Module 4: Particle dynamics I

Newton’s First Law of Motion

A body remains in it’s state of rest or
uniform motion unless acted by an
external force.
Or


If the sum of all the force acting on a

particle is zero then and only then the
particle remains unaccelearated
i.e. =0 if and only if =0
 Newton’s Second Law of Motion
The rate of change of momentum of a
body
.
is proportional to the applied force
and takes place in the direction in which
the force act
Newtons laws of motion
Newtons laws of motion
Newton’s second law of motion
Newtons laws of motion
Newton’s third law of motion
What is Energy?
Energy is a property of the state of a
system, Some forms of energy:
Mechanical:
Kinetic energy (associated with motion, within system)
Potential energy (associated with position, within system)
Chemical
Electromagnetic
Nuclear
Energy is conserved. It can be transferred
from one object to another or change in
form, but cannot be created or destroyed
Kinetic Energy
Kinetic Energy is energy associated with
the state of motion of an object
For an object moving with a speed of v
1
KE  mv2
2
SI unit: joule (J)
1 joule = 1 J = 1 kg
m2/s2
Work W
1 1
Start with mv2  mv0  Fx x
2

Work “W” 2 2

Work provides a link between force and

energy
Work done on an object is transferred
to/from it
If W > 0, energy added: “transferred to the
object”
If W < 0, energy taken away: “transferred
from the object”
Definition of Work W
The work, W, done by a constant force on an
object is defined as the product of the
component of the force along the direction
of displacement and the magnitude of the
displacement
W  ( F cos q ) x
F is the magnitude of the force
Δ x is the magnitude of the F and x
object’s displacement
q is the angle between
Work Unit
This gives no information about
the time it took for the displacement to occur
the velocity or acceleration of the object
Work is a scalar quantity
SI Unit 1
mv 2

1
mv0  ( F cosq )x
2

2 2
Newton • meter = Joule
N•m=J
J = kg • m2 / s2 = ( kg • m / s2 ) • m

W  ( F cos q ) x
Work: + or -?
Work can be positive, negative, or zero.
The sign of the work depends on the
direction of the force relative to the
displacementW  ( F cos q ) x

Work positive: W > 0 if 90°> q > 0°

Work negative: W < 0 if 180°> q > 90°
Work zero: W = 0 if q = 90°
Work maximum if q = 0°
Work minimum if q = 180°
Work Done by a Constant Force
The work W done on a system by 
an agent exerting a constant F
 
force on the system is the F r
product of the magnitude F of 
r
the force, the magnitude Δr of II
the displacement of the point I
of application of the force, WI  0 WII   Fr
and cosθ, where θ is the angle

between the force and  F
displacement vectors: F
  
 r r
W  F  r  Fr cosq III IV
WIII  Fr WIV  Fr cosq
Work and Force
An Eskimo pulls a sled as shown. The total
mass of the sled is 50.0 kg, and he exerts
a force of 1.20 × 102 N on the sled by
pulling on the rope. How much work does he
do on the sled if θ = 30°and he pulls the
sled 5.0 m ?
W  ( F cosq ) x
 (1.20  10 2 N )(cos 30  )(5.0m)
 5.2  10 2 J
Work Done by Multiple Forces
If more than one force acts on an object,
then the total work is equal to the
algebraic sum of the work done by the
individual forces

Wnet  W by individual forces

the algebraic sum

Wnet  Wg  WN  WF  ( F cosq )r
Work and Multiple Forces
Suppose µk = 0.200, How much work done on
the sled by friction, and the net work if
θ = 30° and he pulls the sled 5.0 m ?
Fnet , y  N  mg  F sin q  0
N  mg  F sin q

W fric  ( f k cos180  ) x   f k x
   k Nx    k (mg  F sin q ) x
 (0.200 )(50.0kg  9.8m / s 2 Wnet  WF  W fric  WN  Wg
 1.2  10 2 N sin 30  )(5.0m)  5.2 10 2 J  4.3 10 2 J  0  0
 4.3  10 2 J  90.0 J
Kinetic Energy
Kinetic energy associated with the
motion of an object 1
KE  2
mv
2
Scalar quantity with the same unit as
work
Work is related to kinetic energy
1 1
mv2  mv0  Fnet x
2

2 2

Wnet  KEf  KEi  KE

Work-Kinetic Energy Theorem
When work is done by a net force on an
object and the only change in the object
is its speed, the work done is equal to
the change in the object’s kinetic energy
Speed will increase if work is positive
Speed will decrease if work is negative
Wnet  KEf  KEi  KE
1 1
Wnet  mv2  mv0
2

2 2
Work and Kinetic Energy
The driver of a 1.00103 kg car traveling on the interstate at
35.0 m/s slam on his brakes to avoid hitting a second vehicle in
front of him, which had come to rest because of congestion ahead.
After the breaks are applied, a constant friction force of
8.00103 N acts on the car. Ignore air resistance. (a) At what
minimum distance should the brakes be applied to avoid a
collision with the other vehicle? (b) If the distance between
the vehicles is initially only 30.0 m, at what speed would the
collisions occur?
Work and Kinetic Energy
(a) We know v0  35.0m / s, v  0, m  1.00 103 kg , f k  8.00 103 N
Find the minimum necessary stopping distance

1
 f k x  0  mv02
2
1
 (8.00 103 N )x   (1.00 103 kg )(35.0m / s) 2
2
x  76.6m
Work and Kinetic Energy
(b) We know x  30.0m, v0  35.0m / s, m  1.00 103 kg , f k  8.00 103 N
Find the speed at impact.
Write down the work-energy theorem:
v0  35.0m / s, v  0, m  1.00 103 kg , f k  8.00 103 N
1 1
Wnet  W fric   f k x  mv2f  mvi2
2 2
2
v 2f  v02  f k x
m
2
v 2f  (35m / s) 2  ( )(8.00 103 N )(30m)  745m 2 / s 2
1.00 10 kg
3

v f  27 .3m / s
Work Done By a Spring
Spring force

Fx  kx
Spring at Equilibrium
F = 0
Spring Compressed
 xf

 Fx x  
xf
lim Fx dx
x  0 xi
xi

 
xf xf
W  Fx dx  kx dx
xi xi


0
 kx dx  1
2 kx 2
 xmax


xf
W  kx dx  1
2 kxi2  12 kx 2f
xi

Work done by
spring on block
Measuring Spring Constant
Start with spring at its
natural equilibrium
length.
Hang a mass on spring and
let it hang to distance d
(stationary)
From Fx  kx  mg  0
mg
k 
d

so can get spring

constant.
Work, power and impulse
W= ∫ [Link]

If F is force and dr is the displacement, then W is the work done

P = dW
dt
P is the power

Impulse, I, is defined as
t2

I = ∫ F . dt=m v 2 −m v1
t1
Conservative force
A force is said to be conservative if, work done by the force is
independent of the path taken
P2

W = ∫ F . d r = V ( P 2 )−V ( P1)
P1
B
W =∮ F. d r=0

F=−∇ V A

∇ x F=0
Conservation of energy
P2

Work W= ∫ [Link]
P1

P2

W= ∫ [Link]=
Kinetic 1
m( v 22− v 21 )=T 2 − T 1
energy P1
2
P2

energy ∫
Potential W = − F . d r = U − U
1 2
P 1

For a conservative force W = U 1 −U 2 =T 2 −T 1

U 1 +T 1 =U 2 +T 2=constant
Projectile Motion
Horizontal motion Trajectory and horizontal range

Vertical motion
Problem Statement for Projectile Motion Simulation:
Objective:
Design a Python simulation to analyse projectile motion by calculating key parameters such as the
trajectory, range, time of flight, and maximum height. The program should allow users to input
initial parameters, and the results should be displayed in a tabular format.
Parameters:
Initial Velocity (v0​): The speed at which the object is projected.
Angle of Projection (θ): The angle between the projectile's initial velocity vector and the
horizontal axis.
Initial Height (h): The height from which the projectile is launched.
Acceleration due to Gravity (g): 9.81 m/s² (default).(also the gravity of moon, Jupiter, Saturn)
Time Intervals (Δt: Time step for calculating position during motion.
Outputs:
Time of Flight (T): Total time the projectile remains in the air.
Maximum Height (H): Highest vertical position reached by the projectile.
Range (R): Horizontal distance travelled by the projectile.
Trajectory Plot: Graph of the projectile's path.
Force vs. Torque
Forces cause accelerations
What cause angular accelerations ?
A door is free to rotate about an axis through
O
There are three factors that determine the
effectiveness of the force in opening the
door:
The magnitude of the force
The position of the application of the force
The angle at which the force is applied
Torque Definition
Torque, t, is the tendency of a force to
rotate an object about some axis
Let F be a force acting on an object,
and let r be a position vector from a
rotational center to the point of
application of the force, with F
perpendicular to r. The magnitude of the
torque is given by
t  rF
Torque Units and Direction
The SI units of torque are N.m
Torque is a vector quantity
Torque magnitude is given by
t  rF
Torque will have direction
If the turning tendency of the force is counterclockwise, the torque will
be positive
If the turning tendency is clockwise, the torque will be negative
 Net Torque
The force F1 will tend
to cause a
counterclockwise
rotation about O
The force F2 will tend
to cause a clockwise
rotation about O
St  t1  t2  F1d1 – F2d2 q Rate of rotation of an object
If St  0, starts does not change, unless the
rotating object is acted on by a net
If St  0, rotation rate torque
does not change
General Definition of Torque
Let F be a force acting on an object, and
let r be a position vector from a
rotational center to the point of
application of the force. The magnitude of
the torque is given by
t  rF sin q
q  0° or q  180 °:
torque are equal to zero
q  90° or q  270 °: magnitude of torque
attain to the maximum
Newton’s Second Law for a Rotating
Object
When a rigid object is subject to a net
torque (≠0), it undergoes an angular
acceleration
St  I

The angular acceleration is directly

proportional to the net torque
The angular acceleration is inversely
proportional to the moment of inertia of the
object
The relationship is analogous to  F  ma
Circular motion
dS dθ
v= =R =r ω
dt dt
dv d2 S d2 θ
= =r 2 =r α
dt dt 2 dt
Angular ω= d θ
speed dt
Angular d 2
θ
2 =α
acceleration dt
Centripetal a c = r ω2
acceleration
Centripetal F c =ma=mr ω2
Force
 Rotational motion
q is the Angular position
dq
• Angular velocity ,  
dt

• SI unit of angular velocity is radian/seconds

• For uniform angular acceleration, q  t
 Rotational Motion
• If the body is not covering equal angles at equal
intervals of time, then the body is said to be have
a rotational acceleration
d d q
2

• Angular acceleration  
dt dt 2
• If Angular acceleration is constant
   0  t
1
q   0  t 2
2
 2   0 2  2q
 Rotational Motion
Relation between linear motion and rotation
v  r
a  r
Where, v is the linear velocity and a is the linear acceleration

For Linear acceleration =non-zero force

For Angular acceleration = non-zero torque
Uniform and non-uniform motion
Uniform and non-uniform motion
Average and Instantaneous Velocity
Average and Instantaneous
Acceleration
Collision of particles
Collision is the process of exchange of momentum and enegry between two particles.

Unike the macroscopic view, two particles need no to in contact with each other for the
collision.

Generally, collision is result of interaction between the praticles via some force e.g.,
coulom force.

In some cases, particles before and after the collision may not be identical, e.g., chemical
reactions.

If the kinetic enegry of the system, before and after the collision is conserved, collision is
said to be elastic.

If the kinetic enegry of the system, before and after the collision is not conserved,
collision is said to be inelastic.
 Elastic vs Inelastic Collisions

Elastic Perfectly Inelastic

 Perfectly Inelastic Collisions
●In a perfectly inelastic collision, two objects collide and
stick to each other with some deformation

deformation

m1v1,i + m2v2,i = (m1 + m2)vf

● Kinetic energy is NOT conserved because deformation takes away energy
(sound, friction, etc.): KE ≠ KE
 Elastic Collisions

In an elastic collision, two objects collide and bounce off of each other
m1v1,i + m2v2,i = m1v1,f + m2v2,f
● Kinetic energy is conserved because motion continues uninterrupted:
KEi = Kef Momentum is conserved: pi = pf