Enhanced Skills: Observation, Critical Thinking
Explore how algebraic expressions are used in various fields of technology and innovation. Using the internet
as your resource, research and find examples of how algebraic expressions are applied in areas such as
computer programming, robotics, artificial intelligence, video game development, or any other technological
field of interest.
Once you've gathered your findings, create a presentation or report showcasing at least three different
applications of algebraic expressions in technology. Include visuals, diagrams, or even small demos, if possible
to illustrate how algebraic concepts are integrated into real-world technological advancements.
 Practice County 2.3
1. Find the following product:
a) 48 and (2x­− 5y) b) 5a2b2 and (−3a2 + 5ab − 8b2)
2. Multiply:
a) (2a + 5b) × (5a − 6b) b) (2x + 3) × (5x2 + 6x − 9)
3. If two adjacent sides of a rectangle are (2 + 3y − 5y2) (2y − 1 − 3y2), find its area.
4. Find the area of the given figures below.
a) 3 b) 23

2x
13 13
5 2x
y y
5. Divide:
a) (5x3 − 3x2 + 8x) by 4x b) (24x3y2z) by (−6xz)
6. Divide:
a) (x3 − 8x2 + 21x − 14) by (x − 1) b) (2x4 − 8x3 + 4x2 − 11x − 1) by (x2 − 1)
7. What should be subtracted from (x4 + 6x3 + 13x2 + 13x + 8) so that the resulting polynomial is exactly
divisible by (x2 + 3x + 2) ?
Dividend = Divisor × Quotient + Remainder
8. What should be added from (6x5 + 4x4 + 27x3 − 7x2 − 27x − 6) so that the resulting polynomial is exactly
divisible by (2x2 − 3) ?

Maths Lab County

Activity: Algebraic Expression Relay Race
Objective: To reinforce understanding of algebraic expressions and promote teamwork and problem-solving
skills.
Materials Needed:
• Large whiteboard or chart paper
• Markers
• Stopwatch or timer
• Algebraic expression cards (prepared by the teacher)
Instructions:
• Divide the class into several teams of 4-5 students each.
• Set up a relay race course in the classroom with designated starting and finishing lines.
• Explain to the students that they will participate in an algebraic expression relay race.
• Each team will line up behind the starting line.
• Place the whiteboard or chart paper with a large grid drawn on it at the finishing line.
• Provide each team with a marker.
• Scatter the algebraic expression cards around the classroom, ensuring that each card is placed a distance apart.
 • When the race begins, the first student from each team will run to the first card, pick it up, and solve
the algebraic expression written on it.
• Once the student solves the expression, they will run back to their team and write the simplified
expression on the whiteboard or chart paper.
• The next student in line will then run to the next card, pick it up, and repeat the process.
• The race continues in this manner until all members of a team have solved and written down expressions
on the whiteboard or chart paper.
• The first team to correctly solve and write down all expressions wins the relay race.

Removal of Brackets
To remove brackets to simplify expressions involving more than one bracket, we follow the given steps:
STEP 1 Check whether the given expression contains a vinculum or not. If a vinculum is present, then
perform operations under it. Otherwise, go to the next step.
STEP 2 Perform operations on the innermost bracket if it is present.

STEP 3 Remove the innermost bracket by using the following rules:

Rule 1 If a plus sign precedes a bracket, remove it by writing its Example:

terms as they are a + (b + c + d) = a + b + c + d
Rule 2 If a bracket is preceded by a minus sign, change positive Example:
signs within it to negative and vice-versa. a − (b + c − d) = a − b − c + d
Rule 3 If there is no sign between a number and a grouping Example:
symbol, then it means multiplication. (a + b) (c + d) = (a + b) × (c + d)
Rule 4 If there is a number before some brackets, then we Example:
multiply the number inside the brackets with the number 2(a + b = 2a + 2b)
outside the brackets.

STEP 4 Check the next innermost bracket and perform operations within it. Remove the second
innermost bracket by using the rules given in Step 3. Continue this process till all the brackets
are removed.

Placing parentheses
In algebra, we use parentheses to group numbers and variables together. Just like how we can take away
parentheses when simplifying expressions, we can also put them in when we want to clarify or change how
an expression is evaluated. We may write:
a–b+c–d
In the following ways:
a – (b – c + d)
a – (b – c) + d
Brackets and Braces
Brackets [ ] and braces { } have the same function as parentheses.
They are all grouping symbols. After using parentheses for grouping, we may use brackets for further clarity,
and then braces for even more specificity. Removing brackets or braces follows the same rules as removing
parentheses.
Example: a – [b – (c – d + e)]
We will remove all the grouping symbols. We will do it by removing the brackets first.
Then, we will do it again removing the parentheses first. So, on removing the brackets, we get:
a − [b − (c − d + e)] = a − b + (c − d + e).
Within the brackets, there are two terms.
The first term is b . The second term is – (c – d + e)
Since the brackets are preceded by –, the sign of each of the two terms changes.
The signs within the term (c – d + e) do not change.

Mind Spark!
Remove all the grouping symbols. Simplify as you go by evaluating the numbers.
5 − [3 − (x − 2)]

Practice County 2.4

1. Expand and simplify:
a) 3(x + y) 2(x − y) b) 4(2p + 7) + 6(8q − 2)
2. Multiply and simplify:
a) (2x + 5) × (3x − 4) b) (3x + 2y + 5) (2x − 5y + 2)
3. Calculate the area of the rectangle below. All lengths are in cm.

x+4

x+7
4. Simplify:
a) 8 − [−5 − (y − 3)] b) 7 − [6 − (2x + 5) − (3y − 5)

Time to Assess County

1. Solve the following.
a) The algebraic expressions with one non-zero term are called .
i) monomials ii) binomials iii) trinomials iv) polynomials
2 x2
b) The degree of the polynomial x3 + − 6x is .
5 2
i) 3 ii) 2 iii) 5 iv) 6
c) The degree of the polynomial 5x + x + 3x + 1 is
4 2
.
i) 2 ii) 4 iii) 3 iv) 1
d) The sum of x2 + 4x + 3 and 7x2 + 3x + 4 is .
i) 8x + x +1
2
ii) 3x + 4x +2 iii) 7x + 6x + 5
2 2
iv) 5x2 + 3x + 6
e) The difference when we subtract 3x2 + 7x + 8 from 2x2 + 5x + 9 is .
i) −x2 +2x − 1 ii) 3x2 + 4x +2 iii) −x2 −12x +17 iv) x2 +12x −17
f) The product of 3x and 5x2z is .
i) 15xz 2
ii) 15x z3 2
iii) 15x3z2 iv) 15x3z
g) The quotient of 56p5q2 and 7p2q is .
i) 8p q 3
ii) 8p q
3 2
iii) 7p q
3
iv) 6p2q2
2. Choose pairs of like terms from the following.
14xy, 7 x2y, 17 xy2, −n2m2, 21yx2, 6 yx, 18pqr, 18p2qr, 4xy2, 15 pqr, −7 rqp2, −17abc, 8m2n2
9 24 8 37 12
3. Classify the following as monomials, binomials or trinomials.
a) 2x + 3y b) 7x2 + 4y2 + 7z2 c) 425
d) x + x2y + 9x e) x2 – 3 f) a2 –2a + 8b g) a3b2c
4. Identify the terms and their coefficients in the following algebraic expressions.
a) 12 + xy2 – zx b) 4x2y – 7x3 + 3y4
c) 1 a – 3a2b d) 9.2x – 4.1yz + 2x2yz2
2
5. Solve the given problems.
a) Find the degree of the following polynomials.
(i) x4 – 3x3 + 5x – 3 (ii) x3 + 5x – 1 (iii) 4x2 – 6x – 3
b) Add the following algebraic expressions.
(i) x2 + 5x – 6 and 5x2 – 7x + 9 (ii) x3 – 5x2 + 3x – 3 and –4x3 + 2x2 – 5x + 7
(iii) x3 – 6x2 – 6x + 8 and 3x2 – 5x – 1 (iv) x2 + 5x – 12 and x3 – 9x2 + 3
c) Subtract the following algebraic expressions.
(i) 3x3 + 9x2 – 5x + 7 from 5x3 – 6x2 + x – 8
(ii) x2 – 3x + –15 from 4x2 + 2x + 8
(iii) x3 – 7x2 – 3x + 1 from 4x2 – 9x – 5
(iv) x3 + 2x – 2 from x3 – 4x2 – 6
d) Multiply the following algebraic expressions.
(i) –3x ×(x2 + 5x2 – 4x + 7 (ii) (2x2 + 7) × (x2 – 6x + 9)
(iii) (p2 + 4p – 3) × (p2 – 8p + 6) (iv) (x2y – 2xy + 4xy2) × (2xy2 – xy – 2y)
e) Divide the following algebraic expressions.
(i) 54p4 ÷ 9p2 (ii) 16x4 – 24x3 + 36x2 ÷ 4x
(iii) (5x3 – 6x2 + 6x – 1) ÷ (5x – 1) (iv) (x2y – 2xy + 4xy2) ÷ (2xy2 – xy – 2y)

Recap County
An algebraic expression is a set of terms with letters and numbers that are combined using addition (+),
subtraction (–), multiplication (×) or division (÷).

• An expression that contains one term is called a monomial.

• An expression that contains two terms is called a binomial.
• An expression that contains three terms is called a trinomial.
• ln general, an expression with one or more than one term {with nonnegative integral exponents of the
variables) is called a 'polynomial'

Expressions are made up of terms.

• A term can be a number, a variable, a product of two or more variables or a product of a number and a
variable. For example, 4x + 2y and 2x + 3y.
• The numbers or variables that are multiplied to form a term are called its factors. For example, 8xy is a
term with factors 8, x and y.
• A coefficient is the numerical factor of a term containing constants and variables. For example, in the term
7x, 7 is the coefficient.
• A constant is a value or number that never changes in expression; it's constantly the same. For example,
in the term 2x + 10, 10 is the constant.
The similar terms are added (or subtracted) and the unlike terms are written as they are when we add or
subtract two algebraic expressions.

Algebraic Expression Dividend = Divisor ×

Quotient + Remainder

When multiplying algebraic expressions, two important rules must be followed, which are based on the
commutative property of multiplication.
• Multiply the numbers together and the variables togethec
x (−4y) = (2x − 4) × (x × y) = −8xy
• When multiplying two identical variables together, add their exponents.
x2y3 × x4y3 = (x2 × x4) × (y3 × y3) = (x2 + 4) × (y3 + 3) = x6y6
• 
All terms, whether they are Iike terms or not, can be multiplied together. However, only like terms can be
added or subtracted together.
Steps for Dividing a PoIynomial by a PoIynomial
For dividing a polynomial by a poIynomial, we may follow the following steps:
• Step 1: Arrange the terms of the dividend and divisor in descending order of their degrees.
• Step 2: Divide the firstterm of the dividend by the first term of the divisor to obtain the first term of the
quotient.
• Step 3: Multiplythe divisor bythe first term of the quotient and subtract the result from the dividend to
obtain the remainder.
• Step 4: Take down the remaining terms of the dividend next to the remainder so obtained.
Treat this expression as the new dividend.
• Step 5: Repeat the above process till we obtain a remainder which is either 0 or a polynomial of degree
less than that of the divisor.