DIRE DAWA UNIVERSITY

INSTITUTE OF
TECHNOLOGY
SCHOOL OF ELECTRICAL AND COMPUTER ENGINEERING
COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING CHAIR
FINAL PROJECT
Title: Performance Analysis of MIMO System Using V-Blast
and Alamouti Techniques
PREPARED BY

NAME ID

1. BELET DEJEN R/0629/09

2. FIKRU DEREJE R/0566/09
3. KEBENESH BIRHANU R/1485/09
4. YOHANNES TESHOME R/1279/09

Advisor Mr. Chala.T

October-30-2021
 Performance Analysis Of MIMO System Using V-Blast And Alamouti Techniques

Deceleration
We declared that the project, titled "Performance Analysis of MIMO Systems Using V-BLAST and
Alamouti Techniques", has been submitted to the School of Electrical and Computer Engineering of
DDU in partial fulfillment of the Bachelor of Science in Electrical and Computer Engineering. This is
our original work and was not submitted elsewhere for the award of any other degree or any other
publication. We here by confirm that all the source materials used while writing this report are
referenced and acknowledged properly by our signatures:
Name Signature Date
Belet Dejen
Kebenesh Birhanu
Fkeru Dereje
Yohannes Teshome

I certify that I have read, evaluated and checked that this project is compiled according to the
format given by the department and project work has been submitted for the examination with
my approval as a university advisor.

Name Signature Date

Chala.T

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 Performance Analysis Of MIMO System Using V-Blast And Alamouti Techniques

Acknowledgment
First, we say thanks to almighty God who always bless us and without his blessing this journey
would not have been possible for us. Next we would like to thank our advisor; Mr. Chala.T for
his endless guidance and motivation throughout the project process. This project work has been
done with the great support of our advisor, who guided us in the right direction, motivated,
encouraged and challenged us throughout the work. Thanks to him! And also we would like to
thank all our friends and especially our classmates for all the thought provoking discussions we
had, which inspired us to think beyond the obvious. We are especially indebted to our parents for
their love, sacrifice, and support. They are our first teachers after we came to this world and have
always been mile stones to lead us a disciplined life. Finally we extended our special thanks to
the School of electrical and computer engineering faculty and staff workers for all support during
the time of this study.

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 Performance Analysis Of MIMO System Using V-Blast And Alamouti Techniques

Abstract
A MIMO system is a wireless system that has multiple antennas on both the transmitter and
receiver sides. It is the most efficient part of wireless systems which is used to improve quality,
maximize capacity, spectral efficiency, and to decrease bet error rate. Scarcity of the spectrum is
the major challenge in wireless communication. The aim of this project is investigating the
performance of MIMO systems, using parameters such as spectral efficiency, channel capacity,
SNR and BER in Rayleigh fading channel. This project also identifies which technique is efficient
in terms of getting good capacity and BER performance. To achieve the objective of this project,
two MIMO space-time processing techniques were used. The first one is the vertical bell layered
space-time architecture, which is accomplished by splitting a single user’s data stream into
multiple sub-streams and using an array of transmitter antennas to simultaneously launch the
parallel sub-streams. It also uses different V-BLAST detection algorithms like ZF, MMSE, and
ML to reduce interference and noise. The second technique which we used is the Alamouti space-
time coding, which is used to achieve high diversity, reduce BER of a system, and evaluate the
performance using BPSK modulation. The simulation result of this project has been done in mat
lab which shows performance of MIMO systems improves as the number of antennas on both the
transmitter and receiver side grows, it also indicates that, when compared to MMSE and ZF
detectors, ML detection has the best performance. This project also compares the BER
performance of MIMO Alamouti and ML VBLAST, demonstrating that Alamouti outperforms ML
VBLAST with the same SNR. While MIMO VBLAST has a higher data rate than MIMO Alamouti
because to the larger number of transmitting and receiving antennas, this project also
demonstrates that the Alamouti scheme outperforms the MRC and the 2x1 Alamouti schemes.

Key words: Alamouti, BER, MIMO, ML, MMSE, SNR, VBLAST, ZF.

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Table of Contents

Deceleration......................................................................................................................................I
Acknowledgment.............................................................................................................................II
Abstract..........................................................................................................................................III
List Of Figures..............................................................................................................................VII
List Of Tables..............................................................................................................................VIII
Acronyms.......................................................................................................................................IX
CHAPTER ONE............................................................................................................................1
1. INTRODUCTION......................................................................................................................1
1.1 Background............................................................................................................................1
1.2 Related works.........................................................................................................................2
1.3 Statement of the problem.......................................................................................................3
1.4 Objective of the Project..........................................................................................................4
1.4.1 General Objective............................................................................................................4
1.4.2 Specific Objectives..........................................................................................................4
1.5 Scope of the Project................................................................................................................4
1.6 Limitation of the Project........................................................................................................4
1.7 Significant of the Project........................................................................................................5
1.8 Methodology..........................................................................................................................5
1.9 Project organization................................................................................................................6
CHAPTER TWO...........................................................................................................................7
2. THEORY REVIEW...................................................................................................................7
2.1 Review of the System and Theories.......................................................................................7
2.2 Single Input Single Output (SISO).........................................................................................9
2.3 Single Input Multiple Outputs (SIMO)..................................................................................9
2.4 Multiple Input Single Output (MISO)..................................................................................10
2.5 MIMO Space-time Processing.............................................................................................10
2.5.1 Bell-Labs Layered Space Time Architecture.................................................................10
[Link] Diagonal-BLAST (D-BLAST)...............................................................................11
[Link] Vertical-BLAST (V-BLAST).................................................................................11
2.5.2 Space-Time Coding (STC)............................................................................................12
2.6 Signal to noise ratio (SNR)..................................................................................................12
2.7 MIMO Channel....................................................................................................................13
CHAPTER THREE.....................................................................................................................14
3. SYSTEM ANALYSIS AND MATHEMATICAL MODELING.........................................14
3.1 Signal to noise ratio calculation (SNR) calculation.............................................................14
3.2 Calculation MIMO Channel Capacity..................................................................................15
3.2.1 AWGN channel.............................................................................................................15

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3.2.2 Racian fading channel....................................................................................................15
3.2.3 Rayleigh fading channel................................................................................................16
3.3 V-BLAST system architecture.............................................................................................17
3.3.1 V-BLAST transmitter....................................................................................................17
3.3.2 V-BLAST receiver.........................................................................................................18
3.3.3 Encoder..........................................................................................................................19
3.3.4 Decoder..........................................................................................................................19
3.3.5 Decoding algorithm for VBLAST system.....................................................................19
3.3.6 Zero forcing detector.....................................................................................................20
3.3.7 Minimum mean square (MMSE) detector.....................................................................22
3.3.8 Maximum likelihood detector........................................................................................23
3.4 V-BLAST Nonlinear detector..............................................................................................23
3.4.1 Zero forcing with SIC....................................................................................................23
3.4.2 Minimum mean square error (MMSE) with SIC...........................................................25
3.5 Alamouti Space-Time Codes............................................................................................26
3.5.1 Maximum ratio combining (MRC)................................................................................27
3.5.2 Two transmitter and one receiver Alamouti scheme.....................................................28
3.5.3 Two transmitter and two receiver scheme.....................................................................29
CHAPTER 4.................................................................................................................................31
4. RESULT AND DISCUSSION.................................................................................................31
4.1 Simulation parameters..........................................................................................................31
4.2 Simulation results.................................................................................................................31
4.2.1 Simulation result of Capacity using different multiple antennas...................................31
4.2.2 V-BLAST BER Comparison with linear Detection scheme.........................................33
4.2.3 Simulation results of applied Alamouti in BPSK modulation.......................................34
4.2.4 Performance comparison between VBLAST and Alamouti.........................................35
4.2.5 V-BLAST BER comparison using nonlinear detection scheme....................................37
CHAPTER FIVE..........................................................................................................................38
5. CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION.....................................................................38
5.1 Conclusion............................................................................................................................38
5.2 Recommendation and Future Work.....................................................................................38
Reference....................................................................................................................................39
Appendix....................................................................................................................................41

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List of figures
Figure 1.1 Methodology Of The Project................................................................................................5
Figure 2.1 Block Diagram Of SISO System..........................................................................................9
Figure 2.2 Block Diagram Of SIMO System........................................................................................9
Figure 2.3 Block Diagram Of MISO System.......................................................................................10
Figure 2.4 D-BLAST Decoder.............................................................................................................11
Figure 2.5 V-BLAST Decoder.............................................................................................................12
Figure 2.6 General MIMO System With nt Transmit And nr Receive Antennas................................13
Figure 3.1 Receiver of A General V-BLAST System.........................................................................18
Figure 3.2 V-BLAST System Architecture..........................................................................................18
Figure 3.3 V-BLAST Decoder Block..................................................................................................19
Figure 3.4 Y is Projected Onto The Subspace Orthogonal To H1......................................................21
Figure 3.5 A Bank of Zero-Forcing Detectors.....................................................................................22
Figure 3.6 A Bank of MMSE Detectors, Each Estimating A Parallel Data Sub-Streams...................23
Figure 3.7 Zero-Forcing Detectors With Successive Cancellation Of Sub-Stream.............................24
Figure 3.8 MMSE Detectors With Successive Cancellation of Sub- Stream......................................26
Figure 3.9 A Block Diagram of Alamouti Space Time Encoder.........................................................27
Figure 4.1 Capacity Simulation for MIMO System.............................................................................32
Figure 4.2 V-BLAST Detection scheme over 2X2 MIMO channels with Rayleigh...........................33
Figure 4.3 Comparative simulation results of applied Alamouti in BPSK modulation.......................34
Figure 4.4 Capacity comparisons between V-BLAST and Alamouti..................................................36
Figure 4.5 V-BLAST comparison using nonlinear detectors..............................................................37

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List of tables
Table 3.1 Shows Space-Time Coding............................................................................................29
Table 4.1 Parameters for Simulation.............................................................................................31
Table 4.2 Capacity of MIMO System............................................................................................32
Table 4.3 Ber versus SNR For ML, MMSE and ZF Detection System.........................................34
Table 4.4 Ber versus SNR For Alamouti.......................................................................................35
Table 4.5 Ber versus SNR For Alamouti And V-BLAST.............................................................35
Table 4.6 Capacity versus SNR For Alamouti And V-BLAST.....................................................36
Table 4.7 Performance Summarization For Alamouti And V-BLAST.........................................36
Table 4.8 BER Vs SNR For ZF-SIC, MMSE-SIC And ML Detectors.........................................37

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Acronyms
AWGN Add White Gaussian Noise
BER Bit Error Rate
BPSK Binary Pass Shift Keying
DBLAST Directional Bell Layered Space Time
ID Identical Distrusted
LAN Local Area Network
LOS Line Of Sight
MDC Minimum Decoding Complex
MIMO Multiple Input Multiple Output
ML Maximum Likelihood
MMSE Minimum Mean Square Error
MRC Maximum Ratio Combining
MISO Multiple Input Single Output
OFDM Orthogonal Frequency Division
SD Spatial Diversity
SIMO Single Input Multiple Output
SIC State Input Channel
SISO Single Input Single Output
SM Spatial Multiplexing
SNR Signal To Noise Ratio
STBC Space Time Block Code
STC Space Time Coding
VBLAST Vertical Bell Layered Space Time
ZF Zero Forcing

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CHAPTER ONE

1. INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background
Multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) wireless communication systems refer to transmitters
and receivers that are equipped with multiple antenna units for data transferring process in the
wireless communication system. Compared with single input single-output (SISO) wireless
communication systems, additional degrees of freedom (space resource) can be created in MIMO
system without increasing neither the bandwidth nor transmit power, which can be exploited for
significant improvement of system capacity and enhancement of transmission reliability. MIMO
systems exploit multipath by using the rich scattering environment to increase the spectral
efficiency of the wireless system. In wireless scenario, the radio channel bandwidth is an
inadequate resource and that is why the availability of faster transmission and reception is
restricted [1].

In this new information age, high data rate and strong reliability features of wireless
communication systems are becoming the dominant factors for a successful deployment of
commercial networks. The multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) scheme in wireless
communication is one prominent candidate that full fills these need, mainly due to its high
capacity which does not call for bandwidth expansion. To accomplish high capacity potential
proper signal processing architecture is needed. Bell Labs Layered Space Time Architecture
(BLAST) is an extraordinary bandwidth efficient approach to wireless communication which
takes advantage of the spatial dimension by transmitting and detecting a number of independent
co-channel data streams using multiple ways but essentially co-located antennas. This new
communication structure targets application in future generations of wireless systems, bringing
high bit rates to the office and home [2].

An architecture which theoretically achieves the highest capacity was proposed as BLAST in [2]
and it attains the spectral efficiencies up to 42 bits/sec/Hz. This represents a spectacular increase
compared to currently achievable spectral efficiencies of 2-3 bits/sec/Hz, in cellular mobile and
wireless LAN systems [6]. The original diagonal-BLAST version used a cyclic association of
data streams, called layers, with transmit antennas, thereby producing an “averaged” channel

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which is the same for all layers. Difficulties in the realization of D-BLAST led to a modified
architecture called V-BLAST [7], where each layer is associated with certain transmit antenna.

In wireless communication reliability of the data rate is the major concern. Space-time block
codes were designed to achieve the maximum diversity order for the given number of transmit
and receive antennas subject to the constraint of having a simple linear decoding algorithm. Our
project focus on one of the first space time block code called Alamouti space time block code
which use two transmit antennas and used to increase the data rate of the communication system.
Alamouti scheme also used to decrease the bit error rate of the transmission without decreasing
the data rate at a specified SNR. In wireless communication there is multipath propagation which
means data will not reach to the destination easily due to path loss, attenuation and shadowing of
obstacles and this multipath propagation lead to fading which is a major problem in wireless
communication system. To combat the fading environment Alamouti technique is used in MIMO
antenna system which transmits multiple copies of the same data [15].

This project is aim to increase reliability, channel capacity, spectral efficiency and decreasing bit
error rate of the transmission in communication system by using V-BLAST and Alamouti
techniques, and to identify which V-BLAST detection algorithm is efficient in BER performance
in addition to answer the question is VBLAST or Alamouti better in terms of BER performance
and quality of data transmission.

1.2 Related works

Multiple input multiple output transmission techniques have been comprehensively studied over
the past decade by numerous researchers.

The Authors In [1], proposed that Space time block codes (STBC) with reducing orthogonally
but increasing its complexity. They concluded that using maximum diversity reducing
orthogonally. There gap was increasing its complexity.

The author in [2], proposed that the capacity can be improved by a factor equal to the minimum
number of transmit and receive antennas if perfect channel state information (CSI) is available at
the receiver. He concluded that capacity is increased with increasing number of antenna. His gap
was not show for maximum number of antennas.

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The author in [3], proposed a system that compare the performance of three MIMO methods,
namely, BLAST, STBC, and linear pre coding/decoding. He concluded that showed the BLAST
scheme can achieve the best performance in the high data rate transmission scenario. His gap not
used detector algorithm to reduce the interference cancellation.

The authors in [5], proposed that a new transmission scheme called multiple input multiple
output (MIMO) orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) system. They concluded
that the new scheme is efficient and suitable especially for symmetric channels such as the link
between two base stations or between two antennas on radio beam transmission. There gap was
his new scheme suitable only two by two antennas.

The authors in [11] proposed that Capacity of MIMO systems and different MIMO transmission
techniques such as spatial diversity (SD), Spatial multiplexing(SM). They concluded that at the
receiver side LMS has better BER performance than ZF and the same performance with MMSE
with no need of CSI. There gap was LMS algorithm has slow convergence but low complexity
compared to MMSE algorithm that has fast convergence with very high complexity.

The authors In [14] they proposed that STBC structures. They concluded that wireless
communication reducing the overall decoding complexity, minimum decoding complexity
(MDC) is important. There gap not use for scattering.

The author in [20], It is proposed that applied transmit diversity with space-time block codes and
showed that the number of receive antennas can be reduced and the diversity level increased
compared to the original BLAST. In many wireless communication systems, convolutional codes
are widely used due to their capability that enable soft-decision decoding and their near
Shannon-capacity performance. He concluded that using STBC the transmit diversity increased.
His gap was not show for more number of transmitter antennas.

1.3 Statement of the problem

When the signal is propagated from transmitter to receiver it is susceptible path loss and fading
because of multipath propagation. Transmission reliability, channel capacity, and spectral
efficiency of wireless communication all suffer as a result of fading. It also increases BER in the
system. In wireless communication it is known that spectrum is scarce resource and to use this

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scarce resource efficiently the system has to increase channel capacity. Multiple Input Multiple
Output (MIMO) system is one of the technique, which increase channel capacity, reliability of
communication and spectral efficiency of the system and has to be adapted with diversity
techniques (Alamouti coding and VBLAST structure).

1.4 Objective of the Project

1.4.1 General Objective
The main purpose of our project is to design and simulate MIMO system by using
VBLAST and Alamouti techniques in MATLAB.

1.4.2 Specific Objectives

This paper is specifically to achieve the following specific objectives

 To analyze the channel capacity of MIMO system using different number of antennas.
 To observe the tradeoff BER and data rate of V-BLAST and Alamouti’s STBC.
 To analyze and compare performance of VBLAST and Alamouti MIMO techniques.
 To analyze that performance of linear detectors using ZF, MMSE, and ML and to identify
the best detectors in terms of performance.
 To compare performance of VBLAST nonlinear detectors using ZF SIC, MMSE SIC,
and ML.

1.5 Scope of the Project

The scope of this project is performance analysis of MIMO system using V-BLAST and
Alamouti techniques. It analyzes and compares the capacity for 2x2, 3x3, and 4x4 MIMO
systems. It also determines the BER, channel capacity for both V-BLAST and Alamouti coding
techniques for two transmit and two receive antenna. It also contains three linear detecting
algorithm of VBLAST architecture (ZF, MMSE and ML) and nonlinear detection Algorithm
(successive interference cancellation) such as ZF SIC, MMSE SIC and understanding the
techniques of MIMO wireless communication. The project includes simulation using math lab.

1.6 Limitation of the Project

 This project does not include Alamouti detectors.
 This project also subjected to 2x2 MIMO VBLAST and Alamouti scheme.

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1.7 Significant of the Project

 This project has some application in surveillance, automotive area transportation system.
 The system has the ability to have more users with the desired data rate, which means
that especially on stadiums.
 This project can also be used in indoor, outdoor purpose and 4G applications in which
define very advanced air interfaces extensively relying on MIMO techniques.
 Also It has a great application in (Wi-Fi), which is implemented in the standard using
different techniques: antenna selection, space-time coding.
 It is also used in robotics purpose, augmented reality/virtual reality, and
telecommunications.

1.8 Methodology

Start

Submit
Identify Report
Problem

Documentation
and compiling
Choose the
Title
Output

Modeling and Writing

Internet Gathering Matlab
performance program Run on
information Mat lab
analysis

E-book
NO

Figure1. 1 Methodology of the project

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Step 1:- Start From Checking Our Environment And Situation

Step 2:- Then We Identify A Problem
Step 2:- After Checking The Environment We Choose The Title To Solve The Problem
Step 4:- We Search And Gather Information Related To Our Project
Step 5:- We Have Model The System And Make Analysis
Step 6:- We Wright Matlab Code
Step 7:- We Run The Code On Matlab
Step 8:- After We Define The Output We Start To Right The Document
Step 9:- We Compile The Document.

1.9 Project organization

This project is organized in to in to five chapters; the first chapter of the project explains
background project work, the problem statements, objectives, scopes, significance, methodology
and limitations of the project.

The second chapter covers literature review and brief overview of MIMO systems. The primary
goal of this chapter is to introduce basic concepts, models and notions that will be used
throughout the project.

The third chapter of the report describes different layered space-time architectures, investigate
the performance of general VBLAST architectures with ML, ZF, MMSE and SIC and introduce
Alamouti space time coding and MRC, and we investigate the performance of maximum ratio
combining (MRC), 2x1 Alamouti, 2x2 Alamouti scheme.

The fourth chapter of the project covers the results and discussion of different MIMO techniques
that has been analyzed above.

Finally chapter five contains the conclusion of the project and the recommendation suggestion
for the continuity of the project and further upgrade. This chapter can be referred to other
individuals who are interested in continuing developing this project.

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CHAPTER TWO

2. Theory review

2.1 Review of the System and Theories

Introductions Wireless communication has advanced significantly in recent decades, and it is
now regarded as a critical enabling technology for new future consumer products. Significant
technological advancements are required to ensure that wireless devices have proper
architectures capable of supporting a wide range of services offered to consumers in order to
satisfy the requirements of various applications. It has been used all around the world to help
people and machines interact with one another regardless of their physical location. [4]. One of
the mantras for the fourth generation of wireless communications systems (4G) is "always best
connected," which means that your wireless device should connect to the network or system that
is "best" for you at the time. Wireless communication has two key elements that make the topic
tough and interesting [1]. In wire line communication, these factors aren't as important. First,
there's fading: the time-varying channel strengths caused by multipath fading on a local scale, as
well as larger-scale effects like path loss due to distance attenuation and object shadowing.
Second, unlike in wired communication, where each transmitter-receiver pair is commonly
conceived of as an isolated point-to-point link, wireless users communicate across the air, and
there is tremendous interference between them. Interference can occur between transmitters
communicating with a shared receiver (for example, in a cellular system's uplink), between
signals from a single transmitter to many receivers (for example, in a cellular system's
downlink), or between distinct transmitter-receiver pairings (e.g. interference between users in
different cells). To provide reliable communication, wireless systems must be built to counteract
the effects of fading and interference. Spectrum is a rare resource in wireless communications,
imposing a significant cost on high data rate transmission [4]. Fortunately, the development of
numerous antenna systems has opened up a new dimension for information transmission in the
air-space. A multiple antenna system has been shown to provide a promising increase in capacity
without affecting spectrum, dependability, throughput, power consumption, or fading sensitivity,
resulting in a breakthrough in the data rate of wireless communication systems [2]. As a result,
MIMO systems have been a key emphasis in the wireless communications and information

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theory research field. Distinct MIMO architectures offer different advantages, which can be
categorized as array gain, interfere, and so on.

 Array gain: is the average improvement in signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) at the receiver that
may be achieved by coherently integrating several antenna signals at the receiver,
transmitter, or both. The number of receive antennas has a direct relationship with the
average increase in signal power [9]. Array gain exploitation requires channel
information at the transmitter when there are several antennas at the emitter.
 Interference reduction: The wireless media, unlike copper or optical fiber, is an unguided
communication link, which makes co-channel Q interference a common issue. Co-
channel interference adds to the system's overall noise and impairs performance. Multiple
antennas can be used to decrease interfering signals, resulting in increased system
capacity. Interference reduction necessitates knowledge of the target signal's channel;
however, accurate channel information may not be required [9].
 Diversity gain: Diversity is an excellent way to resist fading. Time, frequency, and space
diversity approaches are categorized according to the domain where diversity is
introduced [10]. In wireless microwave communications, space or antenna diversity has
become popular, and it may be divided into two categories: receive diversity and transmit
diversity [1], depending on whether numerous antennas are used for receipt or
transmission.
 Receive Diversity: It can be employed in channels that have numerous reception
antennas. The receive signals are considered to fade independently, and they are merged
at the receiver to provide a signal with substantially less fading. The number of
independent fading branches characterizes receive diversity, which is at most equal to the
number of receive antennas.
 Transmit Diversity: Transmit diversity is used on channels with multiple transmit
antennas, and it is at most equal to the number of transmit antennas, especially if the
transmit antennas are spaced far enough apart. The data is processed at the transmitter
before being dispersed across several antennas. If the channel between each transmit
receive antenna pair fades independently, the diversity order is constrained by the product
of the number of transmit and receive antennas [11]. The low chance of simultaneous
deep fades in the multiple diversity channels is a critical aspect of all diversity

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approaches. In general, the number of signal replicas integrated at the receiver to raise the
overall SNR determines the performance of a system adopting diversity approaches.
Selection combining, switching combining, equal-gain combining, and maximum ratio
combining are the four basic types of signal combining methods used at the receiver
(MRC).
 Multiplexing gain: MIMO systems have a distinct advantage over single-input multiple-
output (SIMO) and multiple-input single-output (MISO) systems in terms of realistic
throughput increase. This leverage is known as multiplexing gain, and it can be achieved
via a technique called spatial multiplexing [2]. The number of inputs and outputs
distinguishes wireless systems that consist of a transmitter, a radio channel, and a
receiver [10]. Single-input single-output (SISO) communication systems have only one
broadcast and receive antenna.

MIMO system is the most general and includes

 SISO
 MISO
 SIMO
2.2 Single Input Single Output (SISO)
SISO is a system having single transmit and single receive antenna and have no diversity [16].

TX RX

Figure2. 1Block diagram of SISO system

2.3 Single Input Multiple Outputs (SIMO)

SIMO is systems which have single antenna at transmitter side and multiple antennas at receiver side
[16]
TX RX

RX

RX
Figure2.2 Block diagram of SIMO system

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2.4 Multiple Input Single Output (MISO)

MISO or multiple input single outputs uses multiple antenna at transmitter and single antenna at
receiver. It is the scheme of radio frequency (RF) communication system. Figure shows block
diagram of MISO system [16].

TX RX

TX

TX

Figure2. 3 Block diagram of MISO system

2.5 MIMO Space-time Processing

The space-time coding technique is essentially a two-dimensional space and time processing
method [10]. While multiple antennas both for transmission and reception are used to improve
wireless communication systems capacity and data rate in space-domain, different signals can be
transmitted at different time slots using the same antenna at the same time in time-domain.
Correlation of time and space is introduced between signals which are transmitted by different
antennas so that the receiver antennas can realize diversity reception. Therefore, space-time
coding is especially meant for higher coding gain without using more bandwidth which
effectively enhances capacity of wireless systems.

MIMO system can be generally divided into and Layered Space Time Structure (Spatial
Multiplexing) and Space-Time Coding (STC).

2.5.1 Bell-Labs Layered Space Time Architecture

Foschini and Gans [7] demonstrated that multiple-element antennas can achieve high bandwidth
efficient communication over the rich-scattering wireless channel. Bell Labs Layered Space
Time Architecture is the name of this technology (BLAST). BLAST divides a single user's data
stream into numerous sub-streams and blasts them all at the same time using an array of
transmitter antennas. Because all sub-streams are broadcast in the same frequency band, the
spectrum is efficiently utilized. The effective transmission rate is roughly proportional to the
number of transmitter antennas employed because the user's data is sent in parallel through

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several antennas. There are two main BLAST architectures: D-BLAST (diagonal BLAST) and
V-BLAST (vertical BLAST)

[Link] Diagonal-BLAST (D-BLAST)

Foschini [2] proposes this architecture, which can achieve capacities close to the Shannon limit.
A serial-to-parallel (s/p) converter splits the input data stream into sub-streams [6] in this design.
Then, before transmission, these sub-streams, also known as layers, are cyclically shifted. Each
symbol broadcast is given by xi[m], where i(i = 1, 2,..., nT) denotes the transmit antenna (layer
index), m (m = 1, 2, 3,...) denotes the symbol index in each layer, and m (m = a, b, c,...) denotes
that various symbols transmit at the same time slots. The major reason for broadcasting layers
from separate antennas is to introduce transmit diversity, which reduces the effect of deep fade.
For example, if one of the transmit antennas' path gains is in deep fade, every symbol sent from
that antenna would be affected, and the system's performance may suffer dramatically. The effect
of deep fade is spread out among each layer using the cyclic shift feature to disperse symbols to
different antennas, making it easier to recover layers with the use of an error correcting code.
In reality, cyclic shifting's role in countering deep fading is analogous to interleaving's role in
overcoming burst mistakes. This extra feature does, however, come at a cost. D-BLAST suffers
from significant encoding/decoding complexity as well as a decrease in system throughput. The
poor usage of the initial n-T1 and n-T1 time instants causes this reduction.

Coding/modulator
X1[m]
Layer 1
I/p data
S/P Coding/modulator Stream
interleave X2[m]
Layer 2

Coding/modulator
Layer nT XnT[m]

Figure2. 4 D-BLAST decoder

[Link] Vertical-BLAST (V-BLAST)

D-encoder BLAST's is extremely similar to V- BLAST's, as seen in Figure 2.5. The encoding
and decoding of V-BLAST is easier due to the simple vertical layering [8], making it the most
frequent form of spatial multiplexing where signals are sent from separate antennas. A serial-to-

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parallel (s/p) converter splits the incoming data stream into n T sub-streams in this design. The
sub-streams are then modulated and transmitted from the transmit antenna that corresponds to
them. To boost performance, error correcting coding can be used in each sub-stream, but in V-
BLAST, encoded sub-streams are frequently assumed. We use VBLAST as our space-time
scheme in this project to fully exploit the spatial multiplexing gain in the MIMO channel and
because its receiver implementation is simpler. Following that, the V-BLAST architecture and
detection methods are discussed and shown.

X1[m]
Modulator
Layer 1
X2[m]
I/P data Modulator
Layer 2

S/P

XnT[m]
Modulator
Layer nT

Figure2. 5 V-BLAST decoder

2.5.2 Space-Time Coding (STC)

Space time coding is performed with the addition of controlled redundancies in both spatial and
temporal domains, which provides correlations in the transmitted signals to increase the
reliability of data transmission. In a multipath environment, MIMO systems employing space
time coding can be used to combat the effect of multipath fading and obtain better error
performance. A simple example of space-time code is the Alamouti's Code [18]. This code uses
two transmit and two receive antennas to send two symbols over two timeslots. These results in
an average transmission rate of one symbol per timeslot [17].

2.6 Signal to noise ratio (SNR)

For wireless system simulation the SNR at the receiver antenna is used as input parameter. Let
Es/NO denote the SNR per symbol at the input of the receiver baseband processing. The
baseband processing of a MIMO transmission system consists of a number of subsequent blocks

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as shown in figure (2.7) that have an influence on the relation between Eb/NO & Es/NO. These
blocks are.

 The encoder with coding rate R.

 The spatial mapper that maps symbols on transmits antennas.
 The modulation block that maps nT k bits onto a 2k -ary modulation scheme.

2.7 MIMO Channel

Generally, a MIMO system consists of n T transmit and mR receive antennas. It is called a MIMO
(nT, mR) system. The transmitted signals for a MIMO system with transmit radio channel. If no
more than m in [nT, mR] independent signals are transmitted, they can be correctly decoded at the
receiver [8].

 Channel encoding.
 Mapping of the encoded bits on the spatial and/or temporal dimension.
 Modulation.

All the transmit antennas send their signals simultaneously in the same bandwidth of the radio
channel. Each receive antenna receives the superposition of all the transmit signals disturbed by
the noise in the radio channel.

1
1

I/P
Encoder

2 Detectio
2 n+
Decoding

nT

nR

Figure2. 6 General MIMO system with nT transmit and nR receive antennas

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CHAPTER THREE

3. SYSTEM ANALYSIS AND MATHEMATICAL MODELING

To analyze the wireless communication system, appropriate models for signals and channels are
needed. In this section, we will present the necessary background for the models used in the
project. We will give an overview of the channels, the signal models and describe SNR.
3.1 Signal to noise ratio calculation (SNR) calculation
Now, assume that the communication between the transmitter and receiver is scaled such that the
2
variance of the propagation attenuation is σ c = 1. When Rb = 1/Tb denotes the bit rate and Ts
the symbol duration, in general the relation between Eb/No & Es/No is given by [8]

Eb Es Tb
 * (3.1)
No No Ts

Given this equation, the relation between E b/NO & Es/NO can be determined per block described
above. For an encoder with code rate of R, it can be shown that Ts = RT b [2]. Thus, substituting
this into (3.1) leads to

Es Eb
R
(3.2)
No No

Sending nT bits parallel on nT transmit antennas reflects on the relation between Ts and Tb as
follows: Ts = nTTb. Therefore the symbol energy to noise density ratio per receive antenna equals

Es Eb
 nT
(3.3)
No No

Probability of bit error rate in AWGN channel for BPSK modulation can be written as

Pb  Q( Eb (3.4)
No )

Approximately the bit error rate analysis of AWGN channel can be written as

1 1
Pb  e0.5SNR  erfc Eb
2 2 No (3.5)

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3.2 Calculation MIMO Channel Capacity

The commonly used measure of the potential of the channel to transmit data is the capacity [4]. It
is the maximum information rate that can be transmitted and received with arbitrarily low
probability of error at the receiver within a unit bandwidth. Shannon showed that the capacity C
of the channel with additive white Gaussian noise is limited to [13]:

C  B log 2(1
(3.6)
SNR)

Where SNR is the signal-to-noise ratio at the receive antenna. Capacity unit is bit/s/Hz.
However, in the case of a system with multiple antennas, Shannon’s limit should be extended. It
was proven [8] that the capacity of the MIMO channel is equal to:
C
 log 2 det(InR  HH * s) (3.7)

nT

Where InR is nR x nR identity matrix, ρ is the ratio of total transmits power per noise power, n T and
nR are the number of Tx and Rx antennas and H and H a⃰re the channel transfer matrix and its
transpose conjugate version, respectively.

3.2.1 AWGN channel

AWGN channel add white Gaussian noise when signal pass through it. Gaussian means normal
distribution in time domain with an average time domain value only. This model does not tell for
fading, frequency selectivity, interference and nonlinearity. Only distortion is introduced in the
equation the received signal.

SNR  Es h 2
No (3.8)

The BER of AWGN channel can be found using BPSK modulation as

Pb  Q( Es )  SNR ) (3.9)
Q( No

The channel capacity of AWGN can be calculated as follow

C = log (1 + SNR) (3.10)
3.2.2 Racian fading channel

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In environments where there is a dominant Line-of-Sight (LOS) path between the transmitter
and the receiver, the complex Gaussian distributed fading coefficient should be modeled with a

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nonzero mean, giving rise to the Racian fading. The MIMO channel may be modeled as sum of
fixed component and a fading component and given by the equation

k k
H
1 k H 1 k Hsw (3.11)


Where k
H = E  H  is the LOS component of the channel.
1 k

k
Hsw
1 k Is the fading component
k ≥ 0 in equation is the Ricean k-factor of the channel and is defined as the ratio of power in the
LOS component of the channel to the power in the fading component. The Racial distribution is

usually characterized by the Rice factor, k  m 

shows the relative strength of the direct LOS
2

2
path component of the fading coefficient. This model reduces to Rayleigh fading when k = 0. At
the other extreme k = ∞ corresponds to non-fading channel.

3.2.3 Rayleigh fading channel

In this project we consider Rayleigh fading channel, we model the statistics of the random
channel coefficient, hi, j using the Rayleigh fading model. This means that they are independent
and identically distributed (ID) with zero mean, unit variance, circularly symmetric, complex
Gaussian density. To simulate distributed signals Rayleigh distributions are used which reaches
at receiver by more than one path [21]. In wireless communication system the received signal
power in Rayleigh fading channel is equal to |h| 2PT. Where PT denotes transmit power. SNR in
Rayleigh fading channel can be written as equation

SNRF  h 2 *
 h2* (3.12)
p
SNR
2
Error rate derived from BPSK modulation in Rayleigh fading channel can be written as equation
BER  Q( SNRF ) (3.13)

 Q( )
a2SNR
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Where a is the magnitude of the channel h.
The Q function is expressed as
 1
Q(v)   t2
e  2 dt (3.14)
u 2

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Using substation 2
  2
SNR (3.15)
a a
  t2
1 

Average BER   e 2
dt2ae  a2da (3.16)
2

2

a

1
BER  1 SNR 
(3.17)
2  1 SNR 

3.3 V-BLAST system architecture

3.3.1 V-BLAST transmitter
The VBLAST transmitter system is showed in the previous chapter. The input information
sequence is first demultiplexed into nT sub-streams and each of them is subsequently modulated
and transmitted from a transmit antenna. The signal processing chain related to an individual
sub-stream is referred to as a layer [6]. The modulated symbols are arranged into a transmission
matrix, denoted by X, which consists of nT rows and L columns, where L is the transmission
block length. The mth column of the transmission matrix, denoted by x[m], consists of the
modulated symbols x1[m], x2[m] . . . xnT[m] where m = 1, 2. . . L. At a given time m, the
transmitter sends the mth column from the transmission matrix, one symbol from each antenna.
That is, a transmission matrix entry xi[m] is transmitted from antenna i at time m. Vertical
structuring refers to transmitting a sequence of matrix columns in the space-time domain. If the
modulator output symbols are denoted by x i[m], where i represent the layer number and m is the
time interval, the transmission matrix, formed from the modulator outputs, denoted by X, is
given by
x = [xi[m]] (3.18)
For example, in a system with three transmit antennas, the transmission matrix X is given by

 x1 1 x1 2 x1 3.......

X= x 1 x 2 x 3........ (3.19)
 2 2 2 
 x3 1 x3 2 x3 3.......

The sequence x1[1], x1[2], x1[3]... is transmitted from antenna 1, the sequence x2[1], x2[2], x2[3] .
. . is transmitted from antenna 2 and the sequence x3[1], x3[2], x3[3] . . . is transmitted from
antenna 3. Where n is noise vector with independent identically distributed channel.

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3.3.2 V-BLAST receiver

Figure 3.1 is a receiver being used in a general V-BLAST system. All receive antennas receive
signals radiated from all transmit antennas; hence there need arise to remove the mixing
operation of the channel. As the sub-streams are independently encoded [6], we need to separate
the nT transmitted sub-streams after detection and then decode them separately with their own
decoders.
Sub-stream1
Detector Decoder 1

Y (m) = Sub-Stream2
Decoder 2

Sub-stream3
Decoder 3

Figure3. 1 Receiver of a general V-BLAST system

Depending on how this is done, there are different methods of detector implementation at
receiver side. The most common methods are ML, ZF and MMSE.

X1[m]
Modulat

I/P stream Enc Dec O/P

X2[m]
ode Modulat ode
r r

XnT[m]
Modulat

Figure3. 2 V-BLAST system architecture

A high level block diagram of a V-BLAST transceiver system is shown in Fig. 3.2. The signals
transmitted from various antennas propagate over independently scattered paths and interfere
with each other upon reception at the receiver. This interference can be represented by the
following matrix operation at a given time instant m.
y [m] =Hx [m] + n[m] (3.20)

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Where y[m] is an nR-component column matrix of the received signals across the n R receive
antennas. The matrix channel transfer function H is (n R x nT), where hij is the (complex) transfer
function from transmitter j to receiver i, and n T ≤ nR x[m] is the mth column in the transmission
matrix X and n[m] is an nR-component column matrix of the AWGN noise signals from the
receive antennas, where the noise variance per receive antenna is denoted by σ2
3.3.3 Encoder
Suppose the number of transmitting antenna is nT and the number of receiving antenna is nR,
BPSK modulation transmitters 1 to n T operate co-channel at symbol rate 1/𝑇𝑠 symbol, with
synchronized symbol timing. Rayleigh flat fading channel is assumed and the channel matrix
transfer function is H, nR x nT, where hi, j is the complex transfer function from transmitter j and
receiver i. Let x =(x1, x2…xnT) denotes the vector of transmit symbols. Then the corresponding
received nR vector symbole i is
r1 = H x + n (3.21)
3.3.4 Decoder
The decoder needs to demodulate the symbols on the received vector. If channel encoding used,
then the demodulated symbols need to be buffered until the whole block can be decoded.
Otherwise the demodulation can be made immediately.
3.3.5 Decoding algorithm for VBLAST system
First the algorithm decodes the strongest symbol. Then cancelling the effect of this strongest
symbol from all received signals, the algorithm detects the next strongest symbol. The algorithm
continues by cancelling the effects of the detected symbol and the decoding of the next strongest
symbol until all symbols are detected. The optimal detection order is from the strongest symbol
to the weakest one [19].

r3
r X1 X2

Decoder X1H2 Decoder

X1H2

X2
X1 Figure3. 3 V-BLAST decoder block

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The algorithm includes three steps:

A. Ordering
B. Interference cancellation
C. Interference nulling

A. Ordering
In decoding the first symbol, the interference from all other symbol is considered as noise. After
finding the first candidate for the first symbol, the effect of this symbol in all of the receiver
equation cancelled. Then, the second symbol is detected from the new set of equation. The
effects of the second detected symbol are cancelled next to drive any set of equation. The process
continues until all symbols are detected. Off course, the order in which the symbols are detected
will impact the final solution.
B. Interference cancellation
At the stage n of the algorithm, when x n is being detected, symbols x 1 x2 ...xn-1 have been
already detected. Let us assume a perfect decoder that is the decoded symbols ˜x1, ˜x2…….xn-1
are the same as the transmitted symbols x1, x2………xn-1. Therefore at the nth stage of algorithm
after detection the nth symbol as xn symbol its effect is canceled from the equation by

rn1  rn  xn (3.22)
Hn

C. Interference nulling
It is the process of detecting xn from rn by first removing the effects of undetected symbols.
Basically, in this step the nth symbol is detected by nulling the interference caused by symbols
xn+1, xn+2... xN.

3.3.6 Zero forcing detector

Zero-forcing (or null-steering) is a method of spatial signal processing by which a multiple
antenna transmitter can null the multiuser interference in a multi-user MIMO wireless
communication system. It is necessary that the receiver be able to separate the data streams
efficiently enough so that the resulting performance has full degrees of freedom. To simplify
notations, we will introduce the time-invariant case where the channel matrix is fixed. We can
write the received vector at time instant m as

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nT
y[m]   hi[m]xi[m]  (3.23)
n[m]
i1

Where h1, h2... hnT are the columns of H and the data sub-streams transmitted on the antennas,
{xi[m]} on the ith antenna, are all independent. Focusing on the kth data sub-stream, we can
rewrite
nT

y[m]  hk xk [m]  hi[m]xi[m]  (3.24)

n[m]
i1

h1

h2

Figure3. 4 y is projected onto the subspace orthogonal to h1

The kth data stream faces an extra source of interference that from the other data streams. One
idea that can be used to remove this inter stream interference is to project the received signal y
onto the subspace orthogonal to the one spanned by the vectors h 1, h2… hk-1… hk+1, …, hnT
(denoted henceforth by vk). Projection is a linear operation and we can represent it by a v k x nR
matrix Qk, the rows of Qk form an orthonormal basis of vk; they are all orthogonal to h1,h2,…,hk1,
…,hk+1,…,hnT. A pictorial depiction of this projection operation is in Figure 3.4.
Using a matched filter to demodulate the k th stream, after matched filtering Q khk, the output has
SNR [1] is

SNRZF  Pk [Link] 2
/ No (3.25)
Where Pk is the power allocated to sub-stream k. The Zero-Forcing detector for the kth sub stream
is the kth column of the pseudo inverse of the matrix H, defined by
w  (H * H )1 H (3.26)
*

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ZF detector for sub- Detector for sub-

stream 1 stream 1

y[m]
ZF detector for sub- Detector for sub-
stream 2 stream 2

ZF detector for sub- Detector for sub-

stream nT stream nT

Figure3. 5 A bank of Zero-Forcing detectors

3.3.7 Minimum mean square (MMSE) detector

The MMSE detector suppresses both the interference and noise components, whereas the ZF
detector removes only the interference components. In the MMSE detection algorithm, the
expected value of the mean square error between the transmitted vector x and a linear
combination of the received vector wHy is minimized [6]

min E (x  w y)
h 2
 (3.27)
Where w is an nR x nT matrix of linear combination coefficients given by [6]
1
W H  H H H  2InT  HH (3.28)
2
Where σ is the noise variance and InT is nT x nT an identity matrix. The decision statistics for
the sub-stream sent from antenna i at time instant m is obtained as
yi [m]  wi H y (3.29)
Where σ2 is the noise variance and InT is nT x nT an identity matrix. The decision statistics for the
sub-stream sent from antenna i at time instant m is obtained as
X i [m]  q( yi [m]) (3.30)
Where q(x) denotes the hard decision or slicing operation on x.
In an algorithm with interference suppression only, the detector calculates the hard decision
estimates by using (3.29) and (3.30) for all sub-streams and a bank of MMSE detectors, each
estimating a parallel data sub-stream is shown in figure 3.6 below.

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MMSE decoder for sub- Decoder for sub

stream 1 stream 1

y[m] MMSE decoder for Decoder for sub

sub-stream 2 stream

MMSE decoder for Decoder for sub

sub-stream nT stream nT

Figure3. 6 A bank of MMSE detectors, each estimating a parallel data sub-streams

3.3.8 Maximum likelihood detector

The ML receiver conducts optimum vector decoding and is optimal in terms of error probability
minimization. The Maximum Likelihood receiver compares received signals with all potential
transmitted signal vectors, which are modified by channel matrix H, and estimates transmit
symbol vector x over the set x N. [12], it is depicted below and relates to the Euclidean minimum
distance rule:

X  arg X N min y  hx 2
(3.31)
X

The minimization is performed over all possible transmitted symbol vectors x N. Although ML
detection offers optimal error performance, it suffers from complexity issues. It has exponential
complexity in the sense that the receiver has to consider |𝐴|nT possible symbols for an nT
transmitter antenna system with A is the modulation constellation.
3.4 V-BLAST Nonlinear detector
3.4.1 Zero forcing with SIC
In this ZF weight matrix is used for symbol estimation that is given by:
WZF  (H H H)1 H H (3.32)
The first stream vector is calculated with the first row vector of ZF weight matrix. After
calculation and segment to produce x˜1, the rest of the signal in the first stage is formed by
subtracting it from the received signal, that is:

y 1  y  h1 x 1

 (x1  x1 ) ..hm (t) Xm (t)

(3.33)
1

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If x1 = x˜1, in that case the interference is effectively cancelled in the course of calculating x 2;
but, if x1 ≠ x˜1, in this case, error propagation is sustained because the zero forcing weight that
has been considered under the condition of x1 =x˜1 is used for estimating x2.

Once MT SINR values are estimated by using the zero forcing weight matrixes, we select the
resultant layer with the highest SINR. In the course of selecting the second perceived symbol, the
interference owing to the first perceived symbol is rejected from the received signals. Assume
that (l) = 1 (i.e. the l th symbol has been rejected first). Then, the channel matrix is customized by
removing the channel gain vector corresponding to the lth symbol as follows:
H (1)  [h1h2....h(l 1)h(l 1)....hN ] (3.34)
Using the modified channel matrix H (l) in the place of H the ZF weight matrix is re-estimated.
Now (MT – 1) SINR values, MT
[SINRi] i1,i are estimated to select the symbol with maximum
1

SINR. The same procedure is repeated to the rest of the symbols after rejecting that symbol with

maximum SINR [20]. The SNR of the kth data stream is given by [20]
2
SNRk = Pk‖𝑄𝑘ℎ𝑘‖ /NO (3.35)
This Zero-Forcing with Successive Interference Cancellation detector architecture (ZF-SIC) is
illustrated in Figure below.
Sub-stream
ZF detector 1 Decoder sub- 1
stream 1

Sub-stream
Subtract sub- Decoder sub-
ZF detector 2 2
stream 1 stream 2
y[m]

Sub-stream
Subtract sub- Decoder sub- 3
stream 2 ZF detector 3 stream 3

Sub-stream
Subtract sub- Decoder sub- nT
ZF detector nT
stream 1,2…nT- stream nT

Figure3. 7 Zero-Forcing detectors with successive cancellation of sub-stream

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The bit error rate for BPSK modulation in Rayleigh fading channel is given

1 Eb
Pb  [1 ]
2 No (3.36)
Eb 1

Where Pb is the bit error rate, and 𝐸𝑏⁄𝑁𝑜 is signal to noise ratio
No

Also by considering the channel matrix H, with independent and identically distributed complex
Gaussian average power is equal to 1 with transmit symbol power P.
H = r*t (3.37)

E {|𝑥𝑛|2} = P (3.38)
The average BER at high SNR can be found as
1
BER at high SNR  2L 1CL )L (3.39)
( 2SNR

Where L = r - t + 1, and CL stands for choose L

3.4.2 Minimum mean square error (MMSE) with SIC

MMSE based SIC detection MMSE method is used for symbol estimation. The first stream is
calculated with the first row vector of the MMSE weight matrix. After calculation and segment
to produce x(1) the rest of the signal in the first stage is formed by subtracting it from the received
signal, that is:
y (1) = y – h (1) x(1)
 h1(x1 x1)  h2x2 . h(mt)x(mt)  (3.40)
n
If x1 =x˜ 1, in that case the interference is effectively rejected in the course of calculating x2; but,
if x1 ≠ ˜x1, in this, error propagation is sustained because the minimum mean square error weight
, which has been considered under the situation of x1 = x˜1 is used for calculating x2. So we use
the post - detection SINR (signal-to interference-Noise –Ratio) for order [14].
Consider the minimum mean square error detection with the following post-detection SINR:
Ex Wi, MMSE, hi 2
SINR  (3.41)
Wi, MMSE, hi   Wi, MMSE 2
Ex L
1 2

Where, Ex is the energy of the transmitted signals, hi is the ith column vector of the channel
matrix H

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MMSE detector 1 Decoder sub- Sub-

stream 1

Subtract sub- MMSE detector 2 Decoder sub- Sub-

y[m] stream 1 stream 2 stream 2

Sub-
Subtract sub- MMSE detector 3 Decoder sub- stream 3
stream 1 stream 3

Sub-
Subtract sub- MMSE detector Decoder sub- stream
stream 1 nT stream nT

Figure3. 8 MMSE detectors with successive cancellation of sub- stream

the channel capacity for V-BLAST ZF detector can be solved a
CMNVB-ZF = M min mϵ{1,….M} { log2 (1 + ρZF,km) } (3.42)
Where ρkm is the output SNR of the k mth sub-stream and is given by

PZF ,km 
 2 (3.43)
M WZF, km
M is the number of transmit antennas, N is the number of receiver antennas and ZF is the zero
forcing detector. The channel capacity for V-BLAST MMSE can be found as
CMNMMSE = M min mϵ {1,..., M} {log2(1 + ρ MMSE,km)} (3.44)

WMMSE, kmHkm 2
PMMSE ,km
(3.45)
 M WMMSE, 2
/  l WMMSE, l
km
2

3.5 Alamouti Space-Time Codes

In this project, we present Alamouti’s transmit diversity technique, including encoding and
decoding algorithms and its performance. Figure below shows the block diagram of the Alamouti
space-time encoder. Let us assume that an M-ary modulation scheme is used. In the Alamouti
space-time encoder, each group of m information bits is first modulated, where m = log 2M.

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 Performance Analysis Of MIMO System Using V-Blast And Alamouti Techniques
Then, the encoder takes a block of two modulated symbols x1 and x2 in each encoding operation
and maps them to the transmit antennas according to a code matrix given by [18]

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 Performance Analysis Of MIMO System Using V-Blast And Alamouti Techniques

 x1 x2 *
X= x2 x1* 

  (3.46)
TX1 X¹ = [x1, -
x2∗]

Encoder TX2
Information
Modulator X¹ = [x1, -x2∗]
source

Figure3. 9 A block diagram of Alamouti space time encoder

X¹ = [x1, -x2∗] x² = [x2, x1∗] (3.47)

The key feature of the Alamouti scheme is that the transmit sequences from the two transmit
antennas are orthogonal, since the inner product of the sequences x¹ and x² is zero. At the receive
antenna, the received signals over two consecutive symbol periods, denoted by r1 and r2 for time
t and t + T (T is symbol duration), respectively, can be expressed as
r1 = h1x1 + h2x2 + n1 r2 = -h1x2∗ + h2x1∗+ n2 (3.48)
Where h1 and h2 are the fading channel coefficients from the 1st and 2nd transmit antennas to the
receiver antenna at time t and n1 and n2 are independent complex variables with zero mean and
power spectral density No/2 per dimension, representing additive white Gaussian noise samples
at time t and t + T, respectively. If the channel fading coefficients, h1 and h2, can be perfectly
recovered at the receiver, the decoder will use them as the channel state information (CSI).
Assuming that all the signals in the modulation constellation are equiprobable, a maximum
likelihood decoder chooses a pair of signals (˜x1, x˜ 2) from the signal modulation constellation
to minimize the distance metric over all possible values of ˜x1 and ˜x2.

d (r; h1˜x1+h2x2) + d (r2;-h1x2∗+h2˜x1∗) = |r1 − h1 ˜x1 − h2 ˜x2|² + |𝑟1 + ℎ1 ˜𝑥2 − ℎ2 ˜𝑥1|²

2 2
(3.49)

3.5.1 Maximum ratio combining (MRC)

It is a method used several antennas at the receiver side to receive the same signal through
several propagation paths and perform combining or selection and switching to improve the
received signal quality. This approach’s practically only to base station to improve their
reception quality because of cost, size, and power of remote units [15]. The channel is modeled
by complex multiplicative distortion. For two receive antenna channel between the transmitter
antenna and receive antenna one is h1 = 𝛽1𝑒𝑗𝛼 and the channel between the transmitter
1

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antenna

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and receive antenna two is h2 = 𝛽2𝑒𝑗𝛼 . Noise would be add at two receiver so will combine that
2

the two received base band signal would be

y1= h1x1 + n1 (3.50)
y2= h2x1 +n2 (3.51)
The instantaneous bit energy to noise energy, in the presence of channel hi at the ith receive
antenna is

 i  hi 2 Eb
(3.52)
No
Eb
Where hi, is channel on the ith receive antenna  SNR
No
Equalizing channel with hH , with the N receive antenna case, the effective bit energy is
N
hi 2 Eb
i  (3.53)
i1 No
Bit energy to noise ratio in an N receive antenna case is N times the bit energy to noise ratio for
single antenna. The probability distribution function of 𝛾 is

P(i )  1 
i

e Eb/ (3.54)
Eb / No
No  i

1
P( ) 
(Eb / No)N  e ,  0
N 1 ( Eb/ No)


Pe 1  )P( )d ( )

erfc(
0
 2
1
1 i
 erfcc(
  e
N 1 ( Eb/ No) (3.55)
) d
N
0
2 (N 1)!(Eb / No)

3.5.2 Two transmitter and one receiver Alamouti scheme

Two symbols are considered at a time, say x1 and x2 they are transmitted in two consecutive time
slots. In first time slot, x1 is transmitted from antenna one and x2 is transmitted from antenna two.
In the second time slot –x2∗ is transmitted from antenna one while and x 2∗ is transmitted from
antenna two as shown in Fig below. Also the equivalent space time block coding matrix shown
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 Performance Analysis Of MIMO System Using V-Blast And Alamouti Techniques
in table (3.1).
 x1 x2 
Alamouti =  
x2 * x1*
(3.56)

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Table3. 1 shows space-time coding

Time Antenna 1 Antenna 2

T X1 X2

T+1 -X2* X1*

The fading coefficient from antenna one and two are denoted by h1 (t) and h2 (t) respectively at
time t. By assuming these coefficients are constant across two consecutive symbols

H1 (t) = h1 (t + T) = h1ß1 𝑒𝑗𝘢1 (3.57)

h2 (t) = h2 (t + T) = h2=ß2𝑒𝑗𝘢2 (3.58)

The received signal at time t and t +T in matrix form expressed as
 y1  
x1  x2  h1   n1 (3.59)
       
y2 x2* x1* h2 n2
      
Where y1, y2 are the received signal at time t, t +T and n1, n2 are independent zero mean additive
white Gaussian noise. The combiner combines the received signal as
x1 = h1* y1+h2 y2* (3.60)
x2 = h2 ∗ y1 – h1 y2* (3.61)
By substitution some terms in equation we get
2 2) x + h ∗ n + h n ∗
x1 = (𝛽12 + 𝛽 (3.62)

x2 = (𝛽1² + 𝛽22) x2– h1 n1∗ + h2∗ n2

1 1 1 2 2

(3.63)
Finally, the maximum likelihood decision rule is used to at receiver to choose which symbol
was actually transmitted for each of the signals x1 and x2.

3.5.3 Two transmitter and two receiver scheme

Since our project is done on 2x2 Alamouti scheme we have seen two transmitter and two
receiver antennas. As a result the maximum likelihood decision rule is used at a receiver to
choose which symbol was actually transmitted for each of the signal x1 and x2. Alamouti’s 2x2
schemes give the same diversity order with 1x4 MRRC. Generally we can conclude that
Alamouti scheme with two transmit and M receive antennas is equivalent to MRRC with one
transmit antenna and 2M receive antenna. The signal to noise ratio of the Alamouti space time

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code calculated as follow

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SNR 
SignalPower (3.64)
Noisepower
2 p
Signal power= h , and noise power=  2
2
By substituting equation (3.98) in to (3.97) the SNR would be
1 p
SNR  h 2
2 2

1
 h 2 SNR (3.65)
2
The average BER of Alamouti-STBC at high SNR can be calculated as
1
BER at high SNR  2L  ( )L (3.66)
lCl SNR
Where L = r-t+1 where r represent number of received antenna and e represent number of
transmit antenna.
The channel capacity for Alamouti scheme can be found as
C Alamouti= 1 PT
log 2 det( I 2  HT H (3.67)
)
2 2 A A
2
Where I2 is the identity matrix, PT is the transmitted power and HTA and HA are the transpose
Alamouti channel and Alamouti channel respectively.
The capacity of 2x1 MIMO Alamouti scheme can be calculated as

C A  log (1 h112  h212  (3.68)
 )
2
2,1 2
Capacity of 2x2 MIMO Alamouti scheme can also be calculated as
CA 


N
 log (1

hn,12  hn, 2 2 (3.69)

2,2 2
) 
n1
2
Where A stands for Alamouti scheme, and 𝜌 is the SNR.

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CHAPTER 4
4. RESULT AND DISCUSSION
The field of wireless communication systems and networks has experienced explosive growth
and wireless communications has become an important part in everyday life. The multiple
antennas can be used to increase the communication reliability by diversity or to increase the
data rate by spatial multiplexing or a combination of both. Multiple antennas have performance
and capacity enhancements without the need for additional power spectrum.

4.1 Simulation parameters

Table 4. 1 Parameters for simulation

Parameter Assumption
Technology MIMO
Channel model Rayleigh flat fading
Data modulation BPSK modulation
Antenna configuration 2x2
Carrier Frequency 2.5 GHz
VBLAST decoder ML, MMSE, ZF
Channel estimation Perfect channel estimation
Spatial correlation between Transmit /Receive antennas 0
Transmission Bandwidth 10MHz

4.2 Simulation results

4.2.1 Simulation result of Capacity using different multiple antennas
Figure 4.1 below shows a plot of the capacity versus SNR for MIMO systems. We note that
ergodic capacity increases with increasing SNR (dB) and with increasing n T or nR. Hence it is
concluded that the capacity growth achieved by MIMO system is the highest compared to other
systems yielding remarkable improvement (especially for High SNR). As we already showed
before in the mathematical analysis the channel capacity of MIMO system is given by:

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𝐶𝑀𝐼𝑀𝑂=𝐵.log2 [1+𝑀.𝑁.𝑆𝑁𝑅] (𝑏𝑝𝑠/𝐻𝑧) (4.1)

Where B is the bandwidth, M is the transmitting antennas, N is the receiving antennas, and
SNR is the signal to noise ratio.

Figure4. 1Capacity Simulation for MIMO System

Table4. 2 Capacity of MIMO system

SNR(dB) Capacity
NT=NR=2 NT=NR=3 NT=NR=4
4 2.833 4.245 5.593
12 6689 10.11
16 9.085 13.62 18.12
20 11.63 17.41 23.19

Table 4.2 and figure 4.1 shows the capacity versus SNR for different MIMO system. The result
shows that the capacity of the MIMO system increases with increasing the number of antennas
for a specified SNR. For example at SNR (4dB) the capacity is increased from 2.833 to 4.245

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with the number of antenna increased from 2 to 3. It also increases from 4.245 to 5.593 for an
antenna increase from 3 to 4. The simulation also shows us the capacity increased with an
increase in SNR with same number of antennas. For example for 2x2 MIMO the capacity
increases from 2.833 to 6.689 for SNR increases from 4dB to 12dB.

4.2.2 V-BLAST BER Comparison with linear Detection scheme

Figure4. 2 V-blast Detection scheme over 2X2 MIMO channels with Rayleigh
The above figure 4.2 shows two nonlinear interference cancellation methods - Zero-Forcing (ZF)
and Minimum-Mean-Square-Error (MMSE) - with symbol cancellation and compares their
performance with the Maximum-Likelihood (ML) optimum receiver. From the above figure 4.2
we observe that the ML receiver is the best in performance followed by the MMSE and ZF
receivers. In terms of receiver complexity, ML grows exponentially with the number of transmit
antennas while the ZF and MMSE are linear receivers combined with successive interference
cancellation. At a BER of 10-4, the SNRs of ML, MMSE and ZF are 17 dB, 31 dB and 35 dB
respectively. We have seen a huge improvement in using ML detection over MMSE and ZF
detections by 14 dB. The performance of MMSE detection is better than ZF detection by 3- 4
dB. From the above results, it has been observed that the ML detection has better BER
performance than the MMSE and ZF detections by 14dB. In Addition, the performance of
MMSE detection is better than ZF detection by 4- 5 dB. Finally, by using the adaptive scalar

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recursion for fast fading, the complexity order reduces to square and the computation becomes
less compared to other techniques.

Table4. 3 BER versus SNR for ML, MMSE and ZF Detection System

SNR BER
ML MMSE ZF
5 0.01569 0.03693 0.06419
12 0.000947 0.007896 0.01524
20 28e-0.5 0.00128 0.002519
22 1.2e-0.5 0.000813 0.001614

4.2.3 Simulation results of applied Alamouti in BPSK modulation

Figure 4.2 shoes 2x2 Alamouti STBC has the smallest BER values for all of SNR dB values.
This result is expected because 2x2 Alamouti system has one more receiver when compared with
2x1Alamouti system and this one more receiver antenna increases its diversity. Mat lab
simulation shown the below.

Figure4. 3Comparative simulation results of applied Alamouti in BPSK modulation

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Table4. 4BER versus SNR for Alamouti

SNR(dB) nTx=1,nRx=1(BER) nTx=1,nRx=1 nTx=1,nRx=1 nTx=1,nRx=1

MRC(BER) Alamouti(BER) Alamouti(BER)
5 0.06418 0.03286 0.01183 0.003731
12 0.02327 0.005528 0.001599 0.000129
20 0.007723 0.000677 0.000178 0
22 0.002481 7.56e-0.5 1.844e-0.5 0

4.2.4 Performance comparison between VBLAST and Alamouti

In V-Blast System from the fig 4.2 we can observe that for Rayleigh flat fading channels the
BER is near about 10-3. This system is good for high speed wireless communication because the
data is transmitted independently through different channel therefore time required is less to
transmit the data the only disadvantage of this system is BER because at receiver side the data is
weak due to fading effect. Therefore the choice of this system is depend on user. In Alamouti
STBC based system as shown in fig 4.3. the BER is 10-2 for Rayleigh flat fading channel we can
conclude that BER is improve because in this system we have send multiple copies of data
through different antenna at receiver side decoding we will get our data with less error. But in
this system at same time we are sending same copies of data therefore the data transfer rate of
this system is not so good.
Table4. 5 BER versus SNR for Alamouti and VBLAST

SNR(dB) Detection 2x2 VBLAST Alamouti Scheme

scheme with ML 2x2
5 0.01582 0.003755
10 0.002078 0.000106
15 0.000233 -
20 2.8e-05 -

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Table4. 6 Capacity versus SNR for Alamouti and VBLAST

SNR(dB) Alamouti capacity VBLAST capacity

10 2.563 1.73
25 4.155 4.746
35 5.814 6.517
45 7.474 8.442

Figure4. 4 Capacity comparisons between VBLAST and Alamouti

The capacity of 2x2 VBLAST MIMO is greater than the capacity of 2x2 Alamouti MIMO as we
have seen in figure 4.4 and table 4.6. (2x2) VBLAST scheme provides a distinct performance
advantage over the (2, 2) STBC (Alamouti) schemes at high SNRs. For example for SNR of
25 dB the capacity of 2x2 VBLAST MIMO is 4.746 which is greater than the capacity of
Alamouti MIMO which is 4.155. Also the spectral efficiency of VBLAST is greater than
Alamouti with an increase in capacity and have low bit error rate.

Table4. 7 Performance summarization for Alamouti and VBLAST

Scheme Spectral efficiency(capacity) BER(Bit error rate)

V-BLAST HIGH LOW
Alamouti LOW HIGH

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4.2.5 V-BLAST BER comparison using nonlinear detection scheme

Figure4. 5V-BLAST comparison using nonlinear detectors

Table4. 8BER VS SNR for ZF-SIC, MMSE-SIC and ML detectors

SNR(dB) ZF-SIC(BER) MMSE-SIC(BER) ML(BER)

2 0.09 0.06 0.05
5 0.05 0.03 0.02
7 0.027 0.015 0.009
8 0.019 0.011 0.0073

Figure 4.5 shows the performance comparison VBLAST nonlinear detectors (ZF-SIC,
MMSESIC ML), and it shows ML is the best in performance compared to the ZF- SIC and ML-
SIC. And the figure also shows MMSE-SIC is better in terms of performance. For example: at
the SNR value of 5(dB) BER of ML is 0.02 which is lower than the BER value of MMSE-SIC
which is 0.03 and this is also lower than the BER of ZF-SIC value of 0.05. The values of BER
of each detection are shown in table 4.8.

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CHAPTER FIVE
5. CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION

5.1 Conclusion
Wireless communication systems with multiple transmit and receive antennas offer significant
advantages in terms of increased data rates and reliability over those of single antenna systems.
Data transmission without any error occurrence and Scarcity of the spectrum are the major
challenges in wireless communication. In this Project, we investigate the performance and
complexity of mathematical manipulations of MIMO V-BLAST and MIMO-Alamouti
architecture to minimize the above problems. From the results we have seen BER is much more
improved in the MIMO-Alamouti. While, if data rate is considered then the MIMO V-BLAST is
proved to be better than the MIMO-Alamouti because of increased number of transmitting and
receiving antennas. The simulation results confirm that with Alamouti or V-BLAST and multiple
transmit antennas a significant performance gain can be achieved at almost no processing
expense and a simple way to improve the quality of the transmission is to increase the number of
receive antennas. For small devices, where the number of antennas is limited, a solution is to
increase the number of transmit chains with very little decoding complexity.

5.2 Recommendation and Future Work

In BLAST systems, spatial multiplexing is used where independent signals are transmitted
simultaneously via different antennas. This gives good results in increasing the capacity of the
channel. This well-known system is designed to maximize the spectral efficiency. However, in
some environments, the independent links of BLAST system may suffer from a considerable
fading which causes decreasing in the total data rate. Space-time block codes can mitigate that
problem but with occupation of at least two links to transmit one symbol in at least two time slots
which decreases the number of transmitting layers and transmitted symbols. MIMO systems are
the key techniques for the next generation communication systems combining spatial
multiplexing VBLAST and STBC Alamouti diversity can provide both increased capacity and
transmit diversity in one system. Therefore we recommend that Hybrid BLAST-STBC system is
the effective solution to achieve a good tradeoff between STBC and BLAST systems.

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Reference
[1].David Tse and Pramod Viswanath, “Fundamentals of Wireless Communication,” Cambridge
Universtiy Press 2005.
[2].G.J. Foschini, “Layered Space-Time Architecture For Wireless Communication in a Fading
Environment When Using Multi- Element Antenna,” Bell Laboratories Technical Journal,
pp. 41- 59, Oct. 1996[3] J. Hagenauer, “Rate-compatible Punctured Convolutional Codes
(RCPC Codes) and Their Applications,” IEEE Trans. On Communications, vol. 36 no. 4, pp.
389-400, Apr. 1988, doi: 10.1109/26.2763
[3].A.F Molish. wireless communication, Gohn Wiley and Sons,[Link]; pp.6668, 2005
[4].Andrea Goldsmith, “wireless communication,” Stanford University, 2004.
[5].R. Guo, J. Liu, “BER performance analysis of RCPC encoded MIMO-OFDM in Nakagami-
m channels,” IEEE Conf. on Information Acquisition (ICIA 06), IEEE Press, Aug. 2006, pp
1416– 1420, doi: 10.1109/ICIA.2006.305963
[6].Branka Vucetic and Jinhong Yuan, “Space-Time Coding,” John Wiley & sons Ltd, 2003.
[7].Gerard J. Foschini and Michael J. Gans, “On limits of wireless communications in a fading
environment when using multiple antennas,” Wireless Personal Communications, 6(3):311–
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[8].P. Kulakowski, “The Multiple-Input Multiple-Output Systems in Slow and Fast Varying
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[10]. GeoreTsoulos, “MIMO SYSTEM TECHNOLOGY FOR WIRELESS
COMMUNICATIONS,” Published in 2006 by CRC Press Taylor & Francis Group.
[11]. A. Hottinen, O. Tirkkonen, R. Wichman, ”Multi-Antenna Transceiver Techniques for 3G
and Beyond,” John Wiley and Son Ltd. 2003.
[12]. R. Van Nee. A. Van Zelst, and G. Awater, “Maximum Likelihood Decoding in a Space
Division Multiplexing System,” Proc. of VTC 2000, Vol. 1, pp. 6-10 Tokyo, Japan, May,
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[13]. C. E. Shannon, “A Mathematical Theory of Communication,” The Bell System Technical
Journal, vol. 27, pp. 379–423 and 623–656, July and October, 1948.

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[14]. Tae-HoIM,Jaekon , Joo-Hyon Yi , Sangbon Yun, Yong-Soo Cho, “ MMSE-OSIC2 signal

detection method for spatially multiplexed MIMO systems, ”IEEE Vehicular Technology
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[15]. S .M. Alamouti, “A simple Transmit Diversity Technique for Wireless Communications,
“IEEE Journal on select areas in communications, VOL.16, NO. 8, Oct. 1998
[16]. K Sengar , N. Rani, D. Sharma, S. Verma, T. Singh, “ Study and Capacity Evaluation of
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[17]. E.G. Larsson and P. Stocia, “spacre time block coding for wireless communication,”
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Appendix
Appendix 1

%Shannon capacity
snr=0;
for i = 1:10
snr = snr +2;
c=(log(1+10^(snr/10)))/log(2);
x(i)=snr;
y(i)=c;
end
figure
plot(x,y,'bp-','LineWidth',1.5);
hold on
% capacity of MIMO Link with NR=2, NT=2
NR=2;
rand('state',456321);
snr=0;
for i=1:10;
snr=snr+2;
for j=1:10000;
c(j)=(NR*log(1+(10^(snr/10))*abs(normrnd(0,1)))/log(2));
end
yy(i)=mean(c);
xx(i)=snr;
end
plot(xx,yy,'kd-','LineWidth',1.5)
% capacity of MIMO Link with NR=3, NT=3
NR=3;
rand('state',456321)
snr=0;
for i=1:10;
snr=snr+2;
for j=1:10000;
c(j)=(NR*log(1+(10^(snr/10))*abs(normrnd(0,1)))/log(2));
end
yy(i)=mean(c);
xx(i)=snr;
end
plot(xx,yy,'mo-','LineWidth',1.5)
% capacity of MIMO Link with NR=4, NT=4
NR=4;
rand('state',456321)
snr=0;
for i=1:10
snr=snr+2;
for j=1:10000

c(j)=(NR*log(1+(10^(snr/10))*abs(normrnd(0,1)))/log(2));
end
yy(i)=mean(c);
xx(i)=snr;
end
plot(xx,yy,'cd-','LineWidth',1.5);
xlabel('SNR(dB)')
ylabel('Capacity (bit/s/Hz)');

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grid on
legend('Shannon Capacity','MIMO, NT=NR=2','MIMO, NT=NR=3','MIMO, NT=NR=4');
title('MIMO Capacity');

app 4
%MIMO alamouti Capacity with NR=2, NT=2
snr=0;
for i = 1:10
snr = snr +5;
c=(0.5*log(1+10^(snr/10)))/log(2);
x(i)=snr;
y(i)=c;
end
figure
plot(x,y,'bp-','LineWidth',1.5)
hold on
% capacity of MIMO VBLAST with NR=2, NT=2
NR=2;
rand('state',456321)
snr=0;
for i=1:10;
snr=snr+5;
for j=1:10000;

c(j)=(NR*log(1+(10^(snr/30))*abs(Normand(0,1)))/log(2));
end
yy(i)=mean(c);
xx(i)=snr;
end
plot(xx,yy,'kd-','LineWidth',1.5)
xlabel('SNR(dB)')
ylabel('Capacity (bit/s/Hz)')
grid on
legend('Alamouti 2X2', 'VBLAST 2X2',2)
title('MIMO Capacity')

Appendix 2
N = 10^6; % Block size
snr = [0:45]; % SNR values
MT = 2; % Number of transmitters
MR = 2; % Number of Receivers
for i = 1:length(snr)
p = rand(1,N)>0.5; % Generates random numbers
s = 2*p-1; % Converts 0 & 1 t0 -1 and 1
sMod = kron(s,ones(MR,1)); %
sMod = reshape(sMod,[MR,MT,N/MT]);
h = 1/sqrt(2)*[randn(MR,MT,N/MT) + j*randn(MR,MT,N/MT)]; % Rayleigh channel
n = 1/sqrt(2)*[randn(MR,N/MT) + j*randn(MR,N/MT)]; % White gaussian noise
with 0dBvariance
y = squeeze(sum(h.*sMod,2)) + 10^(-snr(i)/20)*n; % Noise addition% forms
weight vector for MMSE
hCof = zeros(2,2,N/MT) ;
hCof(1,1,:) = sum(h(:,2,:).*conj(h(:,2,:)),1) + 10^(-snr(i)/10);
hCof(2,2,:) = sum(h(:,1,:).*conj(h(:,1,:)),1) + 10^(-snr(i)/10);
hCof(2,1,:) = -sum(h(:,2,:).*conj(h(:,1,:)),1); % c term
hCof(1,2,:) = -sum(h(:,1,:).*conj(h(:,2,:)),1); % b term

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hDen = ((hCof(1,1,:).*hCof(2,2,:)) - (hCof(1,2,:).*hCof(2,1,:)));

hDen = reshape(kron(reshape(hDen,1,N/MT),ones(2,2)),2,2,N/MT);
hInv = hCof./hDen;
hMod = reshape(conj(h),MR,N);
yMod = kron(y,ones(1,2));
yMod = sum(hMod.*yMod,1);
yMod = kron(reshape(yMod,2,N/MT),ones(1,2));
yHat = sum(reshape(hInv,2,N).*yMod,1);
pHat = real(yHat)>0; % Hard decision decoding
nErr(i) = size(find([p- pHat]),2); % Counts the # errors
end
ber1 = nErr/N; % simulated ber
for i = 1:length(snr)
p = rand(1,N)>0.5; % generating 0,1 with equal probability
s = 2*p-1; % BPSK modulation 0 -> -1; 1 -> 0
sMod = kron(s,ones(MR,1)); %
sMod = reshape(sMod,[MR,MT,N/MT]); % grouping in [MR,MT,N/MT ] matrix
h = 1/sqrt(2)*[randn(MR,MT,N/MT) + j*randn(MR,MT,N/MT)]; % Rayleigh channel
n = 1/sqrt(2)*[randn(MR,N/MT) + j*randn(MR,N/MT)]; % white gaussian noise,
0dB variance
y = squeeze(sum(h.*sMod,2)) + 10^(-snr(i)/20)*n;
hCof = zeros(2,2,N/MT) ;
hCof(1,1,:) = sum(h(:,2,:).*conj(h(:,2,:)),1);
hCof(2,2,:) = sum(h(:,1,:).*conj(h(:,1,:)),1);
hCof(2,1,:) = -sum(h(:,2,:).*conj(h(:,1,:)),1);
hCof(1,2,:) = -sum(h(:,1,:).*conj(h(:,2,:)),1);
hDen = ((hCof(1,1,:).*hCof(2,2,:)) - (hCof(1,2,:).*hCof(2,1,:)));
hDen = reshape(kron(reshape(hDen,1,N/MT),ones(2,2)),2,2,N/MT);
hInv = hCof./hDen;
hMod = reshape(conj(h),MR,N);
yMod = kron(y,ones(1,2));
yMod = sum(hMod.*yMod,1);
yMod = kron(reshape(yMod,2,N/MT),ones(1,2));

yHat = sum(reshape(hInv,2,N).*yMod,1);
pHat = real(yHat)>0;
nErr(i) = size(find([p- pHat]),2);
end
ber2 = nErr/N; % simulated ber
for i = 1:length(snr)
p = rand(1,N)>0.5;
s = 2*p-1;
sMod = kron(s,ones(MR,1));
sMod = reshape(sMod,[MR,MT,N/MT]);
h = 1/sqrt(2)*[randn(MR,MT,N/MT) + j*randn(MR,MT,N/MT)]; % Rayleigh channel
n = 1/sqrt(2)*[randn(MR,N/MT) + j*randn(MR,N/MT)]; % white gaussian noise,
0dB variance
y = squeeze(sum(h.*sMod,2)) + 10^(-snr(i)/20)*n;
% Maximum Likelihood Receiver
% if [s1 s2 ] = [+1,+1 ]
sHat1 = [1 1];
sHat1 = repmat(sHat1,[1 ,N/2]);
sHat1Mod = kron(sHat1,ones(MR,1));
sHat1Mod = reshape(sHat1Mod,[MR,MT,N/MT]);
zHat1 = squeeze(sum(h.*sHat1Mod,2)) ;
J11 = sum(abs(y - zHat1),1);
% if [s1 s2 ] = [+1,-1 ]

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sHat2 = [1 -1];
sHat2 = repmat(sHat2,[1 ,N/2]);
sHat2Mod = kron(sHat2,ones(MR,1));
sHat2Mod = reshape(sHat2Mod,[MR,MT,N/MT]);
zHat2 = squeeze(sum(h.*sHat2Mod,2)) ;
J10 = sum(abs(y - zHat2),1);
% if [s1 s2 ] = [-1,+1 ]
sHat3 = [-1 1];
sHat3 = repmat(sHat3,[1 ,N/2]);
sHat3Mod = kron(sHat3,ones(MR,1));

sHat3Mod = reshape(sHat3Mod,[MR,MT,N/MT]);
zHat3 = squeeze(sum(h.*sHat3Mod,2)) ;
J01 = sum(abs(y - zHat3),1);
% if [s1 s2 ] = [-1,-1 ]
sHat4 = [-1 -1];
sHat4 = repmat(sHat4,[1 ,N/2]);
sHat4Mod = kron(sHat4,ones(MR,1));
sHat4Mod = reshape(sHat4Mod,[MR,MT,N/MT]);
zHat4 = squeeze(sum(h.*sHat4Mod,2)) ;
J00 = sum(abs(y - zHat4),1);
rVec = [J11;J10;J01;J00]; % Finds the minimum from the four possible
combinations
[u dd] = min(rVec,[],1);
ref = [1 1; 1 0; 0 1; 0 0 ]; % Bits mapping
pHat = zeros(1,N);
pHat(1:2:end) = ref(dd,1);
pHat(2:2:end) = ref(dd,2);
nErr(i) = size(find([p- pHat]),2);
end
ber3 = nErr/N; % simulated ber
semilogy(snr,ber1,'r-',snr,ber2,'b-',snr,ber3,'g-'); % plots the ber for
legend('MMSE','ZF', 'ML');
xlabel('SNR (dB)');
ylabel('BER');
title('BER Performance of Different V-BLAST Detection Schemes over 2x2 MIMO
Channels with Rayleigh Channel');
axis([0 45 10^-5 0.5])
grid on

Appendex 3

N = 10^6; % number of bits or symbols

Eb_N0_dB = (0:25); % multiple Eb/N0 values

for ii = 1:length(Eb_N0_dB)

% Transmitter
ip = rand(1,N)>0.5; % generating 0,1 with equal probability
s = 2*ip-1; % BPSK modulation 0 -> -1; 1 -> 0

% Alamouti STBC
sCode = zeros(2,N);
sCode(:,1:2:end) = (1/sqrt(2))*reshape(s,2,N/2); % [x1 x2 ...]
sCode(:,2:2:end) = (1/sqrt(2))*(kron(ones(1,N/2),[-
1;1]).*flipud(reshape(conj(s),2,N/2))); % [-x2* x1*.....]

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h = 1/sqrt(2)*[randn(1,N) + 1i*randn(1,N)]; % Rayleigh channel

hMod = kron(reshape(h,2,N/2),ones(1,2)); % repeating the same channel for two
symbols

n = 1/sqrt(2)*randn(1,N) + 1i*randn(1,N); % white gaussian noise, 0dB

variance

% Channel and noise Noise addition

y = sum(hMod.*sCode,1) + 10^(-Eb_N0_dB(ii)/20)*n;

% Receiver
yMod = kron(reshape(y,2,N/2),ones(1,2)); % [y1 y1 ... ; y2 y2 ...]
yMod(2,:) = conj(yMod(2,:)); % [y1 y1 ... ; y2* y2*...]

% forming the equalization matrix

hEq = zeros(2,N);
hEq(:,[1:2:end]) = reshape(h,2,N/2); % [h1 0 ... ; h2 0...]
hEq(:,[2:2:end]) = kron(ones(1,N/2),[1;-1]).*flipud(reshape(h,2,N/2));% [h1
h2 ... ; h2 -h1 ...]
hEq(1,:) = conj(hEq(1,:));% [h1* h2* ... ; h2 -h1......]
hEqPower = sum(hEq.*conj(hEq),1);
yHat = sum(hEq.*yMod,1)./hEqPower; % [h1*y1 + h2y2*, h2*y1 -h1y2*,......]
yHat(2:2:end) = conj(yHat(2:2:end));

% receiver - hard decision decoding

ipHat = real(yHat)>0;

% counting the errors

nErr(ii) = size(find([ip- ipHat]),2);

end
simBer = nErr/N; % simulated ber

EbN0Lin = 10.^(Eb_N0_dB/10);
theoryBer_nRx1 = 0.5.*(1-1*(1+1./EbN0Lin).^(-0.5));
p = 1/2 - 1/2*(1+1./EbN0Lin).^(-1/2);
theoryBerMRC_nRx2 = p.^2.*(1+2*(1-p));

pAlamouti = 1/2 - 1/2*(1+2./EbN0Lin).^(-1/2);

theoryBerAlamouti_nTx2_nRx1 = pAlamouti.^2.*(1+2*(1-pAlamouti));

close all
figure
semilogy(Eb_N0_dB,theoryBer_nRx1,'bp-','LineWidth',2);
hold on
semilogy(Eb_N0_dB,theoryBerMRC_nRx2,'kd-','LineWidth',2);
semilogy(Eb_N0_dB,theoryBerAlamouti_nTx2_nRx1,'c+-','LineWidth',2);
semilogy(Eb_N0_dB,simBer,'mo-','LineWidth',2);
axis([0 25 10^-5 0.5])
grid on
legend('theory (nTx=1,nRx=1)', 'theory (nTx=1,nRx=2, MRC)', 'theory
(nTx=2,nRx=1, Alamouti)', 'sim (nTx=2, nRx=2, Alamouti)');
xlabel('Eb/No, dB');
ylabel('Bit Error Rate');
title('BER for BPSK modulation with Alamouti STBC (Rayleigh channel)');

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 Performance Analysis Of MIMO System Using V-Blast And Alamouti Techniques

Appendix 4
clc;
clear;
close all;
%MIMO alamouti Capacity with NR=2, NT=2
snr=0;
for i = 1:10
snr = snr +5;
c=(0.5*log(1+10^(snr/10)))/log(2);
x(i)=snr;
y(i)=c;
end
figure
plot(x,y,'bp-','LineWidth',1.5)
hold on
% capacity of MIMO VBLAST with NR=2, NT=2
NR=2;
rand('state',456321)
snr=0;
for i=1:10;
snr=snr+5;
for j=1:10000;
c(j)=(NR*log(1+(10^(snr/30))*abs(normrnd(0,1)))/log(2));
end
yy(i)=mean(c);
xx(i)=snr;
end
plot(xx,yy,'kd-','LineWidth',1.5)
xlabel('SNR(dB)')
ylabel('Capacity (bit/s/Hz)')
grid on

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Appendex 5
N = 2; % Number of transmit antennas
M = 2; % Number of receive antennas
EbNoVec = 2:3:8; % Eb/No in dB
modOrd = 2; % constellation size = 2^modOrd and set up the simulation.
% Create a local random stream to be used by random number generators for
% repeatability.
stream = RandStream('mt19937ar');

% Create PSK modulator and demodulator System objects

pskModulator = [Link](...
'ModulationOrder', 2^modOrd, ...
'PhaseOffset', 0, ...
'BitInput', true);
pskDemodulator = [Link]( ...
'ModulationOrder', 2^modOrd, ...
'PhaseOffset', 0, ...
'BitOutput', true);

% Create error rate calculation System objects for 3 different receivers

zfBERCalc = [Link];
mmseBERCalc = [Link];
mlBERCalc = [Link];

% Get all bit and symbol combinations for ML receiver

allBits = de2bi(0:2^(modOrd*N)-1, 'left-msb')';
allTxSig = reshape(pskModulator(allBits(:)), N, 2^(modOrd*N));

% Pre-allocate variables to store BER results for speed

[BER_ZF, BER_MMSE, BER_ML] = deal(zeros(length(EbNoVec), 3));
% Set up a figure for visualizing BER results
fig = figure;
grid on;
hold on;

ax = [Link];
[Link] = 'log';
xlim([EbNoVec(1)-0.01 EbNoVec(end)]);
ylim([1e-3 1]);
xlabel('Eb/No (dB)');
ylabel('BER');
[Link] = 'off';
[Link] = 'zbuffer';
[Link] = 'Spatial Multiplexing';
title('2x2 coded BPSK System');
set(fig,'DefaultLegendAutoUpdate','off');

% Loop over selected EbNo points

for idx = 1:length(EbNoVec)
% Reset error rate calculation System objects
reset(zfBERCalc);
reset(mmseBERCalc);
reset(mlBERCalc);

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% Calculate SNR from EbNo for each independent transmission link

snrIndB = EbNoVec(idx) + 10*log10(modOrd);
snrLinear = 10^(0.1*snrIndB);

while (BER_ZF(idx, 3) < 1e5) && ((BER_MMSE(idx, 2) < 100) || ...

(BER_ZF(idx, 2) < 100) || (BER_ML(idx, 2) < 100))
% Create random bit vector to modulate
msg = randi(stream, [0 1], [N*modOrd, 1]);

% Modulate data
txSig = pskModulator(msg);

% Flat Rayleigh fading channel with independent links

rayleighChan = (randn(stream, M, N) + 1i*randn(stream, M, N))/sqrt(2);

% Add noise to faded data

rxSig = awgn(rayleighChan*txSig, snrIndB, 0, stream);

% ZF-SIC receiver
r = rxSig;
H = rayleighChan; % Assume perfect channel estimation
% Initialization
estZF = zeros(N*modOrd, 1);
orderVec = 1:N;
k = N+1;
% Start ZF nulling loop
for n = 1:N
% Shrink H to remove the effect of the last decoded symbol
H = H(:, [1:k-1,k+1:end]);
% Shrink order vector correspondingly
orderVec = orderVec(1, [1:k-1,k+1:end]);
% Select the next symbol to be decoded
G = (H'*H) \ eye(N-n+1); % Same as inv(H'*H), but faster
[~, k] = min(diag(G));
symNum = orderVec(k);

% Hard decode the selected symbol

decBits = pskDemodulator(G(k,:) * H' * r);

estZF(modOrd * (symNum-1) + (1:modOrd)) =
decBits;

% Subtract the effect of the last decoded symbol from r

if n < N
r = r - H(:, k) * pskModulator(decBits);
end
end

% MMSE-SIC receiver
r = rxSig;
H = rayleighChan;
% Initialization
estMMSE = zeros(N*modOrd, 1);
orderVec = 1:N;
k = N+1;

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% Start MMSE nulling loop

for n = 1:N
H = H(:, [1:k-1,k+1:end]);
orderVec = orderVec(1, [1:k-1,k+1:end]);
% Order algorithm (matrix G calculation) is the only difference
% with the ZF-SIC receiver
G = (H'*H + ((N-n+1)/snrLinear)*eye(N-n+1)) \ eye(N-n+1);
[~, k] = min(diag(G));
symNum = orderVec(k);

decBits = pskDemodulator(G(k,:) * H' * r);

estMMSE(modOrd * (symNum-1) + (1:modOrd)) = decBits;

if n < N
r = r - H(:, k) * pskModulator(decBits);
end
end

% ML receiver
r = rxSig;
H = rayleighChan;
[~, k] = min(sum(abs(repmat(r,[1,2^(modOrd*N)]) - H*allTxSig).^2));
estML = allBits(:,k);

% Update BER
BER_ZF( idx, :) = zfBERCalc(msg, estZF);
BER_MMSE(idx, :) = mmseBERCalc(msg, estMMSE);
BER_ML( idx, :) = mlBERCalc(msg, estML);
end

% Plot results
semilogy(EbNoVec(1:idx), BER_ZF( 1:idx, 1), 'r*', ...
EbNoVec(1:idx), BER_MMSE(1:idx, 1), 'bo', ...
EbNoVec(1:idx), BER_ML( 1:idx, 1), 'gs');
legend('ZF-SIC', 'MMSE-SIC', 'ML');
drawnow;
end
% Draw the lines
semilogy(EbNoVec, BER_ZF( :, 1), 'r-', ...
EbNoVec, BER_MMSE(:, 1), 'b-', ...
EbNoVec, BER_ML( :, 1), 'g-');

hold off;

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